Lte Eran17.1 WTTX Key Air Interface Technologies

LTE eRAN17.
1 WTTx Key Air Interface Technologies

LTE eRAN17.1 WTTx Key Air Interface Technologies
 WTTx: wireless to the x

 Many mobile operators started providing fixed wireless phone services in the 2G era
and, in the age of 3G, provided wireless broadband (WBB) access. WTTx uses Long
Term Evolution (LTE) as its radio access technology. Thanks to its abundant spectrum
resources and high technological maturity, WTTx has become the most popular option
available for operators.
 WTTx is mainly used in enterprise and home scenarios with fixed access. WTTx UEs are
indoor or outdoor customer-premises equipment (CPE). The CPE provides Wi-Fi signals
or wired LAN access for end users.
 OTT, short for over the top, refers to application services provided to users over the
Internet.
 SPID: subscriber profile ID

 QCI: QoS class identifier
 WTTx and MBB UEs can be identified based on the IMEI-TAC, IMSI, or other factors.
The eNodeB is not involved in these identification processes.
 RFSP: RAT/Frequency Selection Priority (RFSP)

 HSS: home subscriber server
 Example: MBB UEs are configured to use SPID 1, and WTTx UEs use SPID 2. Data
configuration on the eNodeB denotes that UEs with SPID 1 preferentially camp on FDD
carriers and UEs with SPID 2 preferentially camp on TDD carriers.
 End-to-end: Service quality is guaranteed by coordinating among all network elements

(NEs) involved, from service initiation to service response.
 Policy and charging rules function (PCRF): a policy and charging control unit. The PCRF
dynamically generates QoS policies and then sends them to the P-GW.
 Packet data network gateway (P-GW): a QoS policy implementation unit. The P-GW
determines service data flows (SDFs) according to the traffic flow template (TFT) and
binds the SDFs to an available EPS bearer. The TFT can be dynamically generated by
the PCRF. If the PCRF is unavailable, the TFT can be statically configured on the P-GW.
 Serving gateway (S-GW): manages packet routing and forwarding and exclusively
maps the S5 bearer to the S1 bearer.
 Mobility management entity (MME): obtains UE subscription data from the HSS and
transfers QoS parameters among NEs.
 Home subscriber server (HSS): stores UE subscription data and subscribed QoS policies.
 eNodeB: establishes UE bearers and schedules UE data based on the QoS parameter
settings and the status of air interface and transmission resources. The eNodeB uses
differentiated resource management and allocation policies to meet the QoS
requirements of the UE bearers.
 The following table lists the common standardized QCIs.
QCI Type Priority Typical Service
1 GBR 2 VoIP
Teleconference/Video conference
2 GBR 4
(Streaming media direct broadcast)
3 GBR 3 Real-time online game/Real-time industrial control
4 GBR 5 Not-Video conference (Buffer streaming media)
5 Non-GBR 1 IMS signalling
6 Non-GBR 6 Video(Buffer streaming media)
Video(Direct streaming media)/

7 Non-GBR 7
Voice/Interactive game
8 Non-GBR 8 E-Mail, MSN, QQ, WWW
9 Non-GBR 9 P2P file sharing

 A cell reselection policy defines whether UEs preferentially camp on a cell on a

specified frequency of an RAT.
 When delivering SPID-specific priorities, the eNodeB retrieves the stored SPID-specific
frequency list and corresponding frequency priorities to form a frequency priority list.
Then, the eNodeB filters the frequencies based on UE capabilities and target PLMN
and includes the remaining frequencies in the IMMCI IE sent to UEs.
 Controlling the incoming and outgoing handovers of WTTx UEs in the two types of
cells: WTTx UEs cannot be handed over to MBB-service-prioritized cells, and they
initiate handovers to leave MBB-service-prioritized cells if they are in such cells. MBB
UEs cannot be handed over to WBB-service-specified cells, and they initiate handovers
to leave WBB-service-specified cells if they are in such cells.
 The MME can specify the areas (identified based on LAC, RAC, SAC, or TAC) where
certain types of users are allowed or disallowed to access.
 MME: mobility management entity
 This policy is applicable if a large number of UEs belonging to different groups are
restricted to access different specific areas and these areas overlap. For example, WTTx
UEs can access only LTE TDD cells, and MBB UEs only LTE FDD cells.
 Operators configure the cell locking policy corresponding to the IMSI of a UE by using
the business and operation support system (BOSS) and synchronize the policy to the
PCRF. When a UE accesses a network, the SAE-GW obtains the IMSI-specific policy
from the PCRF, and reports the E-UTRAN cell global identifier (ECGI) of the serving
cell. If the ECGI is not in the accessible cell list, the UE is detached.
 Intra- and inter-frequency handovers can be processed based on SPIDs only when
SPIDs are configured.
 Event A2 indicates that the signal quality of the serving cell is lower than a threshold.
When receiving an event A2 report from a UE, the eNodeB delivers inter-frequency
measurement configurations to the UE. You can set different priorities of LTE FDD and
LTE TDD frequencies for coverage-based blind redirections or handovers.
 Background: If WBB UEs camp on FDD cells for a long time and occupy PRB resources,
MBB user experience may be greatly affected.
 This parameter is controlled by the UL_LOW_TRAFFIC_STEER_SW option of the
CellMLB.EnhancedMlbAlgoExtSwitch parameter.
 Determines whether a UE has no or low uplink traffic. The conditions for determining
whether the uplink traffic is low are as follows:
 The amount of data to be scheduled is calculated in each TTI within the period
defined by CellBackOff.UlHeavyTrafficJudgePeriod. If the data volume to be
scheduled for a UE in a TTI exceeds the value of
CellUlschAlgo.DataThdInPdcchPuschBal, the TTI is regarded as a heavy-traffic
TTI. If the proportion of heavy-traffic TTIs for the UE is lower than the value of
CellBackOff.UlHeavyTrafficTtiProporThd within the period, the UE is considered
to have low uplink traffic.
 Checks whether the target UE meets all of the following conditions.

