udoyal Shct 1

A=12,3,43 Stal whtlon t Blooina re rfAexiu,mrvano

traiine oY Qnbdymmeic
R-13),(1)}
e n : I t id nof-xefleniw a)r(3)¢ (,)odly4)ER
Tt is Aymmehic o (3)
ERTon ) ER
MMebc: 1)¢R
not romaikive ) ER; G,) Er ut l,
Taihue i It but
ay (3)ER G)ER
ndisy mahic: T* id not onis mmehio
1+3
O) R (2,0) ER
tl efleun :Tti4 not eflexe ay ,(5,3),C4,4)
ae,2)ER
I t is 4jmmttnc nothae qn
Jmmanic aie a 0,1) ER doeg
ToansiHun iIH s
further pals 2)eR 2 =2.
anitH4mmchic ay
Hntisymmetie T
i) R {2), (t) (2,2); t3,3); (4,4) GR
Reftexf: Tt is notHefle
xfu a 1 ;
s et mebic ao (,2)
ER but ,1) & R
6ymmehie: T t
ranaik d 2)eR 4) ER does not ha
Tyanatie: TA
urhen palr a ) ER,(9) ER Aut
anismmeie
dntisymnme bie T

v) R 1),2,),,3),(4,Y),9,3),(9,2) t in 4 ther are pais

Relerie: I F s
Hefteriu e ltmen
ao (o, 5) ¬R ;6,a) ER.
Symmehic: id dymmec
d Condichion is inouAiuet
Tyanaitive:
THs araid
d not antidjmmehmc 2,3) R (3,2) ER
tntisymehic:
hut 2 3.
or n .
ind ou uohder t foltaet ane nfte Kjn ee lation
(f aRb i+ o-bis a malhiple o7

Reteoe Foy , ) , a - o
id multiple 7
ymmetac ' C , ) a-L 7
-6-a?) =7
2 7 -
Htnee elatioun id dym mebt
 .

N (
T
(v) aRb i4 arb
Su Retevie: fer (a,a) arC
a

But
Me nCe ot equivalance
i) a A b i lal=[
lal=1a1
SoA Reftexi: hr all lo,a) ;
la]-|a/
ymmehit for a, a:

f rla,-a) al=/a
Mence ymmebic
Tranaih':tr Es,6) ; 16]-1b
(b,-5) 16l=/61
b-5)o lits inR fr
Lith 1l-]b
olih 16) -161
Hso6,-5)

Htnte equva lam

Some posi-i Înkgerr
iff- b a for
foy la, a)
=
a Rb
) Meflexiu
a
tis Y=|
atltaat
eHexive
a fer a-
ba 6a

Symmetc
fur (a,b) a tb
but for (b,a)3
e 2 = 2 = %

bu 8 t 273

AsOcakh or ommului
¥abEN

where a t b
=
lmn la,b)
(N*)

forby
tak e (2, 3,12
2Pope
we know thot-
a * b)-*-
a (b c )
=

4(b*e)
12 -

2* (3 12)
=

a
Nou =
12
= ( 23 )
412
ab)*t
Hence aMeciative.

l t ake (25 =
6
ab =
*3 =lom(9,3) 6
Now
3*2 ltm(3, 2)
b a
ommutati ue
Mlence i t
s a (bee YA+{ 6R
all a b
fer
ohere
atb =min(0, b)
1) (R, *)
or ano ciahine
(a*b)*C
Sal
a*(bt c)
=
béc
acbcc
ac
su ch ah a
duch
l t a,,c e s atb =
Minla,b) =
a6c) a *[Min(b,c))
ab)+C
Hence amo i'atfue

SCommutah

lea,b e R a
ab = min(a,6) =a
them t a
(b, a)
-

oin
ba

Henee Comm utuH

a,b EZ

ni) (7,*)
where qt b =qbt 2
S a,ce
1 at(b+t+2))=
a-tt+2

Ahtm a lbtc) =

a+b+ct2 a btt+2
(a4b)*c a-4+bt 2)t C
Hen&e amo u a t e
S0y @mmutatiuu
ab + 2
ab=
6a = btat2
Menee tommutuAe

abE
(iv) whe 4b - alb]

