Strength of Materials

Y
X
b
Z y
P
I f
it
linearelasticmaterial
isotopic material

we shouldn't cross the elastic limit to

observe the linear relationship bet stress
strain
I
1822 AT E3 It
you
V12 V13

En E Ei Ea
elastic Poisson's poisson's
modulus ratio ratio

En É
822 42811 Yi oh
8337 V13 i
Y OT
from slide
 day
Y
X
b
Z y

t it Ittab
2
stress
or Ey Ez

Young's
modulus Mxy M Ma U

Ex Ex Ex
strain

as for isotropic
materials properties along
all axes are same

poisson's ratio is in a plane strain in a

direction

law
using hooke's
Ox Ex E
M
É e É
Ex E Ey ME Ez M.EE
 Y
a Oy
b
Z y

t
i 2
itta bt
very

cry Ex Ez

E May
May

Ey Ey Ey
Ey E Ex MEE Ez Y EE

X y Oz
b
z

t i bt
i
a Ita
r
Oz
F Ex Ey
e
y y

Ez Ez Ez
 Ez É Ex M E Ey y.EE

For general 3D Loading

y
T
x a cry
z

titlist
I
a

og
c
Oz

all axes so

Ex É M E Y É
Ex ox y rytas
Normal
Ey Oy Y oxton strain
Ez Oz Y 0
8
 ShearTests

shear strain
off t
distortion

failure
a ShearModules

Go
Modulus
of Rigidity
egg 88
y

t a

G
y

eqn 8yz
ft Byz

at Rex

I s G

eq 8
8 z
 In Matrix form

Ex I Ye Ye O O O ox
Ey ME I ME O O O Oy
EE ME ME I O O O OE
O
Gy O O O
G O
My
Jyz O O O O
E O
Myz
8zx O O O O O G My

G
Et
ie mild steel E 2006Pa
G 776Pa
 On the wing of a Boeing 787 Dreamliner
the strains are calculated as Ex oo
o 02
Ey
O 01
Ez e

Determine the stresses thatpoint

given E 2009Pa i

Axially Loaded Member Fn

S
C s
f

If Fsino

here normal stress

O
E
Idg
sindcos o
To
Shear Stress
Imax IA 8450
hooked
law a EE
S IE E EE
 F
2A

7
0 45 go

FKN
C
IOAN 15kW
Br
Al
St

given data Lst Im Est 2009Pa

LA IM EA 100 GPa
LBr 1m EB 80 Gpa

da 50mm
dpp 40mm I
 Sol
FBDofsteel

10
o
By
Fst at far E 5
E
10 15 5 18 0
10 Fst 0 10 151Fan O FB 0

Fst IOKN F FA GKN OB BYAB 0

5000
Pst FAI Sbr O
My502
s Say
5000 La
Asty AA EA
41702502

Statically Indeterminate Member

V U V

Hi Mr
4 unknowns Beg using statics
 dst 10 mm

É
o

EA B C

5K N
day
Est
20 mm

200 GPa
im im im
EA 90 Gpa
V

IDetermine stresses in St Al wires

note All solids deform under load

Golf
Mo O
Fst I t
Fa 2 5 3 0

Fst 2 Fa 15
we
get additional equation from
deformation pattern
 MY
slab
it
A

Sst c
SA
FKN
here
YG
Sst Sac

It Eiti
EEE
36 Fst 20 Fal

Fst 3 261N Fae 5.869N 8,7 61 522Pa

18
Al


S Ff Axially loaded member eqh

assumption cross section is uniform

it
it

e
it I p

a Iif r

dx s
ALAG

a L

sea
IET Fa

S
a of INE

ed given to bederived
exm determine the total deformation of a non
uniform bar subjected to uniaxial loading as
shown in the fig
Consider E 200 GPa
s
2m
a

d 120mm TOKN

Y
1200

Solid homework
Thin Wall Pressure vessel

thin wall cylinder

I s g

Iri
t t
y

fig thin wall pressure vessel

cylinder cross section
and

projected

iE

F Pi
differ
E
I
i
 On
Ifi Circumferential Stress
Hoop Stress

longitudinal

EEE FI
t
EE

É
For longitudinal stress

F pi di
of.gg
Pi di
O
at

So already on is two times a

greater
stress than Oi
Therefore a cylindrical thin wall pressure vessel
will crack longitudinally

