Environmental Science and Engineering

SOLID WASTE AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Submitted By: Caezzar Yazzer L. Sangcupan

 Contents of the Report

Table of contents……………………………………………….………………………………. 1

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….………………. 2

Republic Act No. 9003………………………………………...……………………….……… 3

Municipal and City Ordinances……….……………………………….………………………. 4

Sources of solid waste….……….……………………………………………………………… 5

Solid waste management …….………………………………….……………..………………. 8

Observations on how we manage our solid waste………….…………………….………...…..13

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 Introduction

What is Liquid waste?

Liquid waste can be defined as such Liquids as wastewater, fats, oils or grease (FOG),

used oil, liquids, solids, gases, or sludges and hazardous household liquids. These liquids that are

hazardous or potentially harmful to human health or the environment.

What is Solid Waste Management?

Liquid waste management is a method to prevent discharge of pollutants to the

watercourses, through the collection and proper disposal of hazardous liquid materials. There are

various methods of Water Treatment and Wastewater Treatment. Methods such as Chlorination,

coagulation, sedimentation, water softening, reverse osmosis method, desalination and many

more.

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REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9275

Signed by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 22, 2004, Philippine Clean

Water Act is a law that manages water quality completely and serves other objectives. This Act

establishes standards and rules for water quality and offers provisions for the reduction and

control of pollution from land-based sources. This Act provides for the abatement and control of

pollution from land-based sources, and lays down water quality standards and regulations.

The Act shall apply to water quality management in all water bodies: fresh, brackish and

marine waters. It shall be the policy of the State to: prevent, control and abate pollution of the

country’s water resources; promote environmental strategies for the protection of water

resources; formulate a national program of water quality management; promote commercial and

industrial processes and products that are environment friendly and energy efficient; etc.

The Act among other things shall provide for: the designation of water quality management

areas by the Department, in coordination with the National Water Resources Board; the

designation of water bodies where specific pollutants from either natural or man-made sources

have already exceeded water quality guidelines as non-attainment areas for the exceeded

pollutants; a national program on sewerage and septic management; domestic sewage collection,

treatment and disposal; water pollution permits and charges; offences and penalties; etc.

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A.) Sources of Water Pollution

1) Sewage (Waste Water)

Sewage is another name for waste water from domestic and industrial processes. Despite

strict regulatory control, the Environment Agency data shows that the water and sewage industry

accounted for almost a quarter of the serious water incidents in England and Wales in 2006

2) Agricultural Pollution

The agriculture industry covers 76% of the land area of England and Wales. Agricultural

processes such as uncontrolled spreading of slurries and manure, disposal of sheep dip, tillage,

ploughing of the land, use of pesticides and fertilizers can cause water pollution. Accidental

spills from milk dairies can also affect the quality of water.

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3) Oil Pollution

Every year there are about 3,000 pollution incidents involving oil and fuels in England

and Wales. Oil spillages affect water quality in a number of ways. Oil can make drinking water

unsafe to drink. A substantial amount of oil released into oceans and seas will destroy wildlife

and the ecosystems that sustain them. Oil spills also reduce oxygen supplies within the water

environment. The main causes of oil related water pollution are:

 loss from storage facilities

 spillage during delivery and;

 deliberate disposal of waste oil to drainage systems

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4) Radioactive Substances

Radioactive waste is another source of water pollution. Radioactive substances are used

in nuclear power plants, industrial, medical and other scientific processes. They can be found in

watches, luminous clocks, television sets and x-ray machinery. There are also naturally occurring

radioisotopes from organisms and within the environment. If not properly disposed of,

radioactive waste can result in serious water pollution incidents.

5) River dumping

Lots of people dump supermarket trolleys, bicycles, garden cuttings and electronic waste

into rivers or river banks. This is illegal and offenders may be charged for fly-tipping if caught.

River dumping not only causes water pollution; it also harms wildlife and increases the risk of

flooding. Fly-tipping (this includes river dumping) is a criminal offence. In the most severe

cases, it can attract a maximum fine of £50,000 or a 5-year jail term.

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6) Marine Dumping

The Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) estimates that a staggering amount of waste enters

into the sea every year. Part of this is due to deliberate dumping of waste into coastal waters.

Other sources of waste at sea include plastics and other materials blown or washed from land.

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B) Different Methods of Water Treatment and Wastewater Treatment.

1) Chlorination
Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to drinking water to kill parasites, bacteria,

and viruses. Different processes can be used to achieve safe levels of chlorine in drinking water.

2) Wastewater Coagulation 
Coagulation is the chemical water treatment process used to remove solids from water, by

manipulating electrostatic charges of particles suspended in water. This process introduces small,

highly charged molecules into water to destabilize the charges on particles, colloids, or oily

materials in suspension. Selecting the right coagulant for a system will enhance overall system

performance, and particularly improve solids removal efficiency by enhancing filter and clarifier

performance. 

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3) Sedimentation
A sedimentation tank in wastewater treatment removes particles from the water. The

accumulated solids, or sludge, form at the bottom of the sedimentation tank and are removed

periodically. Coagulants are typically added to the water before sedimentation to aid in the

settling process.

4) Water Softening
Water softening is a process in which the ions of calcium, magnesium and sometimes

iron are removed. It is these ions in hard water that make it difficult for products with other

positively charged ions to dissolve in the water. By doing this, the water softening removes the

offending minerals from the water.

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5) Reverse Osmosis Method
Reverse Osmosis works by using a high-pressure pump to increase the pressure on the

salt side of the RO and force the water across the semi-permeable RO membrane, leaving almost

all (around 95% to 99%) of dissolved salts behind in the reject stream. The amount of pressure

required depends on the salt concentration of the feed water. The more concentrated the feed

water, the more pressure is required to overcome the osmotic pressure.

5) Desalinization
Desalination is the process by which the dissolved mineral salts in water are removed.

Currently, this process, applied to seawater, is one of the most used to obtain fresh water for

human consumption or agricultural purposes.

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