 The UE is active.
 The UE is not a Relay UE, an eMTC UE, or a UE in an emergency call.
 The UE is not performing a GBR service.
 If the CellMlbHo.MlbHoInProtectMode parameter is set to
PROTECTTIMERMODE and the UE was handed over to the local cell in
handovers for optimization, the UE is allowed to be selected for this function
only after the timer defined by CellMlbHo.MlbHoInProtectTimer expires.
 The UE is configured with an SPID for which the
UL_EXP_BASED_TFC_STEER_SW option of the SpidCfg.SpidAlgoSwitch
parameter is selected. UEs with no SPID configurations are not selected.
 If the UE has the NSA DC capability, the target frequency selected for this
function must support NSA DC, that is, the NSA DC PCC anchoring priority
(PccFreqCfg.NsaPccAnchoringPriority) configured for this frequency must be
greater than 0.
 The UE is not in the handover penalty state.
 The FORBID_MLB_SWITCH option of the CellQciPara.QciAlgoSwitch parameter
is deselected for the QCI of the UE.
 Checks that the maximum number of WBB UEs that can be handed over out of a cell
within each period specified by CellMLB.MlbTrigJudgePeriod cannot exceed min[40,
CellMLB.MlbMaxUeNum]. If no WBB UE meets the conditions in the current period, no
outgoing handover is initiated.
 The system selects a cell that meets all of the following conditions from the inter-
frequency neighboring cell list as the target cell for an outgoing handover:
 The cell is active.
 The cell is not blacklisted. (That is, the InterFreqBlkCell.ApplicationScope
parameter is not set to 65535 or 65534 for the cell.)
 The cell has no PCI conflicts with the source cell. That is, the target and source
cells work on different frequencies or have different PCIs.
 The EutranInterFreqNCell.NoHoFlag parameter is set to PERMIT_HO_ENUM for
the cell.
 The cell works on the neighboring frequency for which the
UL_LOW_TFC_TARGET_FREQ_FLAG option of the
EutranInterNFreq.AggregationAttribute parameter is selected.

 This function is controlled by the WBB_DL_CA_FDD_SPLIT_FORBID_SW option of the

CaMgtCfg.CellCaAlgoExtSwitch parameter.
 If there are multiple TDD SCCs, the proportion of traffic distributed to an SCC is
determined based on its scheduling capability. The calculation formula is as follows:
 Proportion of traffic distributed to an SCC = Scheduling capability of the SCC/Sum of
scheduling capabilities of all activated TDD SCCs
 To prevent RLC status reports from being fragmented, the FDD PCC of a WBB UE is
still used to schedule downlink small packets of several bytes for the UE.
 This function does not control traffic distribution of voice services.
 This function is controlled by the MBB_EXP_BASED_STEERING_SW option of the

CellMLB.EnhancedMlbAlgoExtSwitch parameter.
 DACQ: dynamic AMBR control by QCI

 non-GBR: non-guaranteed bit rate

 AMBR: aggregate maximum bit rate
 The total bit rate of all non-GBR bearers set up for a UE cannot exceed the UE-AMBR.
 The UE rate cannot exceed the AMBR regardless of the presence of congestion.
 WTTx and MBB UEs are identified based on QCIs.

