ARUP JANA(9831445728)

ESSENTIAL FORMULAE
FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS
UNITS &MEASUREMENTS KINEMATICS

ANA((983144
983L4 5
O Physical quantity = Numerical value x unit OSpeed =otalpath length
time taken
total distance travelled
a Homogeneity Principle
Dimensions of [LHS] = Dimensions of [RHS]
o Average speed total-time taken

aMean absoluteerror ie. a

, N..
lAa 1+lAa, l+...+|Aa,
Mnean o Insttntarieous speed
Asds
mean i=1
V0Atdt

displacement
0Arithmetic mean anean locity time taken
total displacement
mean 24 i=1
o Average veloaytotal time taken
Relative fractional error
O error or
Change in velocity
mean absoluteerror nean O Acceleration a=- time taken
mean value mean
O Averagé acceleration
me x1006
&a=mean
Percentage error
A
mean avAt
I f i n a vernier callipers n VSDçoincide with (n-1)
o Instantaneous acceleration
MSD, then vernier coSanter its lea_t count is
valof1MSD) or(value of n
At0 AtJ
OEquation of motion for a uniform .accelerated
MSD).
O Least count of screw gauge or spherometer motion
O 0=u +at

Pitch
Number of divisions on circular scale
o sut +at
o -=2as
Number of divisions moved on linear scale
Pitch
Number of rotations given o S=u+2-1)
= Linear distance moved in one rotation. where u is initial velocity, v is final velocity, a is

ORandom error = vn, where n = number of events uniform acceleration, s is distance travelled in time
t, s is distance covered in nh second. These
or n number of quantities.
equations are not valid if the acceleration is non-
O Radius of curvature using spherometer uniform.
aEquation of motion for å body under gravity
o v u+gt
 h=ut +g ax(b +) =äxb+äx
- u=2gh m(xb)= (m) xb = (mb) ( xbm x =

oh=u+s(2n-1)
O Relative velocity
O f two
bodies are moving
in the same
direction
relative to earth, the
will be given by vaA= Up-UA*
O If the bodies
from each other asmoving towards or away
are
where m is a scalar.
o
ixi=jxj=k xk=0. ixj=kj xk =îkxi=
o Ifi=qi+aj +agk
along the same line and b = bi +b,j +b,k, then
with velocities v andUg
velocity of B relative to A
axb=14 2,

directions of and vp
are
opposite velocity of B relative tovaA willbe
8A Dg-(-DA) Uat O äxb
DA
=

he area of parallelogram with sides

ORelative velocity of rain a andb.

tana= n o Ifxb = 0and a"and b are not null vectors,

hen arñdb åre parallel.
Where, v velocity
and a is the
of man D,=
velocity of rain ar graflaw of vector addition
angle with
which man should hold the vertical direction
umbrella to
at B,then R=
va +b +2abcos
from the rain. save
himself
and tan ß= bsin
Unit vector, a = a+bcose
where, a is the unit vector drawn 1f R=ä-i=+(-b)
of a and in e
direcion then R=va
Tlis the magnitude of
thyecto +b2-2ab cos 6
o Dot or
scalar product and tanß=-0Sn(180°-0) b sin
-b=abcos, a+bcos(180°-6) a-bcose
Where, 0 is the angle
O
Properties of dot pr@du between ä and b.
o -b b
a Equation of trajectory
o -(b +d)=-b Yxtan0 - 8
o ma 21 cose
b=äb) =(-bym
wherëyi isascalar Where u is ..

the horizontal. initial velocity makes an angle

*k1, with
aTime of flight
j=0 T 24sin
i tayj+ agk and b
.
=bhi+bj+b^k O Horizontal range
'
- =a +a +a Rsin29

B-6-++ O
Range will be maximum.
o
If-b=0and and bare not null vectors, then If 45
O
and biare perpendicular. u
Cross or vector max
product
axb absin6n. .

o If angle
of
00sT pròjection is
(90°-6) then range changed from 6 to
Propertiesjof.ygctor product sin
o äxb=-bx p_
20sin[2(90-0)]1sin 20 R
8
 O Centripetal acceleration

O Maximum Height
v= rw = vW = v(27tv)
F
HSin2e

28 o Tangential acceleration
attained by projectile is maximum if
O Height = ra
90 Resultant acceleration

u max
max 2
28
O Here, range of projectile
sin2 x90=0 tan-
R
O When the range is maximum, (0 = 45)
Centripetal force
F=-

