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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

• What is Mechanics of Solids?


• Why is Mechanics of Solids very important study for
engineers?

The main objective of the study of mechanics of


materials is to provide the future engineer with
the means of analyzing and designing various
load bearing structures.

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Both the analysis and design of a


given structure involve the
determination of stresses and
deformations.

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stresses in Steel
Plates

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Axially loaded
member

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stresses in pressure vessels


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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stresses and deflection of helical springs


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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stresses and deflection of beams


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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Cantilevers !!
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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Curved beams
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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Column in structures
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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Column in structures
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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Torsion in shaft
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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Strain rosette for strain measurement


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Normal and Shear Stresses

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Normal and Shear Stresses

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Normal and Shear Stresses

Four Different Types of Loading in a Body

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Normal and Shear Stresses

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Normal and Shear Stresses

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Strength
• Strength is a property of a material or mechanical
element. It depends upon the choice, the treatment of the
material (forging, rolling, cold forming etc.), and the
processing of the material. Example: Different strength of
solder material for different aging, testing temperatures.
• Strength is usually denoted as the S. Su is ultimate
strength and Sy is yield strength. Example of a stress-
strain curve of solder material.

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stress
• Normal stress is denoted as 𝜎 and shear stress is denoted
as 𝜏.
• Stress components: 𝜎x , 𝜎1 etc.

• Allowable Stress refers to the reduced value of strength


that is used in design to determine the geometrical
dimensions of parts in mechanical systems. The strength
reduction is based on the specified standards. For
example, according to AISC, for a member in tension,
0.45 𝑆𝑦 ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ≤ 0.60 𝑆𝑦
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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

• The dimensions of Stress components are selected such


as:
𝜎 ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
Factor of Safety
• A design factor of safety nd, or n, sometimes called simply
design factor, is defined by the relation:
• Material internal flaw, size effect (example of standard
deviation), load effect, computed stress, environmental
concern (corrosive agent), for complicated part stress
can’t be accurately determined, accidental load, danger to
life or property, price class etc.
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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑢
𝑛𝑑 = =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑢


= =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐹

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Pure Tension/ Simple Tension

Characteristics of Simple Tension


• Bar is straight and made of homogeneous material
• Line of action of the force coincides with the center (axis)
of the bar.
• The section is taken much away from any discontinuity or
abrupt change in the geometry.
• The bar that fulfills these conditions is said to be in simple
tension/

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Engineering Stress/ Nominal Stress


𝐹
• The value 𝜎 = may only be the average stress at a
𝐴
section. This is called ‘Engineering Stress’.

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Pure Shear/ Simple Shear

𝐹 𝐹
𝜏= = 𝜋𝑑2
𝐴
4

• Normal Strain and Shear Strain

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stress-Strain Diagram
• Proportional limit, yield stress, ultimate strength.

• Modulus of elasticity.
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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stress-Strain Diagram
• Proportional limit

From the origin to the a point up to which the stress-strain


curve is a straight line, is called the proportional limit. This
linear relation between elongation and the axial force
causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and
is called Hooke’s Law that within the proportional limit, the
stress is directly proportional to strain.

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stress-Strain Diagram
• Elastic Limit

The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no
longer go back to its original shape when the load is
removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed
such that there is no permanent or residual deformation
when the load is entirely removed.

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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stress-Strain Diagram
• Yield point

Yield point is the point at which the material will have an


appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in
load.

• Ultimate strength

The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the


ultimate strength or tensile strength.
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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stress-Strain Diagram
• Rupture strength

Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture.


This is also known as the breaking strength.
• Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of
material as the force is gradually increased from the origin to
the proportional limit. This may be calculated as the area
under the stress-strain curve from the origin to up to the
elastic limit E (the shaded area in the figure).
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Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

Stress-Strain Diagram
• Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of
material as the force is gradually increased from the origin
up to the rupture point. This may be calculated as the area
under the entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The
toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without
causing it to break.

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Stresses in an oblique plane

From equilibrium conditions,


the distributed forces
(stresses) on the plane must
be equivalent to the force P.

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Stresses in an oblique plane

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Stresses in an oblique plane

Stress vs. angle graph


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Poisson’s Ratio

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General Stress-Strain Relation

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General Stress-Strain Relation

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Axially Loaded Member

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Thin Wall Pressure Vessel

Cylindrical vessel
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Thin Wall Pressure Vessel

Circumferential stress
or hoop stress

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Thin Wall Pressure Vessel

Longitudinal stress

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Thin Wall Pressure Vessel

Spherical vessel

Longitudinal stress

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