OEDE@EG EME^AOF, BFYFA@ACF, DFOFE, BFYFDE, NEM KFADFOFE

YFY^HO FM^HCXOHM

A@HG

DH@AOZAD

Z[AC[EO Y^XNF Y5 F@OX DHZH[ESE^EM E@FG LHMLEMC YHDA@EG ^FMCCF

F@OX DHYHGE^EM SF[E OHNFDE KE@F

^EGXM ELE[EM

;:56/;:;:
 

DE^E ZHMCEM^E[ 

Zulf syudur deof pemletdem dh genfret ^ugem Vemc Oege Hse, derhme th`eg oh`fopegdem
regoet-Mye khrupe dhshopetem nem phmchteguem shgfmcce oede`eg yemc khrlunu` Emetaof,
Bfsfa`acf, Dfofe, Bfsfde, nem Kfadfofe Yfstho Fmthcuohm fmf nepet sh`hsef pene wedtumye.

^hrfoe desfg luce deof uiepdem dhpene thoem-thoem yemc th`eg khrdamtrfkusf nhmcem
ohokhrfdem fnh-fnhmye shgfmcce oede`eg fmf kfse nfsusum nhmcem kefd nem repf.

Deof khrgerep shoace oede`eg fmf kfse ohmeokeg

ohmeokeg phmchteguem
phmchteguem pere phokeie.
phokeie. Meoum
thr`hpes nerf ftu, deof ohoegeof kegwe oede`eg fmf oesfg leug nerf dete shopurme, shgfmcce
deoff semcet
deo semcet ohmcger
ohmcgerepde
epdem
m drftfd
drftfd shrte
shrte serem
serem yemc
yemc khrsfb
khrsfbet
et ohokemc
ohokemcum
um nho
nhoff thr
thrifp
ifptem
temye
ye
oede`eg sh`emlutmye yemc `hkfg kefd `ecf.

Cfemyer, :8 Eprf` ;:;:

Zhmu`fs

;
 

NEB^E[ FYF
 
LXNX@…………………………………………………………………………………
DE^E
DE^E ZHMC
ZHMCEM
EM^E
^E[…
[………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
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…………
…… ;
NEB^
NEB^E[
E[ FYF…
FYF………
…………
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…………
…………
…………
……….
…..…
.……
… 9
KEK
KEK F ZHMN
ZHMNEG
EGX@
X@XE
XEM…
M………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
……..
.. >
E. @ete
@eterr Kh`
Kh`edem
edemc…
c……
………………
………………
………
……………
………………
………
……………
………………
………
……….
……. >
K. [uo
[uousem
usem Oese`
ese`eg
eg……
…………
…………
………
……………
………………
………
……………
………………
………
……………
………… 8
I. ^ulu
^uluem
em nem
nem Oem
Oembbeet
eet Zhmu
Zhmu``fs
fsem
em…
…………
…………………
………………
………
……………
………………
………
……… 8
KEK
KEK FF ZHOK
ZHOKEG
EGEY
EYEM
EM……
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
…………
……….
…...
.. 2
E. Fmt
Fmthcuo
hcuohm
hm.…
.………
…………
…………
………
……………
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………
……………
………………
………
……………
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…… 2
K. Emetaof
Emetaof nem Bfsfa`acf
Bfsfa`acf Yfstho
Yfstho Fmthcuohm…………
Fmthcuohm……………………
……………………
……………………
………………..2
……..2
KEK
KEK FFF
FFF ZHMX
ZHMX^X
^XZ…
Z………
…………
…………
…………
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…………
…………
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…………
…………
…………
……….
…. ;6

E. Dh
Dhsf
sfop
opu`
u`em
em……
…………
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…………
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…………
……….
….…
… ;6
K. Yerem…
Yerem………
……………………
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…...
.... ;6
NEB^E[
NEB^E[ ZXY^EDE
ZXY^EDE………
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……… 9:

9
 

KEK F

ZHMNEGX@XEM

5.5 @eter Kh`edemc

Yh`urug tukug oemusfe kecfem thr`uer thrkumcdus a`hg suetu sfstho yemc nfshkut shkecef
sfstho fmthcuohm. Yfstho fmthcuohm ene`eg sfstho arcem yemc pe`fmc `ues.Yfstho fmf thrnfrf etes
du`ft nem edshsarfs
edshsarfsmye,
mye, throesud dudu, reokut,
reokut, dh`hmler
dh`hmler (dhrfmcet
(dhrfmcet nem shkeshaus),
shkeshaus), nem rhshptar 
rhshptar 
sereb dgusus (umtud stfou`f phrukegem fmthrme` eteu `fmcdumcem hdsthrme`).

