Chapter 1 2 3

STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
Introduction to Mechanics of Solids
• What is Mechanics of Solids?

• Why is Mechanics of Solids very important study for
engineers?
The main objective of the study of mechanics of

materials is to provide the future engineer with
the means of analyzing and designing various
load bearing structures.
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Department of Mechanical Engineering 1
Both the analysis and design of a

given structure involve the
determination of stresses and
deformations.
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Stresses in Steel
Plates
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Department of Mechanical Engineering Some phots are taken from online search engine 3
Axially loaded
member
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Stresses in pressure vessels

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Stresses and deflection of helical springs

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Stresses and deflection of beams

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Cantilevers !!
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Curved beams
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Column in structures
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Column in structures
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Torsion in shaft
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Strain rosette for strain measurement

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Normal and Shear Stresses
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Four Different Types of Loading in a Body
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Strength
• Strength is a property of a material or mechanical
element. It depends upon the choice, the treatment of the
material (forging, rolling, cold forming etc.), and the
processing of the material. Example: Different strength of
solder material for different aging, testing temperatures.
• Strength is usually denoted as the S. Su is ultimate
strength and Sy is yield strength. Example of a stress-
strain curve of solder material.
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Stress
• Normal stress is denoted as 𝜎 and shear stress is denoted
as 𝜏.
• Stress components: 𝜎x , 𝜎1 etc.
• Allowable Stress refers to the reduced value of strength

that is used in design to determine the geometrical
dimensions of parts in mechanical systems. The strength
reduction is based on the specified standards. For
example, according to AISC, for a member in tension,
0.45 𝑆𝑦 ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ≤ 0.60 𝑆𝑦
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• The dimensions of Stress components are selected such

as:
𝜎 ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
Factor of Safety
• A design factor of safety nd, or n, sometimes called simply
design factor, is defined by the relation:
• Material internal flaw, size effect (example of standard
deviation), load effect, computed stress, environmental
concern (corrosive agent), for complicated part stress
can’t be accurately determined, accidental load, danger to
life or property, price class etc.
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𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑢
𝑛𝑑 = =
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜎
𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑢

= =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝐹
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Pure Tension/ Simple Tension
Characteristics of Simple Tension

• Bar is straight and made of homogeneous material
• Line of action of the force coincides with the center (axis)
of the bar.
• The section is taken much away from any discontinuity or
abrupt change in the geometry.
• The bar that fulfills these conditions is said to be in simple
tension/
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Engineering Stress/ Nominal Stress

𝐹
• The value 𝜎 = may only be the average stress at a
𝐴
section. This is called ‘Engineering Stress’.
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Pure Shear/ Simple Shear
𝐹 𝐹
𝜏= = 𝜋𝑑2
𝐴
4
• Normal Strain and Shear Strain
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Stress-Strain Diagram
• Proportional limit, yield stress, ultimate strength.
• Modulus of elasticity.
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• Proportional limit
From the origin to the a point up to which the stress-strain

curve is a straight line, is called the proportional limit. This
linear relation between elongation and the axial force
causing was first noticed by Sir Robert Hooke in 1678 and
is called Hooke’s Law that within the proportional limit, the
stress is directly proportional to strain.
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• Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no
longer go back to its original shape when the load is
removed, or it is the maximum stress that may e developed
such that there is no permanent or residual deformation
when the load is entirely removed.
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• Yield point
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an

appreciable elongation or yielding without any increase in
load.
• Ultimate strength
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the

ultimate strength or tensile strength.
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• Rupture strength
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture.

This is also known as the breaking strength.
• Modulus of Resilience
Modulus of resilience is the work done on a unit volume of
material as the force is gradually increased from the origin to
the proportional limit. This may be calculated as the area
under the stress-strain curve from the origin to up to the
elastic limit E (the shaded area in the figure).
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• Modulus of Toughness
Modulus of toughness is the work done on a unit volume of
material as the force is gradually increased from the origin
up to the rupture point. This may be calculated as the area
under the entire stress-strain curve (from O to R). The
toughness of a material is its ability to absorb energy without
causing it to break.
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Stresses in an oblique plane
From equilibrium conditions,

the distributed forces
(stresses) on the plane must
be equivalent to the force P.
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Stress vs. angle graph

