CHANGES IN T H E E N V I R O N M E N T A L FEATURES

OF THE ZUARI AND MANDOVI ESTUARIES

IN R E L A T I O N TO TIDES
BY PADMAKAR V. DEHADRAI
(Nationa/ Institute of Oceanography, Miramar, Panfim, Goa)
Received November 6, 1969
(Communicated by Dr. N. K. Panikkar, F.A.SC.)

ABSTRACT

Changes in the temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen in

relation to tidal rhythm were found to be well marked in the Zuari and
Mandovi estuaries. Seasonal differences in the hydrographical factors
of the two estuaries are considerably influenced by the south-west mon-
soon.
In the Zuari estuary, during the post-monsoon months, almost
marine conditions seem to prevail with a littlefreshwater drainage where-
as in the Mandovi estuary the freshwater discharge continues throughout
the year which influences the environmental features.
The two estuaries are rich in inorganic phosphate-P, the source of
which in the Zuari estuary appears to be largely from the neritic waters
whereas the input of inorganic phosphate-P in the Mandovi estuary seems
to be influenced by the river-water.
The rate of production was high in the samples from the two estua-
ries during the monsoon month. Changes in the rate of production
induced by the tides corresponded with those in the inorganic phosphate-P,
chlorophyll a and the phytoplankton abundance.
Probably the fora associated with the lower salinity dominates the
crop of phytoplankton throughout the year in the Mandovi estuary
whereas in the Zuari estuary the preponderance of the freshwater flora
appears only during the monsoon month.

INTRODUCTION

AN important aspect of estuarine oceanography includes the study of

dynanflc conditions induced by the tidal curronts and freshwater discharge
68
 Environmental Features of the Zuari and Mandovi Estuaries 69

by the rivers in the estuary (Pritchard, 1967). Near Panjim (Goa) two
large estuaries are found within 5 kin. along the rivers Zuari and Mandovi.
A study of the environmental features of these estuaries is essential for
understanding the hydrographical features of waters around Goa.

Earlier work on the estuaries of the west coast of India have been
confined to Cochin Backwater (see Ramamirtham and Jayaraman, 1963;
George and Kartha, 1963; George, 1958). More recently, some notable
contributions on the Cochin Backwater hax(e appeared on plant pigments
(Qasim and Reddy, 1967), light penetration (Qasim et aL, 1968), organic
production (Qasim et al., 1969), tidal influence (Qasim and Gopinathan,
1969) and nutrients (Sankaranarayanan and Qasim, 1969). No previous
account on the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries is available except the author's
report on Marmugao Bay (Dehadrai, 1970).

The two rivers, Zuari and Mandovi, are situated along the southern
and northern boundaries of the Panjim Island. The foimer flows into the
Marmugao Bay and the latter into the Aguada Bay and thus two large
estuaries are formed fairly closeby. The Cabo Ridge, which is the western
extremity of the main Panjim Island, separates the Zuari and Mandovi
estuaries (Fig. 1). The Mandovi river has a large number of tributaries
whereas the river Zuari has none. The approach to the interior of Goa
is through these ~wo rivers and thus they a r e at present intensively used
for navigation. On the eastern side of the Panjim Island the Combarzua
river connects the Zuari and Mandovi rivers.

The mouths of the two rivers are funnel-shaped and the two estuaries,
though land-locked, are nevertheless exposed to the waves and tidal actions
of the sea. The tides at Goa are of the semi-diurnal type with a range of
about 2 metres (Fig. 2). These cause a periodic reversal of the currents
which greatly influence the environmental features of the estuaries.

The freshwater discharge from the Zuari and Mandovi rivers vary
greatly during monsoon and post-monsoon periods and the conditions in
the two estuaries change to a large extent with the volume of water dis-
charged by the rivers. The annual rainfall at Goa is about 3,000 mm. of
which nearly 8070 occurs from June to August. The seasonal and daily
fluctuations in atmospheric temperature are not large except during the
monsoon months (July-August) and December-January when a notable
decrease in daily temperature has been recorded.
 7O PADMAKARV. DEHADRAI

35'

~" . ~ / P A. N J I M ' ', ; :~'l

" ~ ;. "*:
AGUADA BAY S T 2 / "~ "
[: PAN JIM ISLAND ~ LO

DONA PAULA "o "~ ~.s..... " . : ~ : ~ 3%"

ST I

MI OR MIU GAO ,BAY '.., ,L :.~ "~"~'