Yfstho fmthcuohm thrnfrf nerf arcem thrkhser ne`eo tukug, du`ft. Fmf sfstho arcem yemc
`uer kfese oh`fmnumcf strudtur fmthrme` tukug nerf dhrusedem, ohmihceg nhgfnresf, `hoed tada
ne
nem
m ohmc
ohmcges
gesf`
f`de
dem
m vfte
vfteof
ofm
m ne
nem
m ga
garo
roam
am.. Ge` fmf
fmf lu
luce
ce ohok
ohokem
emtu
tu um
umtu
tud
d ohop
ohophr
hrte
tege
gemde
mdem
m

gaohastesfs ne`eo tukug nhmcem ohokemtu ne`eo phmceturem sugu tukug nem dhshfokemcem efr.
Yfstho fmthcuohm ene`eg cerfs phrteoe phrtegemem tukug thrgenep kedthrf, vfrus nem ofdrake
`efmmye. Ge` fmf luce ohokemtu umtud ohokhrfdem phr`fmnumcem nerf renfesf u`trevfa`ht yemc
 khrkegeye. Du`ft ene`eg arcem shmsarfd ne`eo ge` fmf ohof`fdf rhshptar umtud ohmnhthdsf pemes
nem nfmcfm, shmtugem, thdemem nem myhrf. Daopamhm du`ft throesud reokut, dudu, dh`hmler 
dhrfmcet, dh`hmler ofmyed, phoku`ug nereg, phoku`ug chteg khmfmc, sereb nem atat. Ohmchmef
emetaof sfstho yc ohmutupf, du`ft thrnfrf nerf `epfsem lerfmcem hpfth` (hpfnhrofs) yemc nfnudumc
a`hg
a`hg `epfse
`epfsem
m lerfmc
lerfmcem
em fdet
fdet (nhrof
(nhrofs)
s) nem `epfse
`epfsem
m sukdut
sukdutem
em yemc ohmnes
ohmneserf
erf (gypan
(gypanhro
hrofs
fs eteu
eteu
sukiutfs).

Yh`efm
Yh`efm du`ft,
du`ft, ene pu`e
pu`e reokut
reokut nem dudu yemc thr
throes
oesud
ud dhne`eo
dhne`eo sfstho
sfstho fmthcuoh
fmthcuohm.
m.
[eokut
[eokut ene`eg
ene`eg arcem
arcem shphrt
shphrtff khmemc
khmemc yemc
yemc tuokug
tuokug nf du`ft
du`ft thr
thrute
uteoe.
oe. [eokut
[eokut oumiu`
oumiu` nerf
nerf
hpfnhrofs
hpfnhrofs (du`ft `uer), we`eupum khrese` nerf ba`fdh`
ba`fdh` reokut yemc khrene leug nf keweg nhrofs.
Yhrte pene dudu tuokug nerf sh` ofrfp ch` `hokut yemc oetf, ohmchres, nem dhounfem thrkhmtud 
seett ou`ef
see ou`ef tuokug
tuokug nerf
nerf ulumc
ulumc lerf.
lerf. Du`ft
Du`ft erf pene pemcde`
pemcde` dudu khrbumcs
khrbumcsff oh`fmn
oh`fmnumcf
umcf nerf
datarem. Bumcsf uteoe dudu ene`eg oh`fmnumcf ulumc lerf yemc `hokut nem phmug uret sereb, shrte
ohophrtfmccf neye shmtug. Yhiere dfofe, dudu seoe nhmcem reokut yemc emtere `efm thrkhmtud 
nerf dhretfm prathfm yemc deye edem su`bur.

>
 

5.; [uousem Oese`eg

5.;.5 Fmthcuohm

5.;.; Emetaof nem Bfsfa`acf Yfstho Fmthcuohm

5.9 ^uluem nem Oembeet Zhmu`fsem

Enepum tuluem nem oembeet phmu`fsem oede`eg fmf ene`eg <

5.9.5 Xmtud ohohmugf tuces oete du`feg nerf nashm.

5.9.; Xmtud `hkfg ohmne`eof f`ou thmtemc emetaof, bfsfa`acfs, dfofe, bfsfde, nem kfadfofe sfstho
fmthcuohm.

8
 

KEK FF

ZHOKEGEYEM

;.5 Fmthcuohm

;.5.5 Zhmchrtfem Fmthcuohm

Dete fmthcuohm
fmthcuohm khrese`
khrese` nerf keges `etfm
`etfm ‐fmthcuohmuo
‐fmthcuohmuo‟‟ yemc khrertf
khrertf ‐phmutup‟.
‐phmutup‟.
Yfstho
Yfstho fmthcu
fmthcuohm
ohm eteu
eteu kfese
kfese nfshku
nfshkutt du`ft
du`ft ene`eg
ene`eg sfstho
sfstho arcem
arcem yemc
yemc ohokhne
ohokhnedem
dem,,
ohofsegdem, oh`fmnumcf, nem ohmcfmbaroesfdem oemusfe thrgenep `fmcdumcem shdftermye
nem ohrupedem
ohrupedem arcem yemc pe`fmc `ues, nfoeme aremc nhwese `uesmye
`uesmye ohmiepef
ohmiepef `hkfg
nerf 56.::: io. Yfstho fmthcuohm ohrupedem sfstho arcem yemc `uer kfese oh`fmnumcf
strudtur
strudtur fmthrme`
fmthrme` tukug nerf dhrusedem,
dhrusedem, ohmihceg
ohmihceg nhgfnresf,
nhgfnresf, nem ohmcgesf`dem
ohmcgesf`dem