crack this way

does not

I this way
cracks

Spherical Pressure Vessel

Chuy
only a
as the whole
shape is
symmetric 3600

Pi d T di t
Ig E
 of Pindi spherical vessel
eqn for stress

much
LPG pressure vessels are kept
lower pressure than CNG vessels

spherical vessel a developedstress is 504 of

the stress developed in a cylindrical

vessel

84Mt CNG tank

In a cylindrical gas
is stored 80Mpa Thickness
of the cylinder
is 10mm tensile strength of the material is
400 MPa Determine the safe diameter of the
cylinder considering a factor of safety 2

On 400 MPa max FTA 4122 1 So factor

of safety 2 implies 2 times art

therefore I
a REI
442 PEI SIF
di safety 50 mm
Ans
 Stress in Rivetted Joints

C
Y
t

qgfygI.tt

F
I
Esten 2 Bearingstren

T Iida E Mma OJ I approx

soul
Stresses in Plate

1 Tensile stress i of Atm t.fr t

Elp
2 Bearing Stress t É Oh I p
 3 Shear Stress T
t
tax 2 ul p

if rivet is too close to the edge

for shear stress

if RE ERE GATE
Thermal stress

here coefficientof
g ayyy thermal expansion

no stress develops free expansion free

contraction

AT s

s
F

Assuming imaginary force f that compresses

1 8 back to L 8 8
now
S NAT ÉÉFÉ
e
 Of XE T

1111111
At DT OC
A oAA

im In Tmtoiata
im

For Steel
111 50
DT
dst 20mm day
200 Gpa LAI Lst Im
Est
EA 704Pa
6
Ast 6 10 foe
0
12 10 Oc
a

8T Ast Lst AT 6 156 7 50

g

apprenitt at tensile
B
a t Fst
FA
AA BB
 BB'B'B SA

j
An

II.IT Goto
Fist
IMO 0

Fa Fst

Torsion

te
t tiara
F distorted element
 A

A
I of

ALI 8

AI 0
s

18 10 A
radius

8 4
take a cross section

that
É s at dep AF FT dA

fat T

T f af p Jada's
 if

A G E G.PE

So T f G
PI da p

S
FYI polar moment
of inertia
o ti
I Get
Go TL
O GTL

therefore
I for straight
shaft
 steel Al
ly
Y
Te I kN m

Lst In La
t Im

Gst 80 GPa Gay 28 Gpa

dst 50 mm i da
determine the safe diameter of Al member if
allowable shear stress in steel is 100MPa

C f
Only consider
section
1 the internal
 t.EE Ct IKNm

103
Tst TA ego
O
B

1
resultant
T.tk gm
o
angular deform
Wor ar
aeq

Ix 11g J I T

nous Ma allowable shear strep 100

Tstj.gs ioo eq

Stresses in Spring helical spring

 1114111
maximum agg
compressive at
agr
33

F
FBI ETEFe.IT section
AA F

iz

T F R
i
71ft circular cross
sections MEME
Rt
 r
T

i gyminstrem

É
Mfers
It

1 Direct shear stress

a A IE
Torsional shear stress

tf
Imax 8 82
F Rr
Wtf 732 d4

II Iggy
 u

spring index at
invalid E E only validfor
thisegg is
straightshaft

Wahl's correction factor

HE Iii
in case
indexterid
generalany spring
should be replaced with
if m 7 1 we can use it

So general eq should be

151 1
5

Take the spring hw from Sec A

 Deflection per coil
I 8ft
G in d4

Shifwable g
shearstress F
nd
4 500
m
I
200 100
IT X 22
1 784
I 1.784mm 56054

Torsional Shear Stress

Want correction
aft x
kit omg factor

8 500 100 4 56.059 y 0615

1178434 9 56 054 y 56.054

22 976 GPa
a
III ai Eam tu
LIFFEY j
1496 mm
Torsion of thin wall tube Non circular circular
we can't use the previous equations as 18 90 is
not applicable