MORMUGAO ZtjA R

~: .;;:' ;'
-

,,,,-~

ISe20'N
73"40"E 45" 50" 7

FIG. 1. Map showing the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries in co~¢¢tion with the Arabian
Sea. Closed circles indicate the stations for observations,

3
2
= I
~O
IJ
~2
~,~'i .... ~ ' A ~ l
1000 t800 oooo 0700
H~ WATER LOW WATER HIG H WAT[R LO w WATgR

FIo. 2. Tidal changesin the Zuari and Mandoviestuaries during the observations.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Studies on the changes in the hydrographical features of the estuaries
caused by the tides were conducted during the spring and neap tides as indi-
cated in the Tide Tables for Goa. The observations were made on August
9-10, 1968 and on February 1-2, 1969 to determine the influence of mon-
soonal changes.
 Environmental Features of the Zuari and Mandovi Estuaries 71

A plastic bucket was used to collect water samples from the surface
and a van Dorn sampler from the 3 m. depth. All samples were transferred
to suitable polythene bottles and analysed as soon as possible. The tem-
perature of the samples was read off immediately and the pH from a
Philips' pH meter. Salinity was measured by using Mohr's technique and
dissolved oxygen by Winkler's method.
Inorganic phosphate-P was analysed by the method of Wooster and
Rackestraw (1951) using Lange's Photoelectric colorimeter. The values
were not corrected for salt error.
For the estimation of chlorophyll a, 500 ml. of water sample was filtered
through HA Millipore filter and the pigments extracted according to the
instructions given by Strickland and Parsons (1965). The optical density
of the acetone extracts was measured on the Photoelectric colorimeter using
a red glass filter and 90~ acetone with a dissolved HA Millipore filter-paper
as blank. A factor 159 × Optical density/volume determined byusing
pure chlorophyll a for the colorimeter was used to convert all values into
chlorophyll a in mg/L.
The rate of photosynthesis was measured by using the radiocarbon
(C 14) method of Steeman Nielsen (1952). In each experiment, 50 mI. of
water samples were incubated in 60 ml. (Corning) light and dark bottles
with 1 ml. of 0.4 t~c/ml. C14 (4.0 tzc/ml, ampules supplied by Bhabha Atomic
Research Centre, Bombay, with ten times dilution)in an incubator. A
panel of fluorescent tube-lights with an intensity of 2,000 foot candles was
provided as a source of illumination during incubation for 5 h. After
incubation, the samples were filtered through HA Millipore filters. The
filters were dried and counted using a windowless gas flow proportional
counter. The rate of photosynthesis in mgC/m3/h was calculated by the
usual method.
Phytoplankton and zooplankton crops were determined by filtering
75 litres of water from the surface through a net of Bolting nylon of 0"065
mm. mesh width and organisms collected Were preserved in 5~o foimalin
solution. These were left undisturbed for about a week until fully settled.
Later the substrate was made to 5 ml. and examined in parts. A quanti-
tative estimation of plankton was made by counting the organisms contained
in subsamples.
A single station in each of the two estuaries (Sh and Stz)was
fixed for observations (Fig. 1). The depth of water at the station in the
Zuari estuary ranged from 3 t o 5 metres and in the Mandovi estuary it
was about 5 to 7 metres.
B-3
72 PADMAKAR V. DEHADRAI

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Temperature.--Changes in temperature of the two estuaries in the

monsoon and post-monsoon periods have been shown in Fig. 3. The two
estuaries were somewhat warmer in August than in early February. The
temperature in the Zuari estuary at the surface and at 3 m. depth which
ranged from 26.2 ° C. to 28.0 ° C., showed a marked tide-controlled rhythm.
In the Mandovi estuary during the monsoon month the temperature values
(26.0 ° C. to 28.0 ° C.) on the surface and at 3 m. depth did not show any
changes with the tides but were apparently influenced by the night cooling
of the atmospheric temperature.

During the post-monsoon months, however, the effect of tide was notice-
able both in the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries as the temrerature decreased
at the flood and increased at the ebb. The range of temperature in the Zuari
estuary at the surface and at 3 m. depth was alike from 24" 5° C. to 26- 5° C.
But in the Mandovi estuary a lower range of temperature at the surface
from 26.0 ° C. to 27"5 ° C. and a higher range of temperature at 3 m. depth
from 26.5* C. to 27.5 ° C. was recorded.

