CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related literature and studies. The researchers provide local and

foreign studies and literature to fully understand the research and how the implementation is to

be done.

Foreign Literature:

Concrete is a good material for making an anti-disaster house because it can withstand

fire, winds, hurricane, earthquakes and floods. Concrete offers non-combustible construction that

helps contain fire within boundaries. It is also recommended to use concrete in making roof tiles

because it cannot shatter easily by the winds, hurricane and tornadoes. Concrete cannot damage

by the water; it does not dry out and continues to gain strength in the process of moisture.

Concrete dams and levees are used for long-lasting flood control, it will only enclose in a system

that traps moisture between the concrete and other building materials. (Portlant Support

Association 2009)

Aside from this, concrete is a good material for making houses because it is man-made

and is composed of portlant cement, water, sand and coarse aggregate. The strength of concrete

gives the quality and proportions of the house. Its mass can serve as an effective barrier to the

transmission of sound. Concrete is man-made and is composed of portlant cement, water, sand

and coarse aggregate. It is known as the “formable” or “moldable” structural material because it

is easy to make curvilinear members and surface. The strength of the concrete gives the quality

and proportions of the house.  Its mass can serve as an effective barrier to the transmission of
sound.  Concrete requires more quality control than the other materials that in any kind of

concrete work, poor handling and curing condition can weaken the concrete. (Shaeffer, R.E

2007)

There are a lot of metals that can be used that would not rust. First, the galvanized steel

that can only rust if the zinc coating is compromised. Second is the stainless steel, it would not

rust because of the interaction of alloying elements and the environment. Third is aluminum, it

does not rust because rust is iron oxide and its surface is protected by natural layer of aluminum

oxide that prevent the metal to have contact with air and oxygen. Lastly is the other plated steel

which is similar to a nickel plated or chrome plated (Chandler, T., 2016)

Bangladesh is one of the flood prone country in the world and because of its annual

floods, there is a very high chance that houses are damaged due to the flooding which results for

families to be homeless. According to the “Handbook  on Design and Construction of Housing

for Flood-prone Rural Areas of Bangladesh” written by Dr. Ahmed (2005) that in order for

homes to be flood resistant, the processes and materials used in the building houses is very

crucial. Houses in Bangladesh are mostly made of earthen plinth, bamboo, earthen walls and

concrete; mainly reinforced concrete (RC) improves the strength and performance of the house.

RC posts are popular as a flood-resistant building product in Bangladesh (Ahmed, K 2005).

The structure is very crucial in building construction. It gives the purpose of controlling

the shape and stability of the building. Proper structure system is what makes the building stand

and prevent from collapsing. The following are three characteristics that is essential to a

structure: Stability is responsible for maintaining the building’s shape that needs equilibrium and

balanced forces. Second is strength and stiffness refers to the materials that will be used in

construction so that the building can resist the loads, third is economy this is important because it
refers to the cost of the materials used, the design and construction, labor, and the maintenance.

(Shaeffer, R.E 2007)

The term “Flood resilience” is intended to meet ecologic, spatial, structural, social,

disaster relief, and flood risk aspects. This evaluation would be applied to planned and completed

projects considering existing conditions, goals, and concepts. It is a multidisciplinary enterprise

involving the integration of all the above aspects into the decision-making process. Flood-

resilience is being defined by the following:  Spatial Flood resilience which implies the

management of land by flood plain zoning, urban greening, and management (Tourbier, J. 2012).

    Having a rigid construction must include integrative thinking of various possible local

available materials, skills, and knowledge. This knowledge must be based on integrative modes

of thinking, combining design, construction, building physics, sociology, energy, ecology, and

economy. If local construction materials and their application could be made available to the

wide public in developing territories, local value chains could come up with using a very low-

cost and easy to obtain material (Hebel, Dirk 2010).

Local Literature:

During large flood events, children are mostly vulnerable. Deaths of children were

mostly reported in the highest and moderate flood prone regions, and also to the cases in the low

flood prone region. The deaths of children, however, were not directly caused by flood related

diseases, but related to drowning due to lack of supervision from caregivers (Pormasdoro, K.,

et.al, 2014). Flood is caused by these things; first, because it rains and typhoons bring increased

in magnitude. Second, is caused by population and urbanization because people need to build a
lot of infrastructure and buildings to live. And lastly, it is caused by esteros, canals and

waterways that are chocks-full of informal setting (Alcazaven, P., 2013).

To reduce losses due to flooding, there is a need to know how far areas are affected by

floods and how vulnerable the people of these areas have become. In 1985, according to the 1990

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) study 7% of Metro Manila was estimated to be

prone to flooding, considering that disaster due to floods is attributed to both natural and man-

made factors. The growing vulnerability of Metro Manila to flooding could not be solely

attributed to climate. It could also be due to the growth of population, rapid urbanization

(Rabonza, 2009).

Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) happened on November 8, 2013. It is the world's strongest

and deadliest typhoon. It caused a massive devastation that killed 6,300 people and affect almost

16,106,806 people (Dela Cruz, G., 2004). The action of the Local Government Unit (LGU) and

their constituents for the preparation of typhoons and floods. It is recommended that the "Risk

Assessment" will be one of the yearly planning activities. It could be undertaken within the

context of urban development because of the yearly planning risk assessment. It can reduce loss

of lives and to lessen the cost of building an infrastructure also the safety of a family is included

on this plan (Nantes, Z., 2000).