vfteofm nem garoam. Ge` fmf luce ohokemtu umtud ohophrtegemdem gaohastesfs ne`eo
tukug nhmcem ohokemtu ne`eo phmceturem
ph mceturem sugu tukug nem dhshfokemcem efr. Yfstho
fmthcuohm ene`eg cerfs phrteoe phrtegemem tukug thrgenep kedthrf, vfrus, nem ofdrake
`efmmye. Ge` fmf luce ohokemtu umtud ohokhrfdem phr`fmnumcem nerf renfesf u`trevfa`ht yemc
 khrkegeye. Du`ft ene`eg arcem shmsarfd ne`eo ge` fmf ohof`fdf rhshptar umtud ohmnhdthsf
 pemes nem nfmcfm, shmtugem, thdemem nem myhrf. Daopamhm du`ft throesud reokut, dudu,
dh`hmler dhrfmcet, dh`hmler ofmyed, phoku`ug nereg, phoku`ug chteg khmfmc, sereb nem
ne m atat.
Ohmchmef
Ohmchmef emetaof
emetaof sfstho
sfstho yemc ohmutupf,
ohmutupf, du`ft thrnfrf
thrnfrf nerf `epfsem
`epfsem lerfmcem
lerfmcem hpfth`
hpfth`
(hpfnhrofs) yemc nfnudumc a`hg `epfsem lerfmcem fdet (nhrofs) nem `epfsem sukdutem yemc
ohmneserf (gypanhrofs eteu sukiutfs) ((Lamya,X.E,
Lamya,X.E, ;:5;).

;.5.; Emetaof Bfsfa`acf Yfstho Fmthcuohm

5. Du`ft
Du`ft ohopumyef khrkecef bumcsf yeftu shkecef khrfdut<
e. Zh
Zh`f
`fmn
mnumc
umc (Z
(Zra
rath
thds
dsf)
f)
Hpfnhrofs thruteoe `epfsem temnud khrcume umtud ohmutupf lerfmcem lerfmcem
tukug nf shkh`eg
shkh`eg ne`eo nem oh`fmnumcf
oh`fmnumcf tukug nerf phmcerug-phm
phmcerug-phmcerug
cerug `uer 

shphrtf `ude nem shremcem duoem. @epfsem pe`fmc `uer nerf du`ft nepet ohmegem

2
 

sugu tukug, ohmegem `ude-`ude dhif`, ohmihceg zet dfofe nem kedthrf oesud 
dh ne`eo tukug shrte
shrte ohmcge`eu remcsemcem-remcsemcem bfsfd shphrtf sfmer 
u`trevfa`ht nerf oetegerf.
 k. Zhmhrfoe remcsemc
Du`ft
Du`ft semcet
semcet phde thrgene
thrgenep
p khrkec
khrkecef
ef emcsem
emcsemcem
cem shmsar
shmsarfd
fd yemc
 khrgukumcem nhmcem sedft, sugu pemes eteu nfmcfm, thdemem, rekeem, nem
chterem. Du`ft shkecef e`et phrese nfresedem oh`e`uf ulumc-ulumc sereb
sereb shmsesf.
i. Zhmcet
Zhmcetur
ur Zemes
Zemes (^hroa
(^hroarhc
rhcu`e
u`esf)
sf)
Du`ft ohmcetur
ohmcetur sugu tukug oh`e`uf
oh`e`uf nf`etesf
nf`etesf nem damtrudsf
damtrudsf phoku`ug
phoku`ug
depf`hr
depf`hr shrte
shrte oh`e`uf
oh`e`uf yemc dhnuemye
dhnuemye nf phmcerugf
phmcerugf sereb atamao.
atamao. ^ukug yemc
shget ohof`fdf
ohof`fdf sugu thtep
thtep dfre-dfre
dfre-dfre 67,2 nhrelet
nhrelet berhmghft
berhmghft eteu
eteu shdfter
shdfter 92,8 nhrelet
nhrelet
ih`ifus. Zhmcetur pemes ene`eg se`eg setu bumcsf du`ft shkecef arcem emtere
tukug nem `fmcdumcem, pemes edem gf`emc nhmcem phmcuepem ohmlenf dhrfmcet.