~ MANDOVrDEPTH ~ _ + ~

27 . . . . . . . . . . . 4- . . . . . . . -" '~ --~'" ~[

26 i i i L- I A I I I I I I I , . --

• A • "~" & O 0 ~
NtGH WATER LOW WATER HIGN WATER LOW WATg~

Flo. 3. Changes m temperature at the surface and at 3 m. depth in the Zuari and Mandovi
estuaries in relation to tides during monsoon and post-monsoon periods.

Salinity.--Salinity changes induced by the tides were well marked both

at the surface and at 3 m. depth in the two estuaries (Fig. 4). During
monsoon in the Zuari estuary, the salinity values remained high at the
surface from 12"6%o to 22"6,%0o and at 3 m. from 12-3,%oo to 27.6~oo. But
in the Mandovi estuary during monsoon the surface water showed the highest
salinity of 12"0%o during the flood and the lowest 0"0%0 during the ebb.
Similarly, at 3 m. depth the highest salinity during the flood reached 20.5Yoo
while at the ebb the salinity was almost zero. This indicates that during
the monsoon month a heavier freshwater discharge occurs in the Mandovi
estuary than in the Zuari estuary.
 Environmental Features of the Zuari and Mandovi Estuaries 73
During the post-monsoon period in the Zuari estuary the fluctuations
in the salinity were very little in between 31 "8%0 and 32.4%0 both at the
surface and at 3 m. depth. But in the Mandovi estuary during the post,
monsoon months the salinity fluctuations were much greater and ranged
o/
from 27"6%0 to 32"l/o;~--the difference being larger at 3 m. depth.
In the Zuari estuary, almost marine conditions prevailed during the
p0st-monsoon months with a little freshwater discharge. In the Mandovi
estuary, on the other hand, appreciable changes in the salinity continued
to occur during the post-monsoon months also as a result of considerable
freshwater discharge by the tributaries feeding the Mandovi river.
2
34 . . . . . . . I . . . . ~ I . . . . . . 0

32 ¢,.-_.-27~+-_ ~÷. . . . ~ l
L--
ZUARI ~ P T H --~--
MANDOVI SURFACE. . . . . . .
2 6 MANDOVI DEPTH - - - t - - ~
2~

24

42o

Z
"i 14

OL,, 'd . . . . ~, ,,I . . . . . . . fl I . . . . :&"~k-

I000 1800 0000 0070
HN3HWATER LOW WATER HIGH V~TI~ LOW WATER

FIG. 4. Changes in salinity at the surface and at 3 m. depth in the Zuari and Mandovi
estuaries in relation to tides during monsoon and post-monsoon periods.

pH.--The pH in the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries showed an increase

at the flood and decrease at the ebb (Fig. 5).
During the monsoon month in the Zuari estuary the range in pH at
the surface was small from 7.6 to 8.0 whereas at the 3 m. depth the fluctua-
tions were much greater (7.5 to 9.0). In the Mandovi estuary, on the other
hand, the variation in the pH was similar both at the surface and at 3 m.
depth but more pronounced (6.4to 8.2).
Similarly, during the post-monsoon month in the Zuari and Mandovi
estuaries the values of pH were from 7.2 to 9 "0 and 7' 1 to 9 '0 respectively,
74 PADMAKAR V. DEHADRAI

and no difference in the values were observed between those at the surface
and at 3 m. depth. However, the effect of tides was marked on the pH in
the Mandovi estuary.

r
- , , , , , , , [ , , , , , i , , , i , ,

9 + ~,,g~[.l~g~ct - - - ; - :

e +~-" . . . . . .

--._~+____~ - -.....---------..-.
7 ~ " - ~ "~'~ ~--~-.~

I000
HiGHWATER LOWW&TIER
1800 o~o(DO
HIGH~ T E R
""0 0 7 0
LOWWATER

FIG. 5. Changes in pH at the surface and at 3 m. depth in the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries
in relation to tides during monsoon and post-monsoon periods.

Dissolved oxygen.--The changes in the dissolved oxygen during the two

seasons in both the estuaries have been shown in Fig. 6. During the mon-
soon month in the Zuari estuary the dissolved oxygen at the surface ranged
from 4.1 ml./L to 4.7 ml./L whereas at the 3 m. depth the range was high
from 2.8 ml./L to 4"7 ml./L. Similarly, in the Mandovi estuary during the
monsoon month the range of dissolved oxygen was at the surface from
4"7 ml./L to 5.4 ml./L and at the 3 m. depth from 4-1 ml./L to 5.3 ml./L
During the post-monsoon months the dissolved oxygen varied within
a small range at the surface from 4.4 ml./L to 4.5 ml./L and at 3 m. depth
from 4-3 ml./L to 4.5 ml./L. Similarly, a narrow range of dissolved oxygen
was recorded in the Mandovi estuary at the surface from 4.6 ml./L to
4.8 ml./L and at the 3 m. depth from 4"5 ml./L to 4.8 ml./L.