TT

N
i

R
a

FIFI
a
Egg

To maintain the longitudinal equilibrium

of the section

q q 92
q shear force per unit length shear force

4
i

here shear stress at

any point
Targ f
Shear force acting on segment di
df g dl mean length
IT q dL r

IT q 2dam
T 9.2dam
T q 2 Am

Targ
Eq where needed
thickness
Imax
z.AM tminQ
where the tube
has the leastthickness
breaks there first

Migration hole
geometric discontinuity
 É
AT
k T
É I KN m

find the minimum diameter for the given loading

Allowable shear stress 100 MPa
G 80 Gpa
find angle of twist

Tax 100 Mpa

É
Erm t
100 27 100 t

t 51 minimum thickness
Angle of Twist 0
p
ft
f E IL

flange

I Ri n

Direct shear I
UP
T
Idi
 for multiple setof bolt supports

T P R N t PaR2Nz

8a R
V1 821ps K
p

affair TidÉGzRz

Par
Er BE
So T
Idf when 2 setof
attached
I
Ift circularly
bolt supports are
in's connected we
can calculate the
Torsional shear stress
I
Stressaappoint

A shear
og ay
Fi
TY
Ty
normal
Tzy
d
e
Pye
a
Tzy
b
Ozz
Y
a
Txz
shear
t
of Ftir force component
Food stress
 7 Txy

Oxx

Txz

fy
Ozz

to Eg
Tay
Tyz
Tax
Taz
9 1

To maintain equilibrium of the body

Txy Tyx
Tz Tax

Ty z Ey
the revised stresses
 On Ox
500
FEI
of Tay
a
Je
It
q

me
500 MPa
if ou
I 300 MPa

8 2D Plane Stress State

Ey stress freesurface
load zero

Tex So

Ozz Ezy Tex 0

Izz
so
of Eg
 If thethickness of the surface is very small
compared to the other dimensions of the body

Ozz I 0

Tx E O

I 0
Tzy
og

pi TH
Ey

Eg
Cosi y

Ff
 I ÉÉÉÉTe surface is very small
compared to the other dimensions of the body

Ozz I 0

Tx E O

I 0
Tzy
og

pi TH
Ey

Eg
Coi y

Ff
 y

og

Try
TH text
ox
Ey f
y ox TAA
n
Tay TF
Tay A Acoso Yasino
xx g

I Fx 0

Ox o AA Ox DACOSO Cosa Exy A Acoso sino

Sind Sind DA Sino cos0 0
og DA Ey
Ox OxIT
tTzdcos20ttxysin2 Oximaxis
dfI.o
Y 7 sin 20
24620 0

principal stress
 maxm minm normal stresses

Cumin principal stress

GorseTo 50 700
value
use abs
Tent Is check which the
material fails

s the egmhas two roots

O Op Op 900

8Pa
Op
Op

FEMI Ey
 AF
Ox Ed Ed
a op NEITH Is

A
Op IOT NEED'texy
_fyfy4t

Oz E

I Fy 0 we
get

Tay o
Et sin20 try cos 20

Ty MFffggg Ight
o o

material principalnormalstress andfail me no shearstress

now for max shear

dff o implies
 0 05 2
tan 20s
Txy
now tankOp x tan 205 1

angle bet Op Os 450

Op7450

Imax
E VET t Tiny

ox 9204 normal stress aver

g o ang
Average hydrostatic
stress

eggszero p
i NA
K
flexural p t
o MÉ kh
stress zero
 A
8 F TOKN
I Te lo kn m

1 s P 5 RN

I Determine the minimum diameter of the shaft

if thestrength of the material
yield is 200

MPa and shear strength is 120 MPa

Considering axial stress

OA I

Considering torsional shear stress

T da 0
T
It da
144

Considering bending flexural stress

axC FL de 16000000
Of d4 343 Td 3
I
 r
f F
In

0111111104
M Mmax

axial stress p tensile

89220 tensile Into tensile
flexural stress bending stress 842
tensile Fico compressive