let 4,b, C EZ
a (b+c) = 4+(blel) =
alb/¢l
a b)*c=
a141)+c=a.lbl

Hence i#.io o ciatiue. b

To Co w n udhtine
a b = alb alb] = xlb)=
ba b a b1al a

Mtnce o t ummatattm.
V)(Z+) iohore a*b =lalb a,b ¬
S

a(b*c ) = lallb+¢) =lal|B] C

Menee motiadfue
oCommuhti
t-4,b e7
a4b lalb
bHa= b|a

th tw a*b = bt+a =
no CommutA.
Mence
,5&R
whenu atb =la+%|
Sal wr amo ciot

+ b te|
=a+[Jb +e])
=

a+bc)
+b+e]
b)-4C= la +1)+
=

(24
Hente aso cia-ti
r o m m u s a t i n

ab = a
b a =b+a]
uBatiu
Menee Comm ab eN

N)
ohere
av*b =ged(a,b)
Vi) amo d atfue
r 2
3d ( a 2 =
c=|2
2 ,b-9, +[2y)=
Le- a =
a+e)=
a+lgcd ( b,c)) = 2 2
*C
(gcd(0,6))
et=
a b a o cdatHue

Mnd
S o y t o m m w t a t i u

9)=2

( 1)
Mence om muai

nca
viii) (Xt *)oherne a-*b -2 for all a C K++
asoia-tive
a2) )
a (b *c) =

ab)c
amou adiue
Hence not
dor Commutatfine

a b 216
b *a 2°
Hence Commatadin

x) ( 9 + ) where a t-b =ab+3or all a b e

Sor asou'atue
Crlb*Cc) = a t | b e +3) a b e + s ) +3 = abe +3a +3

( ab ) * c abS)+c = ab+3)c +3 ab t+3e4 3

Alo4 amo ca'acin

o r Commutatue
ab= abt3
baz bat3
Hener ommtahi e.
(K) R ) ohexe a*b =maxla, b) b ER
r anouatin lea? b a beR
a b t t ) = a*ma (4, b ) = a* (a) = Maxla, a) = a

A b)t
Mente sodaci
FoY amm utaiu Jt a ¥a,b ER
atb = Max (o, b) = G
b a = may (b, a) =
Hene Comm utaHu
 4 ohi of te follouo fna ave gtop ? IL not wid ae fauled

i) CN ( uhere ah = a+b bEN

Sal ,> Tf b e N
a b eN is gain a
Auoo n a u r a no.

oere t e properthaldo
Hotre Fe prope ao e sum of
motuol no.
G1, Amou atiu proper
a+b+e
-1-Sa (b*c) =a* (b4 c) =

atbtt
R S = * b)*c = a4b)«c =

LM-S R-HS
Hence i+ is aMOU af
ave = era =a CTdentity)
ut
Hert e Cn e o
doeo n es fn 1
e n a t u r a l n0.
d e to

Hence G f a l s
Hence i i s a Aemizroup
bunot
a
whee a * b = a b E tN
i ) N«)
Tfb EtN
aq
SoL G, ab E N ke anotuaaQ ho.
holdd as fhe no. ise uo i l
Her f i paqpest
GT Aso iatue popes =

a C b r c ) = a»C6)
H-S=
a C
R-S
LSR. H
hence t i s odattue.

(Tdenti t )
e =exa =a
doesni e x i k
e identty
Re

Mence G f
.is a semt9,ruup bu nota
a t h t1 o bE ~
Cid (Z, )where a z
G T f b eE Z
ab
a
io
Mxe t prope» t hol ls a the su t tuo0 Iatee
aluua an ntecr 1 ikset 1d a n intrr
Aao a pa
(b*e)= d, btc-t1)
atlb+c-h) aott t4-
=

RHs ( t bHL ab+1) *C

=
at +e+H

n e e i i s oMS Uae.
 e*a z e+at1
hen e- eZz
Ts Ca on heper w

Menta i i s exiatonce f tdendi

Thvese
aa a«a=e
Here a= -a EZ
I a *al=- a+a1+|=
att
a a-2
Henea-l =-a4 -a-1E
Mence Tnvme exiats
demigopa wellas n.
v) Z,*) ohere ak-b=Q+b-I 0,bEz
Sal G7, f a,b Ez
a E
Htnce popert holdo
Amodotiu prope
atbte-1-1 atbtt-2
ay (bxe) a*[ b4=1)
=
=