Because of a lot of super typhoons that the people encounter there are infrastructures that

need to build again. According to Ret Gabitan, it is necessary to be prepared in terms of its

structure. It must consider the disasters resilience strategies. In building homes, there are

essential tips that help a family to be safe; first, the house must be a four-sided slope roof like an

elongated pyramid with a rectangular base that lessen wind pressure and lessen the structure

destruction. Second, is a storm shutter installation, must of the house have glass windows but can
easily breaks because it cannot withstand 200 kilometer/hour winds. Lastly, is the correct way of

using of the right materials needed. (Santos, L., 2013)  In constructing a house design, the

following aspects must be considered; house structure, safe and drainage plans. To keep the

family and belongings safe, house structure protects the house due to its skeleton like body. Safe

house is priority attention because it is based to have a strong foundation. Drainage plans are

needed for the house to be elevated for safety measure. Foundation must be prior to a strong base

of houses and in choosing the right materials such as sand and gravel. This will affect the

strength of the building. Reinforcement of columns is important in order to keep everything and

everyone safe (Willison, R., 2008)

SYNTHESIS:

The literature presented is about the elaboration of the meaning of structural

integrity of Float Home, the delineation of the sense of flood, and how it affects the lives

of many people. The related studies and literature will give help in order this current

study is more reliable and effective.  

In addition, the foreign literature indicates more on the structural rigidity and

structural integrity that is needed in constructing a house such as its stability, resilience

and design that choosing materials needed and how it should be managed carefully is

very essential. The local literature focuses more on the effects of flooding the daily lives

of the people and the community itself. This also includes the deaths that occur when a

disastrous flood happened. This is very crucial so that houses such as the float home will

have the full capability to avoid and prevent flood.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 Portlant Support Association (2009), Disaster Resistance Withstands Extremes, Retrieved

from concretethinker.com

URL: http://www.concretethinker.com/solutions/Disaster-Resistance.aspx

 Tourbier, J. (April 2012), A Methodology to Define Flood Resilience, EGU General

Assembly Vienna, Austria., p.13902

URL: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..1413902T

 Shaeffer, R.E. (2007), Elementary Structures for Architects and Builders (5th Edition),

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio; Pearson Prentice Hall

 Chauder, T. (2016), What is the cheapest metal that Doesn’t Rust?, Retrieved from

quora.com

URL: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-cheapest-metal-that-doesnt-rust

 Ahmed, K. I, (January 2005), Handbook of Housing for Flood-prone Rural Areas of

Bangladesh, P.O. Box 4 Khlong Luang Pathumthani 12120, Thailand; Asian Disaster

Preparedness Center

 Hebel, D. (2010), The Vernacular Rediscovered in: Re-Inventing Construction, Ruby

Press, Berlin; Ilka and Andreas Ruby

URL: http://www.hebel.arch.ethz.ch/category/research/soil/
 Karlo P. Pornasdoro, et. al (2014), Flood Risk of Metro Manila Barangays: A GIS Based

Risk Assessment Using Multi-Criteria Techniques (pp.55-56), University of the

Philippines in Diliman; School of Urban and Regional Planning

URL: http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/19may2014_surp/article/download/

4207/3817

 Alcazaren, P. (June 2013), 10 Reasons why it floods in Manila, Unit 909 & 910 The

Infinity Tower, 26th St. Bonifacio Global City, Taguig; The Philippine Star

URL: http://www.philstar.com/modern-living/2013/06/15/953965/10-reasons-why-it-

floods-manila

 Zoleta-Nantes, D. (2000a), Flood hazards in Metro Manila: Recognizing commonalities,

differences and Courses of Actions, Social Science Diliman 1 (1):60-105.

 Zoleta-Nantes, D. (2000b), Flood Landscapes of Metro Manila, UP CIDS Chronicles,

Retrieved 18 July 2013

URL: http://cids.up.edu.ph/chronicle/articles/chronv4n1and2/infocus16nantes_pg1.html

 Rabonza, G.J. (2009), Final report on tropical Storm Ondoy and Typhoon Pepeng,

Retrieved 19 July 2013

URL:http://ndcc.gov.ph/attachments/092_NDCC%20Update%20Final%20Report%20re

%20TS%20Ondoy%20and%20Pepeng.pdf

 Dela Cruz, G. (2014), Worst natural disasters in the Philippines, Retrieved from

Rappler.com

URL: https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/64916-worst-natural-disasters-

philippines
 Santos, L.A. (2013), How to build disaster-resilient homes in the Philippines, Retrieved

from devex.com

URL: https://www.devex.com/news/how-to-build-disaster-resilient-homes-in-the-

philippines-82408

 Willison, R. (2008), Handbook on Good Building Design and Construction in the

Philippines, 9th Floor, PDCP Bank Centres V.A. Rufino corner L.P. Leviste Streets

Salcedo Village, Makati City Metro Manila, Philippines; German Technical Cooperation

(GTZ)

URL: http://www.unisdr.org/files/10329_GoodBuildingHandbookPhilippines.pdf