So point A most critical

stresses
p_ointa.o
o
nog
I Try

of Ea A Fa t Of ox
y
 point A max normal stress principal stress
Max

op Max principal stress

op MET Nate't txt

IT
N
o
700
41 9
d
in
Il mm

considering shear stress point A

2
Imax d
jI IT 150

Il
I
mm

the
Yat d met we
get accept
larger minimum it for shearn
fail ater I

am
 A Uniaxialtensilespecimenm

Ox A Ox
ox

principal stress
op REI NEED'ttiny
op 929 NEED txy
maximum shear stress

ve iei
s

a ox op

for this element Oy o

o
Tay
 hence
Max
shear
stress Imax Of
principal
Op KE NEXT t Ox
stress
op off N 0

r i

J L

From observation
in bet
Op Op
Imax
Op JOE op
2

Ingeneral Taxm Tim

Pm
7X
5 in plane 02 0
Op Op are in considering all stresses at
one plane all directions
Realty
Ema
Tiff
like apiece
Digit op
of paper
Op 0

a stackof
083 0
paper
gp are op
Op Pz

P
P
1111111111
Op

P2

7450 Op

L Op

OR Op
Ma 2
ay

Thin Wall Cylinder

 Or
It
on Iif
Oe Op
p
y On Op

a
in plane
I BE

Pi D
Tmax
ay Et 47

Summary if material fails normal stress

if material fails shearstress
 t ve Vp
for p
Op Hue
t
BE 3rd element mama A If 3rd za

mild steel ductile materials

fail us shear may stress

phextdass principal strain analysis

Online 1 Lee 14 week 8 17 07 2022

Graphicalrepresentation
 Mohscircle

B Oy Tx

É 20Encipal stress

Tf pyo o

FF
A Cox Ny OI

A Oxy Tay
itself
negativity Ey
upward
positive
no

we will locate ort

And we can get principal stress

Oya

10
 Ox

45 distance maxm shearstress Imax

Oy 50Mpa
Mpa

It
oh
If y pompa

5 50
F 5 Tx
go.gg

A 100 501
t
ox 100 Ey so

Try 98 minus value A 158517 plus

value B G 22171

BL 200.50
at

GOP o
 o

abs value fo Al
convention use op more severe
Sign
less severe for
Use graph paper

I p CooMPa

BCO 700
Op 100
OPE 100

j
pure shear
e loosa
0 0

I op FI jf
B Oy Ty
Todos of mohr's
circle
 Itf
JP
K
AF.I

Week

Jut I thick wall pressure vessel

Hi 120 i
 dog
or
t if
e

1114414
of Is Not
here
Cortdor x2 Hdr X1 88.22 Ex dr X2

202.2 8 2 dr 22 dor IFT 288A Fdr x2

or dry odor of dr

raft or 01 0

from stress strain relationship

 Ex R V Oy Oz

Ez
I re re Cortot
const

const

therefore Orto const no variations

along thickness
Orta 2A

eat implies

20
r
dig 2A

r days 2 or A

Efg 2

A or 210g r c
log

logKA or r c

CA F r é B

Or A Be
 ifo

_udMp t

Pi

r ri or Pi

r ro or Po

so
Pi A
BI eqn

Po A For eqn

solving is ii A and B
we
get
So
Pitt Poto t FroCPo P 22
g
82 2
 Piri Poro Tito Po ti r2
of
ri ri

1
specialcase cylinder subjected to internal
pressure only
Piri Tito Pile to
p
V02 Fil

Pi leg
A

Imax
 o type
What

I
or Pi

F min r r

Alma r r

Week 9 class 2 July 26

Po ro't rtrilpo v2
Jr
rot Fil

or
P l Ye
i You

Po it Hye
of
i r
X
stress Profile external pressure only

Jiffy or max to

JfI1i2
r r
a min

ma
Etty
Absolute maximum normal stress is a occurring
r r

stress Profile internal pressure only

 T
t.FI Ir min EE

Or
ma
P
a man
tiff
Absolute maximum normal stress is a occurring
r ri

We now analyse principal stress

A point is the
Alaina
principal plane as

I there are no present

IF shear stresses shear
t 1 Loading So
g
T R R will be our
principal stresses
Therefore