Rao and Rao (1962) reported the occurrence of high and low dissolved
oxygen with the flood and ebb tides respectively off the Waltair coast while
Rangarajan (1958) did not find any correlation between oxygen and the tide
in the Vellar estuary. In the present study, high and low values of dissolved
oxygen were obtained with the flood and ebb in the two estuaries and in
the post-monsoon months the fluctuations were smaller than those during
the monsoon month (Fig. 6). Moreover, during the monsoon month the
dissolved oxygen values in the two estuaries showed a marked inverse
r~lationship with salinity (Fig. 4) in the area. Durin~ the post-monsgon
 Environmental Features of the Zuari and Mandovi Estuaries 75
month also a similar inverse relationship between oxygen and salinity was
observed in the Zuari estuary but in the Mandovi estuary the dissolved
oxygen appeared to be influenced by the temperature (Fig. 3) and the pH
(Fig. 5). The latter two factors were inversely related with the oxygen.

. . . . . . ' [ ' ' ' ' ' I . . . . . .

,{}
t-

E ~ ---t--------..-.= ..... .--~-- . . . . . . 7"_----- 7.~--4-

Z 5
~J
z
~9
)-4
x
8
0
3

i i i , IA ~k

IO00 BOO 0000 0070

t~I~TER LOW WATER HiGHWATER LOWWATER

Fie. 6. Changes in dissolved oxygen at the surface and at 3 m. depth in the Zuari and
Mandovi estuaries i n relation to tides during monsoon and post-monsoon periods.

Inorganic phosphate-P.--The inorganic phosphate-P in relation to tides

and seasons in the two estuaries has been illustrated in Fig. 7. During the
monsoon month in the Zuari estuary the inorganic phosphate-P values
increased with the flood and decreased with the ebb ranging at the surface
from 0" 30 tzg-at/L to 1"00 t~g-at/L and at the 3 m. depth from 0"30 tzg-at/L
to 1.75 t~g-at/L. But the range in variation at the depth was high. In the
Mandovi estuary, on the other hand, while the fluctuations in the values
of the inorganic phosphate-P were high at the surface (0.23 tzg-at/L to
1.00 t~g-at/L) and low at the 3 m. depth (0" 10 #g-at/L to 0.50 #g-at/L), the
values were high at the ebb and low at the flood.
During the post-monsoon period, in the Zuari estuary, though the range
of variations in the values of the inorganic phosphate-P was small at the
surface from 0" 17 #g-at/L to 0-23 t~g-at/L, an increase with the flood and
decrease with the ebb tides were observed similar to that in the Zuari estuary
during the south-west monsoon period, which indicates that the source of
phosphorus is largely from the neritic waters. Qasim and Gopinathan (1969)
found a similar relation of inorganic phosphate-P with the tidal cycle at the
entrance channel of the Cochin Harbour. During the post-m0nsoon period in
the Mondovi estuary, however, the values of inorganic phosphate-P were high
during the ebb and low during the flood and the range of variation in the
values of inorganic phosphate-P was lower at the surface from 0"00 t~g-at/I~
76 PADMAKAR V. D E H A D R A I

to 0"23/zg-at/L and relatively higher at 3 m. depth from 0" 10/~g-at/L to

0.30/~g-at/L.
In the Mandovi estuary, where the freshwater influx is dominant through-
out the year, the increase in the inorganic phosphate-P which was observed
during the ebb tides was probably brought in by the land drainage. Fresh-
water generally enriches the estuary which may include organic as well as
inorganic input of nutrients (Riley, 1967).
In the west coast waters the organic phosphate is known to constitute
upto 309/oof the total phosphorus (Sarma and Ganapati, 1958). Accordingly,
the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries are rich in phosphate which compares
favourably with the values reported by Santha Kumari (1968) from the Vellar
estuary, Rao and Rao (1968) off the coast of Waltair, Suryanarayana Rao
(1957) off Calicut and Sankaranarayanan and Qasim (1969) from the Cochin
Backwater.