H=usin 45°_u max

TANSOF MOTION
2g 4g
O. Projectile on an inclined plane O Linear mometum
(Motion up the Plane)
T=Zusin(6-B)
pmo with velocity
O Time offlight of ï'body moving
g Cosp

o Range
Nayton Second law
R[sin(26-B)-sinB] oflinear momentuum
Fofce=ate of change
8 cosB
be maximum when sin(20-B) is =mi.
R will .

dt
maximum.
produced in the body.
i.e. sin(20-B) =1 Where isaccelèrationlinear momentum
t Impulse Change in
=

up the plane =Fxt=m(-1)

maxg(1+ sin) OEquilibrium ofconcurrent forces:
Motion down the plane +E+ + . . , =0
flight T=2usin(9 +
) OLamis theorem
Time of
gcos
sin(20+B) Psin sina sinß siny
Range, R=
o
np
R will be maximum,if sin(20 + B)=1
where, a=angle between Fh and F

p=angle between F and

14sn down the plane
n S-sinP) Y=anglebetween F andE
Apparent weight of a man in lift
a :
O At the highespoiritofa projectile motion given
of O When.the lift*is at rest
o r 'moving with
angularprojection, the angular momentum
projectile. constantvelocity, the apparent weight
sin mg. Thus apparent weight= true weight.
L=mucos 6 X- o When the lift is accelerating upwards
28 with acceleration a, then apparent weight
I n case of angular projection, the angle between m(g +a). .
from 0° <0 <180°. is than the true
velocity and accelerationvaries apparent weight
O Thus more

O Angular acceleration weight. downwards

do d70 O When the lift is accelerating
with acceleration a, then apparent weight

with m(g-a).
O When a body: moves in a circular path linear Thus apparent weight is less than the true

increasing angular velocity, it has

two weight of man.
acceleration.
'
 + uR\s.
W (mgsin6
talis
the litt Bending cyclist,
In the cable supporting the lift breaks,
freely with a =
g, then apparent
weight tan 6=
mm(g-8) =0. angle ofbending
climbs up a ropE
Whe person' of Circular turning of roaas
mass m
a
take a circular
in the rope isio which a car can
acceleration a, the tension with
t h o The velocity
without slipping
is given by
T mlg + a). of radius r
When the person climbs down the rope path
in the «ope 1s max T8 speed to avoid
with acceleration a, the tension maximum permissible
o The
T m(g-a)
When the person climbs up or down with uniform slipping g + a 0 )7/2
speed, the tension in the rope is T=mg
max

Thrust on the rocket F=-«

dm
Where is mass of burnt gases escaping per Ov= rgtane ortan=*
second and u= exhaust speed of the burnt gases.
o tafg
Velocity of rocket at any time t. 8

Motioria yeftical circle

D=ulog ofangulardisplacement,
eriötat any position
Acceleration of rocket at any instant vertical circle is given by
along a
a = upthrust- weight
mass T +mg cos 6

OLaws of friction: O
At the lowest point of vertical circle, 0 =0°
o The magnitude of the force of stati Tension at the lowest point is given by
fotion
between any two surfaces in copta canhave
the values T= + mg
SH,R O At the highest point of the vertical circle,
where the dimensionless constarncaled the 180°. Tension at the highest point is given
coefficient of static friction Rthemagitudë of by
normal reaction force
Theegualty irtequation TH H-mg
o holds when the surfacesare o the verge of
o
slipping
The
i.e, o
Minimum velocity at the highest point
magnitude oftheforce of kinetic friction
acting beween two.atrfåces is. o
Minimum velocity at the lowest point for
R looping the loop, v F 5gr.
whereH is coefficient of kinetic friction. O
When the string is horizontal, 6=90°, minimum
Atceleration of a body down a rough inclined velocity, v= 3gr
planggsinó - ucos6)
o Height through which a
body should fall for
whereis the angle of inclination andu is the looping the vertical loop h= 5r/12.
coeffictent of friction.
Angle of repose ER wORK ENERGYAND POWER
tana W F.S=FScos
Where, is
angle of repose
a
Where is angle
Work done in moving a
body over a
between F and S
horizontal surface. rough Work done by a f
W=jLRx s=umgx s yariable force, wN = F(x)dx
Where, R is normâal reaction and
moved by body. s is distance Kinetic energy: Kmu.
Work done in Relation between kinetic
a moving body up a rough inclined energy (K) and linear
plane. momentum (p)
 aElastic
K=2m