 The CellAlgoSwitch.DacqSwitch parameter specifies whether to enable DACQ.
 Some factors in the formula are controlled by the following parameters:

 𝑟𝑄𝐶𝐼 : The QciPara.UlschPriorityFactor and QciPara.DlschPriorityFactor
parameters specify the uplink and downlink scheduling priority weighting
factors.
 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑆𝑃𝐼𝐷 : The SpidCfg.UlSchPriCoeff and SpidCfg.DlSchPriCoeff parameters
specify the uplink and downlink scheduling priority weighting factors.
 In most cases, services of WTTx UEs have lower priorities than those of MBB UEs. To
ensure differentiated service provision for WTTx and MBB UEs, the scheduling priorities
of WTTx UEs must be adjusted to ensure that the service experience of MBB UEs is
preferentially guaranteed. Most services provided for WTTx UEs are non-GBR services.
Therefore, the scheduling priorities are adjusted only for non-GBR services.
 With this solution, WTTx and MBB rates are the same in light-load scenarios, but user
experience of low-priority UEs significantly deteriorates in heavy-load scenarios.
Exercise caution when setting related parameters to avoid huge user experience
differences between peak and off-peak hours for WTTx UEs with low-price packages.
 Control over the maximum PRB usages of WTTx and MBB UEs has been introduced to
avoid the following problems: (1) WTTx UEs use too many PRBs so that MBB user
experience is affected. (2) MBB UEs use too many PRBs so that no PRBs are left for
WTTx UEs.
 Both loose and tight control over the PRB usage are supported for MBB UEs. The
control mode is specified by the CellWttxParaCfg.PrbUpLimitCtrlMode parameter.
 The value TIGHT_CONTROL indicates that the PRB usage of MBB and WBB UEs
cannot exceed the upper limits even if there are remaining PRBs in a cell.
 The value MBB_LOOSE_CONTROL indicates that if there are still PRBs

remaining in a cell after scheduling of WBB UEs, MBB UEs can use the
remaining PRBs even if the PRB usage of MBB UEs reaches the upper limit. In
this case, tight control is still performed for WBB UEs.
 The value WBB_LOOSE_CONTROL indicates that if there are still PRBs

remaining in a cell after scheduling of MBB UEs, WBB UEs can use the
remaining PRBs even if the PRB usage of WBB UEs reaches the upper limit. In
this case, tight control is still performed for MBB UEs.
 The value LOOSE_CONTROL indicates that:
▪ If there are still PRBs remaining in a cell after scheduling of WBB UEs,
MBB UEs can use the remaining PRBs even if the PRB usage of MBB UEs
reaches the upper limit.
▪ If there are still PRBs remaining in a cell after scheduling of MBB UEs,
WBB UEs can use the remaining PRBs even if the PRB usage of WBB UEs
reaches the upper limit.
 Control over the maximum PRB usages of WTTx and MBB UEs applies to initial
transmission of data over non-GBR bearers. PRBs used for retransmission, GBR bearers,
and transmission of RLC status reports, TAs, SRs, and signaling are not limited.
 This function can be enabled only if control over the maximum PRB usages of WBB
and MBB UEs is enabled (controlled by the WBBMBB_USER_PRB_UP_LMT_SWITCH
option of the CellAlgoSwitch.SpecUserAlgoSwitch parameter). This function is
controlled by the WBB_UE_DL_DYN_PRB_LMT_SWITCH option of the
CellAlgoSwitch.SpecUserAlgoSwitch parameter. If this option is selected, after the
eNodeB identifies WBB UEs in a cell based on SPIDs or QCIs, the rest of the UEs in this
cell are treated as MBB UEs. After control over the maximum PRB usages of WBB and
MBB UEs is enabled, the eNodeB monitors the load of MBB and WBB UEs and adjusts
the maximum downlink PRB usage of WBB UEs.
 Different control levels are described as follows:
 No restriction: The maximum downlink PRB usage of WBB UEs is not restricted
and can reach 100%.
 Low restriction mode: The maximum downlink PRB usage of WBB UEs is
specified by the CellWttxParaCfg.WbbUserDlPrbUpLimit parameter.
 High restriction mode: Tighter control is applied on the maximum downlink PRB
usage of WBB UEs, which equals half of the value of the
CellWttxParaCfg.WbbUserDlPrbUpLimit parameter.
 The involved thresholds are described as follows:
 Dynamic control threshold: CellWttxParaCfg.DynCtrlMbbUePrbThld
 High proportion threshold: CellWttxParaCfg.DynCtrlUeCntHighPctThld
 Low proportion threshold: CellWttxParaCfg.DynCtrlUeCntLowPctThld
 Unlike MBB UEs, most WTTx UEs (CPEs) are stationary and use high-gain directional
antennas. WTTx users tend to place CPEs at locations with good signal quality, such as
by windows. For these reasons, CPEs obtain considerable gains from eRAN features
aimed to improve spectral efficiency.
 After 3GPP introduced DL 256QAM, a total of two CQI tables are available. During DL
scheduling, an eNodeB can either adaptively select a CQI table or use a fixed CQI table,
depending on the CellDlschAlgo.Dl256QamCqiTblCfgStrategy parameter.
 DL 256QAM is controlled by the Dl256QamSwitch option of the
CellAlgoSwitch.Dl256QamAlgoSwitch parameter.
 QAM: quadrature amplitude modulation
 MIMO: multiple-input multiple-output

