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Lecture 1
➢ To plot shear stress (𝜏) versus shear strain (𝛾) and identify the
shear modulus of elasticity (𝐺)
“Schenectady”
➢ In static test, the load is applied slowly and the precise rate of
loading is not of interest because it does not affect behavior of
specimen
Stress-strain diagram for brittle material showing proportional limit (point A) and fracture stress (point B)
Stress-strain diagram (a) elastic behavior, and (b) partially elastic behavior
𝜖 ′ = 𝜈𝜖
𝜐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 0
• Increase in thickness
113.2 × 10 −6 6 − 4.5
Δ𝑡 = 𝜖 ′ 𝑡 = = 8.5 × 10−5 𝑖𝑛
2
𝑉 𝑉: shear force
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝐴 𝐴: cross sectional area
𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾
𝐺 : Shear Modulus
𝛾: Shear strain (distortion of shape)
𝐺: shear modulus
𝐸
𝐺= 𝐸: modulus elasticity
2 1+𝜈
𝜈: poisson’s ratio
110 𝑘𝑁
𝜏= = 219 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜋𝑑 = 20 𝑡(= 8)
110 𝑘𝑁
𝜎𝑐 = = 350 𝑀𝑃𝑎
• Compressive stress 𝜋𝑑 2
4
Institute of Technology of Cambodia 27
Ex: A bearing pad of the kind used to support machines and bridge girders
consists of a linearly elastic material (an elastomer such as rubber) capped
by steel plate. Assume that the thickness of the elastomer is ℎ, the
dimension of the plate are 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏, and the pad is subjected to a horizontal
shear force 𝑉. Obtain formulas for average shear stress in the direction
elastomer and horizontal displacement 𝑑 of the plate
• Shear stress
𝑉
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝑎𝑏
• Shear strain (Hooke’s law)
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑉
𝛾= = 𝐺𝑒 shear modulus of elastomer
𝐺𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝐺𝑒
𝑉
• Displacement 𝑑 = ℎ tan 𝛾 ≈ ℎ 𝛾 = h
𝑎𝑏𝐺𝑒
Institute of Technology of Cambodia 28
Allowable Stress and Load
Factors of Safety
• The actual strength of a structure must exceed the required
strength
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
• 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑛 = , (n: 1 → 10)
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Allowable Stress
b) Allowable load P2
A: Area at the hanger
𝑃2 = 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝐴 = 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 (𝑏2 −𝑑)𝑡 =
through the bolt hole, area
11 000 (3 − 1)(0.5) = 11 000 𝑙𝑏 after the hole is drilled
10-5 m 10-10m
Crystal grain
atom
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