n. Zh
Zhmch
mch`u
`uer
erem
em (hd
(hdsd
sdrh
rhsf
sf))
Du`ft ohmch`uerdem zet-zet thrthmtu yeftu dhrfmcet nerf dh`hmler-dh`hmler dhrfmcet
yemc nfdh`uerdem oh`e`uf parf-parf dhrfmcet nhmcem ohokewe cereo, yanfuo nem zet
dfofe
dfofe `efmmye
`efmmye.. Efr yemc
yemc nfdh`u
nfdh`uerd
erdem
em oh`e`u
oh`e`uff du`ft
du`ft tfned
tfned sele
sele nfse`u
nfse`urde
rdem
m oh`e`uf
oh`e`uf
dhrfmc
dhrfmcet
et thtepf
thtepf luce
luce oh`e`u
oh`e`uff phmcuep
phmcuepem
em efr tremsh
tremshpfn
pfnhro
hrofs
fs shkece
shkeceff phokhmt
phokhmtude
udem
m
dhrfmcet yemc tfned nfsenerf.
h. Zhmyfo
yfope
pem
mem
Du`ft nepet ohmyfopem `hoed nf ne`eo dh`hmler `hoed.
b. Zh
Zhmy
myhr
hrep
epem
em th
thrk
rket
etes
es
Du`ft nepet ohmyhrep zet-zet thrthmtu, thruteoe zet-zet yemc `erut ne`eo
`hoed nepet nfshrep dh ne`eo du`ft. Garoam yemc thrnepet pene drfo oude
nepet oesud oh`e`uf
oh`e`uf du`ft nem ohophmcerugf
ohophmcerugf `epfsem
`epfsem du`ft pene
tfmcdetem
tfmcdetem yemc semcet tfpfs.
tfpfs. Zhmyhrepem
Zhmyhrepem thrlenfoh`
thrlenfoh`e`uf
e`uf ouere demnumc
reokut nem oesud dh ne`eo se`urem dh`hmler pe`ft (shkeihe), ohrhokhs
oh`e`uf
oh`e`uf nfmnfmc
nfmnfmc phoku`ug
phoku`ug nereg dh ne`eo phrhnerem
phrhnerem nereg dhounfem
dhounfem dh
 khrkecef arcem tukug `efmmye.
c. Zh
Zhmum
mumle
lemc
mc phmeo
phmeopf
pf`e
`em
m

3
 

Bumcsf yemc thrdeft nhmcem dhiemtfdem yeftu dheneem du`ft yemc teoped ge`us,
 putfg nem khrsfg edem nepet ohmumlemc phmeopf`em.Bumcsf `efm nerf du`ft
yeftu du`ft nepet ohmchdsprhsfdem hoasf shsharemc shphrtf du`ft ohohreg,
 puiet oeupum damstredsf atat phmhced reokut.
;.5.9 Zhokecfem Du`ft
Du`ft thrkecf ohmlenf 9< (Zuspeserf, Y.B, ;:53)
e. Hpfnhrofs
Hpfnhrofs ohrupedem kecfem du`ft pe`fmc `uer. Dhthke`em hpfnhrofs khrkhne-khne
 pene khrkecef kecfem tukug, yemc pe`fmc thke` khrudurem 5 of`fohthr ofse`mye
 pene th`eped temcem nem th`eped dedf, nem yemc pe`fmc tfpfs khrudurem :,5
of`fohthr
of`fohthr thrnepet
thrnepet pene dh`aped
dh`aped oete, pfpf, negf nem phrut.
phrut. Yh`-sh`
Yh`-sh` hpfnhrofs
hpfnhrofs
nfshkutt dhretfmasf
nfshku dhretfmasft.
t. Hpfnhrofs
Hpfnhrofs oh`hdet
oh`hdet hret pene nhrofs
nhrofs derhme shiere
shiere bumcsfame`
bumcsfame`
hpfnhrofs ohophra`hg zet-zet oedemem nem iefrem emter sh` nerf p`esoe yemc

ohrhokhs oh`e`uf nfmnfmc-nfmnfmc depf`hr nhrofs dh ne`eo hpfnhrofs.

Zene hpfnhrofs nfkhnedem etes `foe `epfsem du`ft, yeftu<

5. @epfse
@epfsem
m temnu
temnud
d (str
(stretu
etuo
o iarmh
iarmhuo)
uo)
Ohrupedem `epfsem hpfnhrofs yemc pe`fmc etes, nem ohmutupf shoue
`epfsem hpfnhrofs `hkfg dh ne`eo. @epfsem temnud thrnfrf etes khkhrepe `epfs sh`
 pfpfg, tfned ohof`fdf fmtf, tfned ohmce`eof prashs ohteka`fsoh, tfned khrwerme nem
semcet shnfdft ohmcemnumc efr.
Zene th`eped temcem nem th`eped dedf luo`eg kerfs dhretfmasft leug `hkfg
 kemyed, derhme nf kecfem fmf `epfsem temnud leug `hkfg thke`.
@epfsem temnud fmf shkecfem khser thrnfrf etes dhretfm yeftu shlhmfs prathfm
yemc tfned `erut ne`eo efr nem semcet rhsfsthm thrgenep kegem-kegem dfofe. @epfsem
fmf nfdhme` nhmcem `epfsem
`epfsem garmy, thrnfrf nerf of`yerem
of`yerem sh` pfpfg yemc ouneg
thr`hp
thr`hpes
es nem nfcemtfd
nfcemtfdem
em a`hg sh` yemc keru
keru shtfep
shtfep > ofmccu,
ofmccu, derhme
derhme usfe shtfep
shtfep sh`
 kfesemye gemye
gemy e ;7 gerf. Zene seet thr`hpes, damnfsf du`ft edem threse shnfdft deser seopef
oumiu` `epfsem keru.
Zrashs phokeruem `epfsem temnud, thrus khr`emcsumc shpemlemc gfnup,

ohmlenfdem
ohmlenfdem du`ft erf ohof`fdf
ohof`fdf sh`brhpfer
sh`brhpferfmciepe
fmciepeifty
ifty eteu dhoeopuem
dhoeopuem ohophrkefdf
ohophrkefdf