W-Fapringd5
Work energy theorem: W=K-K

Power, P=total

OInstantaneous power,

2
-m2)122l2
t

OElastic collision in one dimension

m m2

Before collision
m
JANAT9831475728)
or p= v2mK
V.ork done by a spring force

potential energy: U=k

Gravitational potentialenergy : U=mgh

P-F-F.5

m tm2

m +m2
m2

After collision
O A ball

yhegË
CM

YCM

M
dropped
The time taken

and coming back is 2

The coordinates of

21,

=
N

i=1

m1
N

28

+ 2
from
by

ROTATIONAL MOTION
centre of

2m

i=l_
M

+
M

m3
a height h and
the ball in

my
rising

mass are

(total
rebounding.
to

mass
height h

given by

of
m+m2
System)
O Perfectly inelastic collision in one dimensio For a continuous distribution of mass, the
coordinates of centre of mass are given by

CMMxdm; YeM ydm;Zc zdm

Before collision O Velocity of centre of mass is given by:
N
V=- N
(1 +2)
O Loss in kinetic energyinelasticcolljision is VCM=
N M
1 mm
AK 2( i=1

O Coefficienföfrestitution O Acceleration of centre of mass is given by

O Kinetic energyiost in inelastic collision is aCM

M
AK 2mm2 -u2
(u -42)
(4 (1-e)
(1-e2)
( +m, 1=1
de.
A ball falls from a
height h, it sttikes the ground
Angular velocity: o=dt
with a velocity u=2gh . Let it rebound with a do
Angular acceleration: a=*
velocity and riseto a height h
3
Equations of rotational motion
e=

or h =evh or
=eh.
o=og+at
o 2 - 3 =2c0
 OTheorem of perpendicularaxis: 1,=1, +1,
Torque i = 7xF two perpendicular to
axes int
where, x and y are
In magnitude t= rF sine its plane.
axis is perpendicular to
the plane and z
OAngular momentum L =fxP Ma
In magnitude, L = rp sin 6 Theorem of parallel axes: I
=
leM +
of inertia of the body
ORelationship between torque and angular where, IcM is the moment
centre of m a s s
momentum about an axis passing through the two
distance between
and d is the perpendicular
ic,
parallel axis.
N
O Moment of inertia: I =mf
Momento Radius of
S.No Body Axdsofrotation inera 8ytation (K).
) about an axis passing throughits centre
and perpendicular to its plane
MR R

about adiat
Uniform circular
1. ring of mass M and
radius R
(ii) about a tangênt its owplane MR2

abou fangent perpendicular to its R

plane
)about ariaxis passing through its centre| R
a n d Perpendicular to its plane MR2

abOUr a q1am
R
Uniform
disc.of mass and
raius R (ii) about a tangent in its own plane MR2

about a tangent perpendicular to i

Own plane

i) about its diameter MR2

Solid sphere of|
. radius R and mass
M
aboutatangentialaxds

i) aboutits diameter
Hollow sphere of|
radiusR and mass

abouta tangentialaxis
 MR2
2 2
about its o w n axis
(1)

its cene
Solid cylinder of about an axis.passing through
axis
length , radius k| and perpendicularto its own
and mass M
the faces
1ii) about the diameter of one of
of cylinder

its centre and 12

a b o u t at axis through
perpendicular tote rog
L
6. Thin rod of length axis through one end ånd
) about an

perpendicular
to the rod

GRAVITATION
and moment of inertia universal law of gravitation
Relation between torque Newton's
Torque t-la Gm2
F
acceleration.
where a is the angular
momentumaànd between masses of
ORelation between angular Where, r is the separation
moment of inertia, L =I» objects m and m2.
Acceleration due to gravity
O Kinetic energy of rotational motionK
GM
rolling body _ransational
kigetic 82
Kinetic energy of a
the mass and radius
of Earth
eriergy (KT) +rotational
kineticenetg Where M and R are

respectively.
and G
=M+ O Relationship between g
plane of
When a body röls dewan"inclined
inclination withot slipping
its velocity at the GM, GTRPnGRP 3
v= of the earth, R, is the radius
by
bottombfieline given
is
where M, is the mass
the uniform density of the
of the earth and p is
material of the earth.
the incline. above
peristh¿height of The acceleration due to gravity at height h
inclined plane a
rolls down on' an the surface of earth is given by
dWhag a body down the
acceleration
ithout slipping, its
ESin GM
iñclinedplane is given by 8h
14 (R +h2
R
on an inclined plane
For h R
When a body rolls down
taken by the body to reach
without slipping, time
1 2h
OThe acceleration due to gravity at a depth d below
the surface of earth is given by
thebottom is given by t=\- g sin 6

wherelis the length ofthe inclined plane.