4 |F . . . . . . . i ..... I .... --,-r--~v,

zu~.P,~ SunFAC£ --, -- 7

ZUAAL DEPTH - - ~:- - -
.J MANDOVl SURFACE - - . - -

0 ' A' . . . . a'A I .... ,jk . . . . 3 "t

I"t "h t]""~~ k~rEIt 1800 CX~CK~ 0070
L OW WATER HIGH W ATEP, LOW WATE~

FiG. 7. Changes in the inorganic phosphate-P at the surface and at 3 m. depth in the Zuari
and Mandovi estuaries in relation to tides during monsoon and post-monsoon periods.

Chlorophyll a.--In the two estuaries, the in situ fluctuations of chloro-

phyll a in relation to flood and ebb were well marked (Fig. 8). As compared
to the Zuari estuary, the pigment concentration in the Mandovi estuary was
high but the magnitude of variation in the quantity of chlorophyll a was
considerable in both the estuaries during the monsoon period.
In the Zuari estuary, the chlorophyll a varied from 1.9 mg./L to
3.8 mg./L during the monsoon month, but during the post-monsoon months
it ranged between 0"6 mg./L and 2.5 mg./L. In the Mandovi estuary the
chlorophyll a during the monsoon period ranged between 0.6 mg./L and
 Environmental Features of the Zuari and Mandovi Estuaries 77

5.7 mg./L while during the post-monsoon months it varied from

0.6mg./L to 3.5 mg./L.
It is interesting to note that the concentration of chlorophyll a was
inversely related to the salinity in the two estuaries as the latter changed with
the flood and ebb tides. Probably the flora associated with lower salinity
dominates the crop of phytoplankton in the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries.
Diurnal changes in the chlorophyll content of natural phytoplankton
populations due to endogenous rhythm have been discussed by Rabinowitch
(1945, op. cit.; Yentsch and Scagel, 1958), Doty and Oguri (1957), while
Yentsch and Ryther (1957) and Yentsch and Scagel (1958) have pointed out
that light is the causative factor. However, in dynamic estuarine ecosystems
such as the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries, the effect of day and night condi-
tions seems to be overshadowed by the tidal changes ard thus the quantity
of the pigments is probably influenced by the different stock of phytoplankton
which is introduced by the flood and ebb tides.

I J

.~ -----~~:-~Z.Z___2"--, _+
i Z u A ~ I SURFAC~ -- :--
ZUARI DEPTH , ---~---
.j6
~5 / t %'%

+~~ . ~ ~ J r "-.. ~ ~ +

o,~ I AI I I I I A, I AI ,, I ,, , ,.'?
IOCX~ 18O0 oo
HK;H w ^ ' r ER
0070
LOW WATER
141GHWAT~R L OW '#AT EF~

Fzo. 8. Changes in chlorophyll a at the surface and at 3 m. depth in the Zuari and Mandovi
estuaries i n relation to tides during monsoon and post-monsoon periods.

Primary Productivity.--Primary production in the Zuarl and Mando,J

estuaries during monsoon and post-monsoon periods (Fig. 9), which was
studied by the rate of photosynthesis (C 1~ uptake) in an incubator exposed
to constant illumination, was found closely related to changes in the in-
organic phosphate-P and chlorophyll a which in turn varied markedly with
the flood and ebb tid,~s.
In the Zuari estuary, the rate of production during the monsoon month
for surface samples ranged from 3 "4 to 4-0 mgC/m3/h and at the 3 m. depth
between 1 "4 and 3.7 mg C/mZ/h. During the post-monsoon month the
variations at the surface were from 0"3 to 1" 1 mgC/m3/h and at 3 m. depth
samples from 0"7 to 1"6 mgC/m3/h.
 78 PADMAKAR V. DEHADRAI

In the Mandovi estuary, on the other hand, during the monsoon month
the rate of production varied from 0"4 to 3-5/mgC/m3/h and for the depth
samples from 0-7 to 4.3/mgC/mS/h. During the post-monsoon period the
variations in the surface and the depth samples were 1.3 to 1 "7 mgC/mS/h
and 0.1 to 2"8 mgC/m3/h respectively.

Thus the rates of production in the two estuaries were higher during
the monsoon month than those during the post-monsoon period. In con-
trast, earlier observations on seasonal variations in gross ar, d r,et producti-
vity determined from oxygen evolution in the Marmugao Bay (Dehadrai,
1970) indicated the lowest values during the south-west monsoon period.
Experiments on C z4 assimilation of the natural phytoplankton suggested
that in natural environment the south-west monsoon causing excessive turbu-
lence, high turbidity and insufficient light penetration, probably impairs the
photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton even in the presence of high concen-
trations of nutrients. Thus the potential productivity was higher than the
values observed in the natural environment.