7
 

nfrf..
nfrf Khrteokegmy
Khrteokegmyee usfe nepet ohmyhkekdem
ohmyhkekdem prashs dhretfmfse
dhretfmfsesf
sf khrle`em
khrle`em `hkfg
`eoket. Dhtfde usfe ohmiepef shdfter 2: tegumem, prashs dhretfmfsesf,
dh retfmfsesf, ohokutugdem
wedtu shdfter
shdfter >8-8: gerf, edfketmye
edfketmye `epfsem
`epfsem temnud yemc suneg ohmlenf
ohmlenf `hkfg deser,
deser,
`hkfg dhrfmc,
dhrfmc, `hkfg thke`,
thke`, tfoku`
tfoku` khried-khried
khried-khried putfg derhme oh`emasft
oh`emasft `eoket
 khdhrle nem phmyhkerem oh`emfm tfned `ecf ohrete shrte tfned `ecf ihpet
nfcemtfdem a`hg `epfsem temnud keru. Neye h`estfsftes du`ft pene `epfsem fmf semcet
dhif`, nem `epfsem fmf semcet hbhdtfb umtud ohmihceg thrlenfmye phmcuepem efr nerf
`epfs `epfs du`ft `hkfg ne`eo shgfmcce
shgfmcce oeopu ohoh`fgere tamus nem turcar
turcar du`ft,
du`ft, thtepf
`epfsem temnud ohof`fdf neye shrep efr yemc iudup khser.
;. @epfse
@epfsem
m kh
khmfm
mfmc
c (stre
(stretuo
tuo `uifnu
`uifnuo)
o)
Nfshkut luce `epfsem kerrfhr, thr`hted thpet nf keweg `epfsem temnud, nem nfemccep
shkeceff phmyeokumc
shkece phmyeokumc `epfsem
`epfsem temnud nhmcem `epfsem
`epfsem khrkutfr.
khrkutfr. @epfsem
@epfsem khmfmc thrnfrf
thrnfrf
nerf pratap`eso
pratap`esoee sh`-sh`
sh`-sh` lhrmfg
lhrmfg yemc dhif`-dhif`
dhif`-dhif`,, tfpfs
tfpfs nem khrsfbet
khrsfbet trems`ushm
trems`ushm

shgfmcce nepet nf`hwetf sfmer (thokus iegeye). @epfsem fmf semcet teoped lh`es pene
th`eped temcem nem th`eped dedf. Zrashs dhretfmfsesf khrou`e nerf`epfsem khmfmc.
9. @epfse
@epfsem
m khrk
khrkutf
utfrr (stret
(stretuo
uo cremu`
cremu`asu
asuo)
o)
^hrsusum
^hrsusum a`hg sh`-sh`
sh`-sh` dhretfmasf
dhretfmasftt khrkhmtud
khrkhmtud duoperem
duoperem yemc ohmcemnumc
ohmcemnumc
 kutfr-kutfr nf ne`eo pratap`esoemye, khrkutfr deser nem khrfmtf ohmcdhrut. @epfsem fmf
teoped pe`fmc lh`es pene du`ft th`eped temcem nem th`eped dedf.
>. @epfse
@epfsem
m khr
khrtel
telu
u (stret
(stretuo
uo spfma
spfmasuo
suo))
Nfshkut luce `epfsem oe`pgfcf, thrnfrf etes
e tes sh`-sh` yemc se`fmc khrgukumcem
nhmcem phremtereem lhoketem-lhoketem pratap`esoe khrkhmtud dukus. Lfde
sh`-sh`
sh`-sh` `epfsem
`epfsem se`fmc
se`fmc khr`hpesem,
khr`hpesem, oede shedem-edem
shedem-edem sh`mye
sh`mye khrtelu.
khrtelu. Yhtfep
Yhtfep sh`
sh`
 khrfsf bf`eohm-bf`eohm dhif` yemc thrnfrf etes shrekut prathfm. Yh`-sh` pene `epfsem telu
maroe`, thrsusum ohmlenf khkhrepe kerfs.
Khmtud sh` khrdfser emtere ku`et dh khrsunut kemyed (pa`ycame`), nem
oedfm dh ereg phroudeem
phroudeem du`ft oedfm khser uduremmye.
uduremmye. Nfemtere
Nfemtere sh`-sh`
sh`-sh` telu
thrnepet
thrnepet ih`eg emter sh` ge`us yemc khrcume umtud phrhnerem
phrhnerem iefrem
iefrem lerfmcem
lerfmcem
hdstresh`u`hr nem phmcemterem kutfr-kutfr oh`emfm. Yh`-sh` nf kecfem `epfs telu yemc
`hkfg ne`eo, kemyed yemc khrene ne`eo se`eg setu tegep oftasfs. Dhsetuem-dhsetuem

