Struggles:

1- Solar Winds:
The solar wind can trigger magnetic storms, dangerous effects on astronauts,
and spacecraft in general
Winds are super fast, even at its slowest, it travels about 186 miles (299.338
kilometers)
2- Space Weather:
Can disrupt radio communications and endanger astronaunts.
 Activity on the Sun has even temporarily caused large electrical
blackouts
 Coronal Mass Ejection (CME): large clouds of solar eruptions, can
collide with planetary magnetic fields
 Solar flares are more powerful than billions of firebombs
 All these features are stronger during a solar maximum
 Solar radiation storm:
 Geomagnetic storm: CMEs. Can ripple through the magnetosphere, and
can induce many currents in electrical systems, causing blackouts
3- Extreme Tempuratures:
1. Can melt the spacecraft and the instrument
4- Space Dust: Unique electrical charges caused by high-velocity impacts
5- Plasma:
6- Supersonic shocks:
7- Cosmic alchemy: Fusion and Fission, fusion: hydrogen and helium,
fission: the breakdown of elements
8- Magnetic Explosions: Solar wind pushes against the magnetosphere--
Earth’s magnetic field, causing the magnetic field lines to realign
9- Eclipses- Can cause the temperature of the solar panels to significantly
cool down.
How To Overcome Them:
1- Solar Winds:
a) Farady cup: a sensor designed to measure the ion and electron
fluxes and flow angels from the solar wind. Titanium-Zirconium-
Molybdenum, an alloy of molybdenum,
i. -a melting point of about 4,260 F (2,349 C)
ii. The grids are made of tungsten, a metal with 3422 C melting point
2- Space Weather:
Thermal Protection System:
Basically, carbon composite foam sandwiched between two carbon plates. It is a
lightweight insulation will be coated with white paint, on the plate that’s facing
the sun. This is withstand the heat. The rest of the spacecraft will be 30 degrees
celsuis
Also the wires are suspended by sapphire crystal tubes to suspend from wiring,
and the wires are made from niobium.
Power grid operators might implement safegaurd against geomagnetic storm
effects
3- Sensors that alert the central computer, should they detect any
sunlight:
a) Because the light takes 8 mins to reach the earth, an
engineer cannot do it, since by the time they encounter
errors it will too late
Cooling system:
- a heated tank (consisting of two radiators) that keeps the coolant from
freezing during the launch. Aluminum painted fins to max the cooling surface,
and pumps to circulate the current

4- Eclipses: Onboard heaters, keep the electronics and instruments safe, bhy
permitting only a half a degree dip. Astronaut suits withstand temps from -157 c to
121 c, and they are white to reflect the light.
5- FIELDs: designed to measure the electric fields and magnetic fields near the sun.