at-1+C-I athtt- =

C b)* C =a+b-1)*C
=

t S R-H-S
Hence J i s asouahe.
G1 Tden hiy
a e = e*a =
LnS ae a te-
ea 2 eta-1

Mencee=1 is ideni- E
Tntse e
u4 al= a'ea
=

aya ata a

well
Hmte i d a stmioup mup a

NaAe n (i) pavtt a Ca nd te ideit wi left hand CoCeladTaL

R g t Houd Cameelluhio
e+a= a

Ln.C ex a+eH Rnc

e o
e L
V) (4 whe atb =a+2b t 9,bEZ

7 AMotati popert
d+15+4t
4lb+c) = ailb+le) a+2{+)
2 a+25 +c a+ 4+2 C
htnce i y not a emigroup
a,5Ek
axh=at -ab
)CA, +) where
Sel a e7
kold
Mtnte d proper
G hasctiahut opër b+c-be
a+-(& Fc-bt)
-
a +[6 +t-ht-a
a4(he) a+b+(-5c
-4b -alt abc

(a+b-ab)+t (a+5-4 6)
-c
a+6-45)+t
-

a b)
=

-ab-4C-bc +abc
a b +t
Ht nte
Htnte itis no ti ad
G T aaaLadl=o

1, Tdeatit

a+e-a

e4-a = ¬e +a -ea Bu her 1 6tU

4-f a+e -dt = & some
lere oAunher eKj
4e-ae e - a=e =0
b 14-b T|
e-olld
2
e b + b
Htnte it u no a Htre e do not jeta

u ) (8,) cohere daeb = lalb 0,b e A u qidenti tz. Hence

Sal 1, 5e R
ab E R
tenee Ppeyt kol ds
G1, Amo eratin popey
ax(b +c) =d«(018| c) = la||b|c
avb)C atbe le|b c
HRM.1
 Tdentik
= a
e #0
44e
e = ale
e
Tal
Here modslus 2ies too values +
not a 3 ouP. t Semig otp.
Hence i T
hen ayh =ob Yqb ER
w) (R*
Gn, a b ER

G1 Asotatin ope rty a25'¢Y

a+(b¢) adx {b') =

a4b)4t = a*t*cC

Hene no a sem op.

-a, b ER
a l b = at +ab
where
A) R,*)
R
ab
, A%oci atie prope
a*(U6 +C+ bc)
= a +(btCthe) +al b+c tbc)
a(h*c) =

a++C+be +b +aC+ab e,

a,+as)*c =
atbtab +e +(at+ab)c
a45)+C = ath +c +a b4 ac+ bc+abc
Men ce aso ciadh

n, Tdent
ae e a =aa

Ce +e+ae =

-a
Htte tanlelp 0-
Hence no ideuhty
2
)(g+) wher a =

ab a,b a,b Eg

Gn, AMotactiu propetx

a+ b*c) = a ( Be) - a bc
a b)+e ah+e = abc
Mtnt mouain
 aNe = ae-a

a - f a - a * a= e

C+a1=e

aa: e

a ea = Va

b op
a l
A¬mio
Hene i i g
a
o,b-1o
wher ab= ab
C-10t
a&-o
Sal abe-

3Amoti adhie pope

abe
a c ) a« [E)
=
=

ahtc =abe
Hence douosha

Tdea a
aYe e + a
=

Jaw aa =
e
a*a
aa=
 Tidovial-1
s 1,letE aib, c+id eC
ac 4+i (adtbc)-b
d
b)c+id)
-

Nou a+i
@c-bd)+ i(ad be)
2
(ad tbc)
auib)Ccaid)=Cat-b) +
hien a a4> |
+ a ' d * + b 2 +2adbe
atdZatbd
I(aibCctil)
(at)+d t(a t )
(c4)(a'u4)
1-1 11

Mnce cCoaue popey c fred.

EC
e aib, Cid 9 +if
Lhs a+i6).|eid)g+ig)
a i)Ceg -dfJ+il¢ f+)
alCg-df)-b (f+d)J
+ a Cct+ ) Ll9=4f) -bdf
icfp- bd ] +ilacf tadyr+ bg
Laeg- adf-
Rhs
ae-bd)+i(ad +se)|La +if]
lae-df +ad ts)7
Cat-b)- (ad-5a)f]+i
ae-bd-edf ff4ilaf-af +adj +e_
+

R-hS -LhS
Menee nocdodiu
oY identi y
Horele-lefo c
. IL atib E C a4is)
Then (a4ib)(oti.o) (4ti-0) (a+i b) = e
Y t n s e , lel a+i5 EC
a 4ib)(anb) a lto0
1 i ) -a ib)
S