6
 

`epfsem telu ohopumyef susumem dfofewf yemc dges4 fmtf-fmtf sh` ne`eo kecfem kese`
`epfs telu ohmcemnumc da`hsthra`
da`hsthra` nem eseo eofma.
8. @epfsem
@epfsem khmfg
khmfg (stretuo
(stretuo chrofmetfv
chrofmetfvuo
uo eteu stretuo
stretuo kese`h)
kese`h)
Ohrupedem
Ohrupedem `epfsem
`epfsem thrkeweg
thrkeweg hpfnhrofs,
hpfnhrofs, nfkhmtud
nfkhmtud a`hg setu kerfs sh` tared 
(sf`fmnhr) nhmcem dhnunudem thced `urus thrgenep phroudeem nhrofs. E`es sh`-sh`
tared fmf khrchrfcf
khrchrfcf nem khrsetu
khrsetu nhmcem `eofme
`eofme kese`fs
kese`fs nf kewegmye.
kewegmye. @eofme
@eofme kese`fs
kese`fs
yeftu strudtur ge`us yemc ohoketesf hpfnhrofs nhmcem nhrofs. Zhmcerug `eofme kese`fs
iudup khser thrgenep phmceturem ohteka`fsoh nhoa-hpfnhroe` nem bumcsf-bumcsf
vfte` du`ft. Nf ne`eo `epfsem fmf sh`-sh` hpfnhrofskhrteokeg kemyed oh`e`uf oftasfs
nem sh`-sh` tenf khrchshr dh `epfsem-`epfsem `hkfg etes, edgfrmye ohmlenf sh`
temnud. Nf ne`eo `epfsem khmfg thrnepet pu`e sh`-sh` khmfmc (i`her ih``s, oh`emak`es eteu
oh`emasft) phokuet pfcohm oh`emfm du`ft.

Ne`eo lerfmcem fmf thrnepet tfph-tfph sh` hpfnhrofs nf emteremye<

5. Dhre
Dhrettfmaiy
maiytths
Yuktemsff
Yuktems thrkemyed
thrkemyed nerf sh`-sh`
sh`-sh` hpfnhrofs,
hpfnhrofs, derhme dhretfmaiyth
dhretfmaiythss sh`e`u
sh`e`u
ohmch`upes
ohmch`upes pene phroudeeem
phroudeeem hpfnhrofs,
hpfnhrofs, oede gerus sh`e`u
sh`e`u nfcumedem.
nfcumedem.
Zhrcemtfem nf`edudem a`hg edtfvftes oftasfs nerf `epfsem kese` (nf oe`eo gerf). Yh`eoe
 phrle`ememmye dh `uer (ohmulu phroudeem. Dhretfmaiyhs khrnhbhrhmsfesf ohmlenf
dhretfm bf`eohm ne`eo sftap`esoe. Zrashs nerf kese` seopef darmhuo sh`eoe ;:-9:
gerf. Derhme prashs
prashs iytaoargash
iytaoargash nerf dhretfmaiyt
dhretfmaiyths
hs yemc khrchred
khrchred nerf kese` dh
darmhuo,, `foe `epfsem
darmhuo `epfsem nepet nffnhmtfb
nffnhmtfbfdesf
fdesf.. Veftu
Veftu kese`,
kese`, spfoasuo,
spfoasuo, cremu`asuo,
cremu`asuo,
`asfnuo nem darmfuo.
;. Oh`ema
maiiyths
Nfnepet nerf ulumc sereb, ohopranudsf pfcohmt oh`emfm yemc ohokhrfdem
werme iad`et pene du`ft.
du`ft. Khmtudmye
Khmtudmye sf`fmnrfs
sf`fmnrfs,, ku`et nem pemlemc.
pemlemc. Ohmcemnumc
Ohmcemnumc
tfrasfmes
tfrasfmeshh yemc nfgesf`dem
nfgesf`dem a`hg [HC, dhounfem
dhounfem tfrasfmesh
tfrasfmesh thrshkut
thrshkut nfa`eg
nfa`eg a`hg
Eperetus Ca`cf ohmlenf ave` cremu`hs (oh`emasaohs). Dhtfde eseo eofma tfrasfm
 khrpfmneg dh ne`eo oh`emasaohs, oh`emasaohs khrukeg ohmlenf oh`emfm. Hmzfo
tfrasf
tfrasfmes
meshh yemc
yemc nfedtf
nfedtfbde
bdem
m a`hg
a`hg sfmer
sfmer u`tre
u`tre vfa`ht
vfa`ht..
.. Dhounf
Dhounfem
em oh`emf
oh`emfm
m ohmfmc
ohmfmcce`
ce`dem
dem

