Origin of Universe

UNIVERSE OR COSMOS - contains all galaxies, stars and planets.

Big bang theory - The universe that exist today is a product of continuous
expansion and contraction . The expansion still continues and the distance
between galaxies continue to increase. (Edwin Hubble)

Steady State Theory - discusses that the universe has always been there and
will always be present. (Herman Bondi, Fred Hoyle and Thomas Gold)

Oscillating Universe Theory- discusses that the universe is expanding and will
contract once all the energy after the Big Bang is used up. (Fred Hoyle)

Big crunch - The universe at a certain point in time will stop expanding and
collapse into itself, pulling everything in until eventually it becomes a black
hole.

Black hole - is a region of spacetime from which gravity prevents anything,

including light, from escaping.
The hole is called "black" because it absorbs all the light that hits the horizon,
reflecting nothing, just like a perfect black body in thermodynamics

Cosmic Microwave Radiation - is the oldest electromagnetic radiation that the

hypothesized Big Bang produced in its early moments.

Light year- The distance travelled the beam of the light in one year.

Nebula – is an enormous cloud of dust and gas occupying the space between
stars and acting as a nursery for new stars

Milky way - is a huge collection of stars, dust and gas. It's called a spiral
galaxy because if you could view it from the top or bottom, it would look like a
spinning pinwheel. The Sun is located on one of the spiral arms, about 25,000
light-years away from the center of the galaxy.

Super nova – a spectacular explosion which ends the life of a star.

Star clusters- they are groupings of stars held together by gravity.

Galaxies have three main components
1. The bulge is a spherical structure found in the center of the galaxy. This
feature mostly contains older stars

2. The disk is made up of dust, gas, and younger stars. The disk forms arm
structures. Our Sun is located in an arm of our galaxy, the Milky Way.
3. The halo of a galaxy is a loose, spherical structure located around the bulge
and some of the disk. The halo contains old clusters of stars, known as
globular clusters .

Spiral galaxies are divided into two subclasses:

1. Ordinary (designated S or SA) - the arms originate directly from the
nucleus of the galaxy.

2. Barred (designated SB). - a bar of stars cuts through the center of the
galaxy and the arms originate from the ends of the bar.

-Both have spiral arms, with two arms generally placed symmetrically about
the center of the axis of the rotation.

-Both ordinary and barred galaxies are further classified, starting from `a' to
`c' according to how tightly the arms are wound.
-`In Sa' and `SBa,' the arms are tight and they form an almost a circular
pattern;
-in `Sb' and `SBb,' they are more open and

-in `Sc' and `SBc' the nuclei are small and have extended arms. The intensity
of the spheroidal component of the spiral galaxies, around their nucleus,

-Irregular galaxies have no symmetrical or regular structure

Origin of Solar System