• Only TDD supports soft split resource duplex. Soft split resource duplex is not
controlled by any parameter.
• You are advised to enable soft split resource duplex in the following scenarios:
 No new spectrum is available for capacity expansion.
 New sites cannot be deployed for capacity expansion.
 The cell load is high, with the downlink PRB usage higher than 50% during
peak hours.
 eNodeBs provide contiguous coverage.
 Over 90% of UEs are indoor CPEs.
 Only TDD supports massive MIMO beamforming weight optimization.

 The eNodeB delivers power control instructions periodically to adjust transmit power
per RB for WTTx UEs (indoor CPEs identified using device-pipe identification) if the
uplink SINR of the UEs is within the range specified in the algorithm and both of the
following conditions are met:
 The target UEs have power headroom.
 The highest MCS index is not used in the uplink.
 This function is controlled by the SpecUePUSCHPcOptSwitch option of the
CellAlgoSwitch.UlPcAlgoSwitch parameter.
 This function requires that the SchedulerCtrlPowerSwitch option of the
CellAlgoSwitch.UlSchSwitch parameter be selected to avoid negative gains caused by
RB reductions in special scenarios.
 This feature applies only to networks where massive MIMO is deployed and WTTx
services are provided. This feature improves downlink spectral efficiency and average
downlink cell throughput.
 This feature is suitable when both of the following conditions are met:
 A WTTx network is set up or WTTx UEs account for more than 80% of UEs in
WTTx+MBB hybrid networking scenarios.
 Interference of neighboring cells to massive MIMO cells where this feature is
enabled is severe.
 In the preceding scenarios, this feature improves MU beamforming performance and
the downlink cell spectral efficiency.
• Downlink space-domain QoS guarantee

 The eNodeB periodically observes the downlink data rates of home private line
UEs with bearers configured with the downlink target guaranteed rate. If the
downlink data rate of a home private line UE is lower than the target value, the
eNodeB first raises the downlink scheduling priority weighting factor for the UE,
enabling the UE to promptly have a scheduling opportunity or obtain more RB
resources.
 If the downlink data rate of the home private line UE still falls below the target
value, a special downlink scheduling priority will be specified for the UE. In
addition, the number of paired layers in MU pairing is properly reduced to
decrease the power loss and interference between paired UEs, further improving
the average downlink throughput of such UEs.
 WTTx services have the following characteristics:

 There are many online WTTx UEs that perform services during peak hours. The
UE duty cycle is long.
 The online duration of WTTx UEs is long.
 On a commercial network, unlike MBB UEs, WTTx UEs require several hours on
average to enter idle mode after initial network access.
 The proportion of download services and that of large-packet services are high
for WTTx UEs.
 The inbound traffic of a single WTTx UE is high. Demands for WTTx traffic are
large.
 As the number of WTTx UEs increases, the PRB usage increases rapidly.

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LTE eRAN17.

1 WTTx Key Air Interface Technologies

 WTTx: wireless to the x

 SPID: subscriber profile ID

 RFSP: RAT/Frequency Selection Priority (RFSP)

 End-to-end: Service quality is guaranteed by coordinating among all network elements

 The following table lists the common standardized QCIs.

QCI Type Priority Typical Service

3 GBR 3 Real-time online game/Real-time industrial control

4 GBR 5 Not-Video conference (Buffer streaming media)

5 Non-GBR 1 IMS signalling

6 Non-GBR 6 Video(Buffer streaming media)

Video(Direct streaming media)/

8 Non-GBR 8 E-Mail, MSN, QQ, WWW

9 Non-GBR 9 P2P file sharing

 A cell reselection policy defines whether UEs preferentially camp on a cell on a

 Checks whether the target UE meets all of the following conditions.

EutranInterNFreq.AggregationAttribute parameter is selected.

 This function is controlled by the WBB_DL_CA_FDD_SPLIT_FORBID_SW option of the

 This function is controlled by the MBB_EXP_BASED_STEERING_SW option of the

 DACQ: dynamic AMBR control by QCI

 non-GBR: non-guaranteed bit rate

 WTTx and MBB UEs are identified based on QCIs.

 Some factors in the formula are controlled by the following parameters:

 The value MBB_LOOSE_CONTROL indicates that if there are still PRBs

 The value WBB_LOOSE_CONTROL indicates that if there are still PRBs

 The value LOOSE_CONTROL indicates that:

 MIMO: multiple-input multiple-output

 Only TDD supports massive MIMO beamforming weight optimization.

• Downlink space-domain QoS guarantee

 WTTx services have the following characteristics:

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