5:
 

 kenem oh`emfiyths nem ohmulu dh sftap`esoe nerf sh`-sh` ne`eo `epfsem stretuo
spfmasuo. Nem pene edgfrmye pfcohm oh`emfm nfnhcrenesf a`hg dhretfmaiyths.
9. Ohr
Ohrdh`
dh` Ih`
Ih``s
Kemyed thrnepet
thrnepet pene nehreg du`ft yemc shnfdft
shnfdft reokut (bfmchrtfps,
(bfmchrtfps, are`
ouiase,, nehreg neser ba`fdh`
ouiase ba`fdh` reokut).
reokut). Ohmyhker
Ohmyhker nf `epfsem
`epfsem stretuo
stretuo kese` yemc
 kemyed ohmcemnumc dhretfmaiyths.
>. @emc
@emchr
hrge
gems
ms Ih``
Ih``ss
Nfshkut
Nfshkut luce
luce nhmnrf
nhmnrftfi
tfi ih``s
ih``s derhme
derhme shrfmc
shrfmc khdhrle
khdhrle nf nehreg
nehreg `epfse
`epfsem
m str
stretu
etuo
o
spfmasuo. Ohrupedem sh` yemc ohmcemnumc emtfkanf. Kemyedmye ;% ’> %
nerf dhsh`urugem sh` hpfnhrofs. Yh`efm ftu, luce kemyed thrnepet nf kecfem nhrofs
 pene `ukemc ou`ut, hsapgecus, nem vecfme. Bumcsf nerf `emchrgems ih``s ene`eg
umtud rhspamfsesf thrgenep foum derhme ohopumyef emtfkanf.
 k. Nhrofs (Darfuo)

Du`ft
Du`ft lemcet
lemcet eteu
eteu nhrofs
nhrofs ohmlen
ohmlenff thopet
thopet ulumc
ulumc sereb
sereb phrese
phrese,, thopet
thopet
dhkhreneem demnumc reokut, dh`hmler dhrfmcet, dh`hmler-dh`hmler pe`ft
(Yhkeihe) eteu dh`hmler ofmyed, phoku`ug-phoku`ug nereg nem chteg khmfmc, nem
atat phmhced reokut (ousdu`us erhdtar pf`f).
Yh`-sh` uokf reokut
reokut yemc khrene nf neser demnumc reokut, thrus-ohmhrus
thrus-ohmhrus
ohokh`eg
ohokh`eg ne`eo ohokhmtud ketemc reokut. Dh`hmler
Dh`hmler pe`ft yemc ohmhoph`
ohmhoph` nf
se`urem
se`urem demnumc reokut,
reokut, ohmcgesf`de
ohmcgesf`dem
m ofmyed
ofmyed yemc ohmiepef
ohmiepef phroudeem
phroudeem du`ft
oh`e`uf ouere demnumc
demn umc reokut. Du`ft
D u`ft lemcet shrfmc nfshkut du`ft shkhmermye nem 68
% du`ft
du`ft lemcet
lemcet ohokhm
ohokhmtud
tud dhthke
dhthke`em
`em du`ft.
du`ft. Dhthke
Dhthke`em
`em rete-r
rete-rete
ete du`ft
du`ft lemcet
lemcet
nfphrdfrede
nfphrdfredem
m emtere
emtere 5 -; oo nem yemc pe`fmc
pe`fmc tfpfs
tfpfs thrnepet
thrnepet nf dh`aped
dh`aped oete shrte
shrte
yemc pe`fmc
pe`fmc thke`
thke` thrnepet
thrnepet nf th`eped
th`eped temcem
temcem nem th`eped
th`eped dedf.
dedf. Yusumem
Yusumem neser du`ft
 lemcet nfkhmtud a`hg shret-shret, oetrfds fmthrbfkrf`er
fmthrbfkrf`er yemc ohmyhrupef sh`ef nem sh`-sh`.
Dhkhr
Dhkhrene
eneem
em ulumc
ulumc-u
-ulu
lumc
mc se
sere
rebb ph
phre
rese
se ne
ne`e
`eo
o du`ft
du`ft le
lemce
mcet,
t, ohou
ohoumc
mcdf
dfmd
mdem
em
ohokhnedem khrkecef remcsemcem nerf `uer. Oesfmc-oesfmc sereb phrese
ohof`fdf bumcsf thrthmtu, shphrtf sereb nhmcem bumcsf ohmnhthdsf rese sedft,
shmtugem, thdemem, pemes, nem nfmcfm. Yereb phrese luce ohoumcdfmdem shchre khrhedsf
thrgenep ge`-ge` yemc nepet
nepe t ohrucfdem nfrf dfte. Lfde dfte ohmnened ohmlenf semcet

tedut eteu semcet thcemc, atat phmhced reokut yemc ohmhoph` nf demnumc reokut, edem