0'_ ' • ' , , ~ , I , , , , , I , , , , ,

iooo ~8oo o~oo oo,"o

I,IIGH ~TIER L OW WATER HL~H WATER IOW WATER

FIG. 9. ,Changes in the rate of primary production (Ct4 uptake) at the surface and at 3 m.
depth in the Zuari and Mandovi estuaries in relation to tides during monsoon and post-monsoon
periods.

Phytoplankton.--Numerical abundance of diatoms at the surface in

the two estuaries changed with the flood and ebb (Fig. 10). These changes
were well marked during the post-monsoon period.

During the monsoon month, the diatom were more abundant in the
Zuari estuary (336--474 per litre) than in the Mandovi estuary (25-112 per
litre) whereas during the post-monsoon period the diatoms counts in the
Zuari estuary were 25 to 380 per litre and in the Mandovi estuary 61 to
352 per litre.
 Environmental Features o f the Z u a r i and Mandovi Estuaries 79

The pattern of variations in the number of diatems in the two estuaries

in relation to tides during monsoon and post-monsoon months corresponded
with that of chlorophyll a and the rate of photosynthesis (C 1. uptake).
41

3
~2 /fizz ...... .......... !
8_o MA~DOW SUPFACE . . . . .

i4

O ..... " , a i I I I NII~

'GOH~W(~AT[C~
~ a i I i
IO(30
H~t~ WATCF~ LOW WATER

FIG. 10. Changes in the phytoplankton counts at the surface in the Zuari and Mandovi
estuaries in relation to tides during monsoon and post-monsoon periods.

T h u s the p i g m e n t q u a n t i t y a n d the r a t e o f p r o d u c t i o n in the two estuaries

were closely r e l a t e d with the n a t u r a l p h y t o p l a n k t o n p o p u l a t i o n .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

A u t h o r isg reatfully i n d e b t e d t o D r . N, K . P a n i k k a r , D i r e c t o r , N a t i o n a l
I n s t i t u t e o f O c e a n o g r a p h y , f o r e n c o u r a g e m e n t a n d advice a n d to D r . S. Z.
Q a s i m f o r his v a l u a b l e suggestions in the p a p e r . T h a n k s are also due to
M r . P. M. A. B h a t t a t h i r i a n d M r . R. M. S. B h a r g a v a f o r their help in the
course of the work.

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Dory, M. S. and Oguri, M.
Pritchard, D.W.
Qasim, S. Z., Bhattathiri, P. M.A. "Solar radiation and its penetration in a tropical estuary,"
and Abidi, S. A. H.
~ , Wellershaus, S., Bhatta-
thiri, P. M. A. and Abidi,
S. A. H.
and Gopinathan, C. K.
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Paula Point in Marmugao Bay," 1970, 72 (2), 56.
.. "Evidence for a daily photosynthetic periodicity," Limr.ol.
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.. "What is an estuary: Physical view point," In Estuaries,
Edited by Lauff, G.H., A.A.A.S., Washington, D.C.,
1967, pp. 3-5.
J. Exp. mar. Biol. Ecol., 1968, 2, 87-103.
"Organic production in a tropical estuary," Proc. Ind.
Acad. Sci., 1969, 69, 51-94.
"Tidal cycle and the environmental features of Cochin Back-
water (A tropical estuary)," Ibid., 1969, 69, 336-48.
80 PADMAKAR V. DEHADRAI

Qasim, S . Z . and Reddy,
C. V. G.
Rabinowitch, E. I.
Rangarajan, K.
Rao, T. S. S. and Rao, V . C . ..
Riley, G. A.
Sankaranarayanan, V. N. and
Qasim, S. Z.
Santha Kumari, P.
Rama Sarma, D. V. and
Ganapati, P. N.
Steeman Nielsen, E.
Strickland, J. D. H. and Parsons,
T.R.
Suryanarayana Rao, S.V. ..
Wooster, W. S. and Rakestraw,
N.W.
Yentsch, C. S. and Ryther, J. H.
--~ and Scagel, R . F . ..
.. ' " l h e estimation of plant pigments cf Cochin Backwater
during the monsoon months," Bull. mar. Sci., 1967, 17 (1),
95-110.
.. Photosynthesis and Related Processes, Interscience, New York,
1945, 1, 355-571.
.. "Diurnal tidal cycle in Vellar Estuary," J. zool. Soc. India,
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