e
 ofa body ma
of
energy

is given by
potential
G r a v i t a t i o n a l

earth
of the
a surface

on
the
m
-GM,m
OAt the centre, d =R,
g0.
field intensity u, revolvine
O Gravitational
when it is
satellite,
Gm of
Orbital
speed h is given by
2 a around
earth at
a height

is test mass.
Where, m
due to spherical
field intensity
T h e gravitational

shell of radius R
and m a s s M
the shell is givern
as
at a
follows:
point
distant r
* R
GCM ReR
+ h V E

from the centre of r>R

the shell ie. såtell e
O At a point outside
aTime period ofa

E- 2
GM 2h
ie. r=R 8
O Atapoint on thesurface of
the shell T-GM earth's
surface
aböve the
O Heighofsatellite
R2 /3
<R, E=0
inside the shell ie.
r
O Atapoint field intensity
Re
O For solidsphere gravitational the sphere
4T
inside
change only at
a point of a satellite
momentum

i.e., r<R. gtar

E-
GMr L=my=mr CM mGM2
R3
GM
OGravitational potential: V=- r Kinetic energy of
a satellite,

O T h e gravitational potential
due to a spherfeg 1 GM,m IUI
of radius R and
mass Mat a poinfdistantfrom

the centre of the shell is given gs follows:

K-m2R,+)2-GM_m
R
O Atapoint outside theshell i Potential energy ofa satellite, R+
,h
GM
r=R T o t a l energy (mechanical) of a satellite
O Atapoint on the stacethësäelli.e.
GMm
O Atapntigside tYieshell ie. r <R
E=K+U= 20R, +h)
2GM
R D Escape speed: R
hegrayitational potential
due to a solid sphere
koinfinside the sphere ie. r <R PROPERTIES OFSOLIDS
V-
GM3R- Stress=
restoring
2R rea
Relation between gravitational field intensity and O Longitudinal Stress=
gravitational potential
Volumetric Stress =

dr A
GMm Tangential Stress =
O Gravitational potential energy: U=- A
O Gravitational potential energy of a body of mass AL
Longitudinal strain= hangeinlerngth
m at height h above the surface óf the earth is original lengthL
given by
-GM,m Volumetric strain=
change in volume
U(R,+) original volume
 Hooke's law: Stress E x Strain or Stress E W=x5tress x strain
x volume

Strain
xelongation
x A L FxaL =x
load
Young's modulus, Y =; normal stress
=

longitudinal strain unit volume

or

Elastic potential energy stored per

FL FL O a stretched wire,
AL/L AAL arAL
normal stress Xstress x strain =xYx (strain)
Bulk modulus, B =- weight,
o volumetric strain In case of by its o w n wire, so
elongation
gravity of the
F=Mg) will act atGentragf
-F/A_ Py that length of wirwich
1stretched is (L/2).
AV/V AV
-ve sign shows that volume is decreasing when
M : M=pAL]
force is applied. of length
ob cylinder (or wire)
)= tangential stress O In casof twistng couple per
unit

o Modulus of rigidity (1)= shearing strain ndads r,elastic restoring

tsis giverby
- C *
2L wire.
of rigidity of the material of
In case of a solids and liquids bulk modulus is iere n is modulus
O
force constant (V)
almost constant. Oteratomic

a In case of a gas, it is process

K-K;=P
dependernt
k-
interatomic force

change in interatonic
distance Ar oYro
o In isothermal process,
K- K, v loaded at the middle by
a

o In adiabatic.process
=
a beam
O, Depression of ends
load W and supported
at the
O CompressibilityBulk modus (B WL
when pressure is
reiains
appliêd or aubatancej
onstant.
its
48Y1g free end
volume decreases whie maas
at a
O Depression of a cantilever
Hence, its density l in teases WL3
e1
B 3Y
p1-APTB PROPERTIES OFFLUIDS
Poissong rati(P):lateral strain -Ar/r m(mass)
longitudinal strain AL/L a Density, p V(volume)
density of a substance
constants (Y, B, n and o)
ORelations ampng elastic a Relative density a

density of water at 4°C

(20)
o) OPressure P= -
area (A) A
3B-2
2+6B h below the surface of a
a For a point at a depth pressure P is given
liquid of density p, hydrostatic
by P Po+ hpg
x Area of cross pressure.
Breaking force Breaking stress Po represents the atmospheric
=