Op Jt D Max

P2 Q

Jp Jr min

point B not critical like point A so

we do not analyze point B

pointaltitle
Imax rp a

P
It
P
Ope O
83 It may

Po i II
C
point B q
 Jj Po

01
IIE So
or

Jp G W
a or from en

Gp2 Or
Jp Tt

maximumsheartress
Op
Imax PII
to o
pointA r r

Jp Tt A F
83 8 Tma 2

Tmax
I or
failure plane
IÉIÉÉEus
A
 points A B

Jp A
83 Of
Imax IF

Itorinternalpressureontyn

a
FEE P Tri R r ro rig

a
Iif
Week 10 class 2 Aug 2

Mbffhiek walled pressure vessel is subjected to

an internal pressure of 60 MPa The material is
steel with Oy 300 MPa 5 200 MPa If the
inner radius of the cylinder is too mm Determine
the minimum thickness required based on the
yield strength shear strength of in
your
calculation J
factordafety
Sold Pi Gompa
ri 700 MM

300MPa
Ty
200 MPa
J
N fs 15

to thickness

Ima
r.TT
g
Pi Wiz
I r.si
1 80485

Or re
Pi YEI
T Pirie
ri ri

Based on yield strength

 Pi it May
n se 1 Tri
To Il mm

f ro ri mm

Based on shear strength

A Fro to Fri
1
Imax TIPPI 2

Mri
I proxy
133 1 ti

ro TI mm

g ti mm

solve questions from term finals recent 10

years
if Por
Pi v

for
QEII
Ca
Tmax
max abs Aa

Tma OFF Azt

Min For
 Week 71
Failure Theories

I Maximum Normal Stress Theory

failure will occur in a machine element when

the largest principal stress equals to the largest
principal stress equals to the largest principal
stress in a tensile test specimen at the time
of failure

HI 0 9

for a tensile test specimen failure occurs at

r ru i Tmax 912 FEIT

É G

EE
É

A YET i Tay Ya i
 Tp 92 N 2 If

NEELEY
According to MN St failure occurs when

Tp Tu
Eff NEMITZ
t

the material steel Ju soo MPa

If is

300 MPa F IO RN i T lo kN m
Ty
Determine safe diameter of shaft Use
the MNST

TBI
5011
912 tax VIEWED
1502 1
24 t
II'd
d
 using ru
soo
141111 5

weekis classa

8 Distortion Energy Theory

Failure will occur in a machine part when the

distortion
energy of that partequals to the
distortionenergy of a tensile test specimen at
the time of failure

92 6221
III
Iman

see volume change

stress
no shape changed
 I
É
man
a

distortion
shape change

Distortion energy strain energy per unit

volume

III III

63 Gang

change shape change

Colume
I fye
volume t
strain energy per unit u

GE t 63ED
 where E G V 62 637

EYE Ez
Ez
G
63
V 61

861
63

627

626376361
A U at Capt62465 2 V 6,62

Gary 95
Fe 3Gang gu 3 gang

I strain energy for volume change

ur 36angYycroy
nd a nu s distortion energy per unit volume

610274 63 3 47
nd tf
On a tensile test specimen

FLAG by
62 63 0

d tensile test EST TE agr

According to the distortion energy theory

will occur when
failure
25 4563491 TEG
4

Von Mises
stress

n misers stress in 2D state

 von mises
stress crosses
300 Failure y zoo MPa
y
at this point

Iffy
ro
MPa
64 300
NO KN
F

diameter of the shaft using Det

Find the safe

sod a
ETHICIST
or
FEIFFER
d
Ijm
 d

Mast Maximum shear stress theory

PET Distortion Energy Arcany

maximum Normal street thorny

Morse

In terms of ox Gy Tay
At Br
g GIL 9974mF
62 A BJ
I 6624627 Gyr

At B I AtB A B CA BY a Gyr

ZARI Gyr
At B
TAT
B
THT B ETAT
AT BB Gr

997441 5 47 6
weekis class2

for pure shear test

T T

That
l
g

MNST Imax F G
Imax 0.5 Ty

If
y 1 1 3
EI GED
B B Imax
Oy Fy
Tea 53 0.577 Oy

Euston
 Material Ductile
MN ST
Imax 0.5 Ty
emDET
compare to
choose

Strain Energy of Deformable Bodies

Tensionlcompression
Fn

IT s

U
IFS o

s
EI u
IIe
F
Directshear
tÉ Hills
 U I FS IF I 8 42 FI ta
u
Ii
3 Torsionallaadi
Ta