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Poisson’s Ratio
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General Stress-Strain Relation
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Axially Loaded Member
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Thin Wall Pressure Vessel
Cylindrical vessel
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Circumferential stress
or hoop stress
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Longitudinal stress
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Spherical vessel
Longitudinal stress
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Statically Indeterminate Members
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Statically Indeterminate Members
• If the number of unknowns is greater

than the number of equilibrium
equations, then another set of equations
(one or more) needed from the elastic
deformation of the structure. These
equations also called as compatibility
equations.
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Torsion
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Shear Strain
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Shear Strain
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Torsion
• Resultant of internal shearing stresses is an
internal torque, equal and opposite to applied
torque,
T    dF     dA
• Although net torque due to shearing stresses is

known, the distribution of the stresses is not
• Unlike normal stress due to axial loads, the

distribution of shearing stresses due to torsional
loads cannot be assumed uniform.
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Torsion
• Torque applied to shaft produces shearing
stresses on planes perpendicular to shaft
axis.
• Moment equilibrium requires existence of

equal shear stresses on planes containing the
shaft axis, i.e., “axial shear stresses”.
• Existence of axial shear stresses is

demonstrated by considering a shaft made up
of axial slats.
Slats slide with respect to each other when

equal and opposite torques applied to shaft
ends.
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Torsion
• Will see that angle of twist of shaft is

proportional to applied torque and to
shaft length.
 T
L
• When subjected to torsion, every cross-

section of circular (solid or hollow) shaft
remains plane and undistorted.
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Torsion • Consider interior section of shaft. When
torsional load applied, a rectangular element
on the interior cylinder deforms into rhombus.
• So shear strain equals angle between BA and

BA
• Thus,

L     
L
so shear strain proportional to twist and radius
c 
 max  and    max
L c
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Torsion
• Hooke’s law,
  
  G  G G  max   max
L c c
So shearing stress also varies linearly with
radial position in the section.
• Recall: sum of moments from internal
J  12  c 4 stress distribution equals internal torque at
the section,
 
T    dA   G dA  G  dA
 2
L L
 J
 GJ 
L 
• Thus, elastic torsion formulas are

J  12  c24  c14 
T TL
 ; 
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Torsion
T TL
 ; 
J GJ
Tc
 max 
J
 T
so    , a constant if T constant
L GJ
• If torsional loading or shaft cross-section

changes (discretely) along length, the angle of
rotation is found as sum of segment rotations
Ti Li
 
i J i Gi
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Torsion (Power Transmission Shaft)
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Torsion
Sign convention for stresses on inclined

plane (Normal stresses tensile positive,
shear stresses producing
counterclockwise rotation positive.)
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Torsion
Remember: Ductile materials are weak in shear and brittle

materials are weak in tension. Thus, for ductile material
failure occurs on maximum shear stress plane, and for
brittle material failure occurs on maximum normal (tensile)
stress plane.
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Torsion
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Statically Indeterminate Torque Loaded Members
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Torsion of Non-circular Shafts
Requires Advanced Methods !!
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Torsion of thin walled tubes
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𝑇
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2 𝑡 𝐴𝑚
𝑇𝐿 𝑑𝑠
∅=
4 𝐴𝑚2 𝐺 𝑡
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Chapter 1 2 3

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STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Introduction to Mechanics of Solids

• What is Mechanics of Solids?

The main objective of the study of mechanics of

Both the analysis and design of a

Stresses in pressure vessels

Stresses and deflection of helical springs

Stresses and deflection of beams

Strain rosette for strain measurement

Four Different Types of Loading in a Body

• Allowable Stress refers to the reduced value of strength

• The dimensions of Stress components are selected such

𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐹𝑢

Pure Tension/ Simple Tension

Characteristics of Simple Tension

Engineering Stress/ Nominal Stress

Pure Shear/ Simple Shear

• Normal Strain and Shear Strain

From the origin to the a point up to which the stress-strain

Yield point is the point at which the material will have an

The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the

Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture.

From equilibrium conditions,

Stress vs. angle graph

• If the number of unknowns is greater

• Although net torque due to shearing stresses is

• Unlike normal stress due to axial loads, the

• Moment equilibrium requires existence of

• Existence of axial shear stresses is

Slats slide with respect to each other when

• Will see that angle of twist of shaft is

• When subjected to torsion, every cross-

• So shear strain equals angle between BA and

• If torsional loading or shaft cross-section

Sign convention for stresses on inclined

Remember: Ductile materials are weak in shear and brittle

Requires Advanced Methods !!

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