O where
section of the wire. be diferent
Whena body of density p, (which may
force constarnt O volume
Every wire is
like a spring whose from the density of rmaterial of body) anddensity o,
is equal to immersed in a liquid of
Vis completely
following two forces act on the body:
K o r K* o weight of body, W =
Vog acting vertically
downwards through the centre of gravity.
Work done in a stretched wire,
O
 air bubble in a lioui-
qui
inside àn
Excess pressure

Buoyant force or upward thrust W Vog given by

equal to weight of the liquid displaced, acting
o
vertically upwards through the centre
P radius r is at depth h belc
buoyancy. O W h e n an air bubble of
p and surfa
Depending upon relative magnitudes of above of liquid of density
the free surface insidet
two forces, following three cases are possible
tension 5, then the excess pressure
O The density of body is greater than that of liquid
bubble,
1., Pa O). In this situation as weight will be
more than upthrust, the body will sink.
The density of body is equal to the density
p-hpg 86curved liquid
surface=
o and 7, are the radil
of liquid (ie, P = o). In this situation Ifr liquid surface is
pressurgjdehe
then excess
W W so the body will float fully submerged
anywhere in the liquid. given by
O The density of body is lesser than that
of liquid (i.e. P < o). In this situation. P=S
W< W so the body will move upwards and r, radii and r2 coalesce
in equilibrium will float partially immersed in O When to soap Bubblesof
bubble of radius r, under
the liquid such that
to form a t soap
pthetmaeogditions then r=V+.
W-Viog or VPg=Vog or VP-Vn
radii r and rz are in
E q u a t i o n of continuity Aju = Asv2 When two soap bubbles of
is the radius of the
contact with each other and
r
Force F
O Surface tensiony LengthL
d
12
ingeriace, then -
Work done iniforming a liquid drop of raiuay,
The total pressure of inside an air bubble radius r
surface tension S is, W=4Tr'S. at a depth h below the surface of liquid of density
Work done in forming a soap bubbe oradius
surface tension S is, pis
W=2x 4tr?S = 8nr2S.
P= +hpg+
The rise or fall in a capillary tube is given by
O Work done in increasing theadits ofa quid
drop from y to 7, is h2Scos8
=

Rpg
W=4
Work done in incréasingietadius of a soap where 0 is the angle of contact."
bubble fromo 1s O According to Newton viscous force (F) of a liquid
between two layers is given by
W 8g2 f
O Whenunumber ötsmaller drops of a liquid, each F=-A
S combined to
of adius, surfacë tension then
are where n = coefficient of viscosity of the liquid
radius R,
forma bigeërdtop of O Poiseuille's equation: Q= Pr
R nay 4tR?=4nn2, It 8n
Thesurfaceareaofbigger drop
=

a
is 1ess than the area of n smaller drops. R i scalled liquidresistance.
o Work done in breaking a liquid drop or radaius o Stoke's law:F= 6m
into n equal small drops
W=4tR (n-1)S o 2r (p-o)g
Terminal velocity Ur=9n :

where Sis the surface tension.

Excess pressureinside a liquid drop is given by Critical velocity: v,=
Cpr
P 25 pDe
O Excess pressure inside a soap bubble is given by Reynold number:v, = R Or N=

Bernoulli's theorem:
 P+
pgh+pv2 =
constant
H KAT-T
or
P+Pgh+pvf =Pz +peh +p OWiedemann-Franz law: oT a constant,
Velocity of efflux v= y2gh
Time after which where, K = thermal conductivity
surface
liquid strikes the horizontal
and o =
electrical conductivity
O 20H-h) OThermal resistance of the bar,
R4KA
Stefan Boltzmarn law: E =oT
o
Range =
R=vt =
/2gh x2/h(H -h) OIf the body is not a perectly black body, then
O nax H at h=2
2 E-
The energy raerated i rRco bya body of area
O If the hole is at the bottom
of the tank, timet
taken by the tank to A =eAoT
emptied.
where a is the area of the hole.
Newislaw codng; -K{T-Ts)
THERMAL, PROPERTIES OF MATTER
O Wis displagement law: T= constant.
Rs4
Relationship between different temperature scales: Tmperatüre of sun is given by T =|4