111 so

U Yz TO
112 T TYG

U
I
Bendingloadi

m
 t.tt
16 o flexural

du
Eff
du FEED I pl Coligtstrip

du 02 diff
M1
U
f diff
u
Yet Sign
U
Mft governing equation

S
along
lengthofbean
11277
1
É
 1 Area moment method
2 Double integration method

3 Strainenergy method

week is class Auga

CT 1 Mark

Experimental Stress Analysis

Strain Rosette

Three strain Gauge 11Mt

u
strain gauge electrical wire of lov 2mm length

output resistance th

3h R

length9
resistance
we plot graph
A

DR 1 slope

D
DE
y

Strain Rosette 2 4mm

Ex Ey Day to be determined

Strain Rosette used to measure in plane

strain components at a pointof a body

let
 IIII

e ma

type
45 strain Rosette

da O

M a
dy 450
de 900
3 x
 I on
Tx

IF
g

on Tx cos'd rysinottxy 2sino.coso

It
a Ex

Ej Isla
En ExCosa t Ey sindt 8xysinocosd
C
Ea Excos dat Eysin da thy sin Dacosta
Eb Excos'd Eysin'd sky Sind cost 4
Ee Excoside Ey sin de sky Sind costle
Oa O Ob 450 Oc 900
 Ea Ex
Ee Ey
Ep Ex12 Ey12 Hotz
Vxy Eb 112 Ext Ey Eb 12 EatEe
fz
now using these we get ox Ty Try

stress Transformation

Principal Stress Maximum Shear stress

check stability using

failure theory

60 strain rossette hw

Oa 00
LEXIE
W W
Oc 1200
xx
 on Tx cos'd try si not Ty 25int.coso
A
TX E Ex
Ty E Ey
82
Ey E 2

En Excos'd t Ey shot 8xysinocos d

f
Ea Excos dat Eysin da thy sin dacosDa

Eb Excos'd t Eysin'd thy sin O cosO f

Ee Excosde t Eysin de by sin 0 code

Oa O Ob 600 Oe 120

Ex Ea
Eb EN 34Eyt V34Jay Ealy4314Ey ByBy

Ec Exly Ey Bly Bly 8xy Easy 3lyEy BlyBy

Eb t Ee Ear 312by
Ey 3 Gaz Eb Ee
Ebtec
Ky 4g Ealy Ect East
Jay 43 8 2 842 453 Eb Ee
 now using these we get ox Ty Ty
snot
Stress Transformation

Principal stress maximum

cheek stability using

failure theory
 8
3 10 Diameter F1
Week13 class 2 Aug231

A strain rosette gives the following measurements at

a point on the fuselage of an airplane

Ed 300 10 6
d
Eb I 700 10
Ee 160910b

U 0.3
E 2006Pa
Ty 400MPa yield
Determine the safety factor for the given condition
according to MDET

5018 Ea Ex 300 158

Ee Ey 450 strain
100 166
By ZE Eat Ee Rosette
600 15
 Ifrifry zooxio
l

GII rfj ioox.it

A 72.5 MPa

Ty 4175Mpa

M
Jay
4 My
660 156 24 3 Gpa
96.1514Pa

now Jp KITT NETH

105.7 MPa

Tp KEI Tj
8.5 MPa

Imax 48.5 MPa

According to the DET

 0,02 82 Gns factor of safety
2
105.72 105.7 8.5 8.52 40012

me 3.9 24
Ins

From lastclass of strain

energy

U EEE
U EFG
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