Tc-0T32T-0T-460 'k-273.15 Ro
100 180 80 212 100
THERMODYNAMIcS
O Coefficient of linear expansion of a solid, ;
V
increase in length The work done by a gas is W = |dW = | PáV
original length x rise intemperatyre L
Coefficient of area expansion of a soid, * where V, and V, are the initiaB and final volume of
B original area increasein area the gas.
x rise in tempEatureAAT *
Coefficient of volume expanisionofsolid, Firstlaw ofthermodynamics:AQ=AU+AW
OEquation of isothermal process PV= constant.
AV O Work done during isothermal process,
increase in ohme
'original volume oriseinfenpërature. VAT
O Relation beween a; Pandy
W-RTi WeuRTh
O Equation of adiabatic process, PVy= constant
The specific heatof a substance is given by where y = Cp/Cy.

s14Q o Work done during adiabatic process,

S*
m AT
Th olaYspecific heat of a substance is given by
w
W=%-PV, w_HRT-T)
AQ (Y-1) Y-1
CAT
OThermal capacity, S =s x m OEquation of isobaric process=constant.
oWork done during isobaric
OThe latent heat of asubstance's given byL =

W
process,
P(V- V) = uR(T- T).
O
Principal ofcalorimetry OEficiency of a heat engine,
Heat lost by one body = Heat gained by the
other. work doneW &T
When a bar of lengthL and uniform area of cross heat absorbed
The coefficient of performance ofí a
sectionAwith its ends maintained at temperatures refrigerator,
T1 and T, the rate of flow of heat (or heat current) heat extracted from the reservoir at low temperature
o
12
His given by work done to transfer the heat
 7
Y(rigid diatomic)=
OThe efficiency of a Carnot free path, A = -
1
engine is given, The mean
2nTd
=1-
0SCILLATIONS
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES O Angular frequency = 277
27T
Equation of an ideal gas: PV= uRT =
kNT
Boltzmann constant OVelocity of a particle in SHM. Rgiven by

k NaR OAcceleration of aparticlin SM. is given by

NA is the Avogadro's number.

Here,, MNA
m_ N
OThe kinetic energyxof a particle inS.H.M. is given by
where, m is the mass of the gas containing N K
molecules, M is the molar mass
The Bpergy of a particle in S.H.M. is
OEquation of a real gas:
ven' mo A sin'(ot +)
P V-ub) =HRT Totsaenergy ofa particle in S.H.M. is given by

where, a and b are Van der waals constants EmaA

Ba 0 Spring pendulum
OCritical temperature : ic27Rb
O Critical pressure : Pc =-
T2m
27b T h e time periodof a simple pendulum is given by
O Critical volume: Vc =3b T=27L/g
According to kinetic. theery oardeal gas a If the length of a simple pendulum is comparable
pressure exerted by anideahgaisis e n by with the radius of earth (R), then time period T
is given by
P
a Root mean sqtarespged, T=2T

RT3 O Ifa simple pendulum is suspended in a lift and lift

is accelerating downwards with an acceleration a,
AvetageSpeed, 8RT8
VTM Tm
then its time period is given by

O Most pröbable speed, mp M T-2

Oms 0 > °mp
For upwards motion, T =2
O Average translational kinetic energy of a gas
molecule is E
=5kT O Forupwards or downwards with constant velocity
OThe molar specific heats are given by T-2
o Cy (rigid diatomic)= R O If a simple pendulum is suspended in a lift and
lift is freely falling with acceleration g, then its
L
o Cp (rigid diatomic)= R time period is given by T=
2,s-8
 L 1s
inductance
C and
suspended
is carriage in a containing8 capacitance
Ifa simp e pendulum
whia is accelerating horizontally with an given by
acceleration a, then its time period is given by T 2nvLC A
cross-section
of
a wire of length L, area

T 27 L I
modulus Y is stretched by suspending
fime
Young's oscillate with
mass can
a mass m, then the

If a simple pendulum is suspended from the

roof period
O
of a trolley which is moving down an inclined mL
plane of inclination 6, then the
time period is given by T-YA of volume Vfitted
Olfagas is
enclosed ia qyliner and m a s s M
and
sectoared
piston of crgss
T-2Tgcos whose bob is of density p
with

the piston is slightl depressedh

witha
and
released,

time period
a I f simple pendulum
a the piston çan oscillate
oscillates in anon-viscous liquid ofdensity
o(o<p), fMV
then its time period is given by 2BA
WAVES
T-27 and wavelength
relation

Spagdeqüency

ntehsity of a
wave:
Torsional pendulum: I 27vApo
A is the amplitude,
T-2 where v is the frequency,
iv is the velocity
of the wave, is
p the density of
the

moment of inertia of the discaboüt

where I is the
axis of rotation id'Cisthe
medium.
wire as
of w a v e
the suspension
unit twist. OEhergy density
restoring torque per u =2nt Ab'p
C * of the medium.
where p is the density

is the radius, L i_sthe

lepgth andh is the OWave velocity, v=
where r

modulus of rigidity ofa wie

reaPctively. Particle velocity,
liquid in U-tube| O
oscillationa
The time period of
is given by Vparticle
=0Acos(kx
dt
-ot +) =-
2 O Particle acceleration,
a =

dt
column in a U-tube difference, path
wheretotallength liquid each
of O Relationship between phase
in limb of U-tube difference and time
difference
hheightof liquid'column
AlsehL2 21t
Phase difference =xpath
difference
of oscillation of floating cylinder
aThe ineperiod
L x time difference
Phase difference =
n i e i d is given by T = 27Ags

cylinder, A is the area waves on a stretched string

where m is the mass of a O Speed of a transverse
of a.cylinder, o is the density
of a
of cross section is given by =
liquid is the mass
where T is the tension in the string, jl
or T-2 of the string called linear density.
per unit length
where h is the heigkt of cylinder of densityp is
and
Speed of a transverse wave
in á solid is given by
which cylinder
o is the density of a liquid in the
floating, is the height of the cylinder inside
liquid. where n is the modulus of rigidity, p
is the density
of circuit
O Time period of LC oscillations a
of a solid.
 Speed of a
longitudinal wave in a medium Is 4L
given by v= For th mode, An(2n-)
where E is the modulus of
density of the medium. elasticity and p is the
Frequency, V
u(2n
4L
=(2n -1)1

Speed of longitudinal
a
wave in a
metallic bar is
given by U=, Y D u e to the end correction the undamental
frequency of a closed organpipe is given by
where Y is the
Young's modulus and p is the
e 4L+e 4L+06
density of material of a metallic bar.
Speed of longitudinal wave in fluid is given
a
a Due to the end corr ctionhe hundamental.
by B frequency of anopen pipe is.given by
P
where B is the bulk modulus and
p is density of
fluid.
Speed und inair at room temperature usin8
Newton's formula: v= rean igiven by
=2( )
eat frequency = no. of beats/sec = (U1-V2)
Speed of sound in a
gas, v= ms =difference in frequencies.
Tuning fork is' a source of sound of single
OEffect of temperature:0,= Vo Arequency and frequency of a tuning fork of
where vo is the speed of sound in
arm
length L and thickness d in the direction of
vibration is given by
OEffect of pressure: The speed the gaatC
is given by
of Sound ina gas
P
since v=

Speed of sound in gasis ndependent of the According to Doppler's'

efect
pressure of the gas piovided frequency heard by the observer is the apparent
given by
remains copstnt. temperature
Effect ofehuidiy : Withincrease
densiky of r decreases
in humidity, v'=F
where v, v, and v are the
YP and sound relative to air.speed of source, observer
The upper sign on
v, (or v,) is used when
Vibrations iffa stretched string of lengthL fixed (observer) moves towards the observer source
afbothends. while lower sign is (source)
used when it moves away.
O Findamental frequency
I f the wind blows
of sound, v is with speed v, in the direction
U 1 T replaced by v + v in the
2"2L V4 equation. If the wind blows with speed above
direction opposite to that of sound, v is V in a
For the nth mode, An=26/n
Frequency of nh mode by vv, in the above replaced
equation.
Apractical and small
unit of loudness of sound is
21L wheren1,2,3,.. decibel (dB). 1 decibel = 1/10 bel:
I n decibel the
T loudness of a sound of intensity I is
2 where p = number of loops. given by L=10lo810T
OVibrations of a closed organ pipe