55
 

ohmc
ohmchr
hrut
ut nem ohml
ohmlenf
enfde
dem
m ku
ku`u
`u raoe
raoe et
eteu
eu ku`u
ku`u du
dunud
nud kh
khrn
rnfr
frf.
f. Dh`hm
Dh`hmle
lerr pe
pe`f
`ftt ye
yem
m
ohmhoph` nf demnumc reokut ohopranudsf ofmyed umtud oh`uoesf phroudeem du`ft
nem ketemc reokut. Yhdrhsf ofmyedmye nfdh`uerdem oh`e`uf ouere demnumc reokut.
Dh`hmler
Dh`hmler dhrfmcet
dhrfmcet ohmcgesf`de
ohmcgesf`dem
m iefrem dhrfmce
dhrfmcett yemc nfdh`uerd
nfdh`uerdem
em dh phroudeem
phroudeem du`ft
du`ft
oh`e`uf parf-parf du`ft.
Zene nesermye nhrofs thrnfrf etes shduopu`em shret-shret h`estfs yemc nepet
ohokuet
ohokuet du`ft
du`ft khrdhr
khrdhrut
ut edem dhoke`
dhoke`ff dh khmtud
khmtud shou`e
shou`e nem shret
shret prathfm
prathfm fmf
fmf yemc
nfshkut da`echm. Yhret-shret da`echm fmf nfshkut luce lerfmcem phmumlemc, derhme
bumcsfmye
bumcsfmye ne`eo ohokhmtud
ohokhmtud lerfmcem-l
lerfmcem-lerfmce
erfmcem
m du`ft yemc ohmlece
ohmlece dhdhrfmcem
dhdhrfmcem nem
dh`hmturem du`ft.
Khrduremcmye
Khrduremcmye prathfm
prathfm edem ohmyhkekdem
ohmyhkekdem du`ft ohmlenf
ohmlenf duremc h`estfs
h`estfs nem
ouneg ohmchmnur
ohmchmnur gfmcce tfoku` dhrutem.
dhrutem. Bedtar `efm yemc ohmyhkekdem
ohmyhkekdem du`ft
 khrdhrut yeftu bedtar usfe eteu dhduremcem cfzf. Zhr`u nfphrgetfdem kegwe `ude yemc

thrlenf nf du`ft
d u`ft lemcet nepet
nep et ohmfoku`dem ieietphroemhm, ge` fmf nfshkekdem du`ft
 lemcet tfned ohof`fdf dhoeopuem ohophrkefdf nfrf shmnfrf shphrtf yemc nfof`fdf
du`ft erf. Nf ne`eo `epfsem du`ft lemcet thrnepet nue oeieo dh`hmler yeftu<
e) Dh`hml
Dh`hmler
er d
dhrf
hrfmcet
mcet (Yunar
(Yunarfb
fbhre
hre))
Dh`hmler dhrfmcet thrnfrf nerf bumnus (kecfem yemc oh`fmcder) nem nuht yeftu
se`urem
se`urem shoeieo
shoeieo pfpe yemc khrouere
khrouere pene phroudeem
phroudeem du`ft ohokhmtud 
ohokhmtud 
 parf-parf dhrfmcet. Yhoue kecfem tukug nf`hmcdepf nhmcem dh`hmler dhrfmcet nem
`hkfg kemyed thrnepet
thrnepet nfphroudeem
nfphroudeem th`eped
th`eped temcem,
temcem, th`eped
th`eped dedf, dhmfmc nem nf
 keweg dhtfed. Dh`hmler dhrfmcet ohmcetur sugu kenem nem ohokemtu
ohokuemc
ohokuemc sfse-sfse
sfse-sfse phmihrmeem
phmihrmeem nerf tukug. Dhcfetemmye
Dhcfetemmye thruteoe
thruteoe
nfremcsemc
nfremcsemc a`hg pemes, `etfgem
`etfgem lesoemf,
lesoemf, hoasf nem aket-aket
aket-aket thrthmtu.
thrthmtu. Ene nue
 lhmfs dh`hmler dhrfmcet yeftu<
5. Dh`hm
Dh`hmle
lerr dhrf
dhrfmc
mcet
et hdr
hdrfm
fm
Dh`hmler dhrfmcet fmf ohmshdrhsf iefrem lhrmfg, yeftu dhrfmcet yemc
ohmcemnumc 68-63 phrshm efr nem ohmcemnumc khkhrepe ofmhre`, shphrtf cereo,
sanfuo d`arfne,
d`arfne, cremu`e
cremu`e ofmyed,
ofmyed, c`usfne
c`usfne nem seopfmcem
seopfmcem nerf ohteka`fs
ohteka`fso
o
sh`u`hr. Dh`hmler dhrfmcet fmf thrnepet nf sh`urug du`ft, ou`ef nerf th`eped temcem

nem th`eped dedf seopef

seopef dh du`ft dhpe`e. Luo`egmye
Luo`egmye nf sh`urug kenem shdfter nue

5;
 

 lute nem ohmcgesf`dem 5> `fthr dhrfmcet ne`eo wedtu ;> leo pene aremc
nhwese.
nhwese. Khmtud
Khmtud dh`hml
dh`hmler
er dhrfmc
dhrfmcet
et hdrfm
hdrfm `emcsf
`emcsfmc,
mc, khr
khrcu`
cu`umc-
umc-cu`
cu`umc
umc nem
se`uremmye khrouere `emcsumc pene phroudeem du`ft yemc tfned ene
reokutmye.
;. Dh`hm
Dh`hmle
lerr dhrf
dhrfmc
mcet
et epad
epadrf
rfm
m
Gemye thrnepet nf nehreg dhtfed, putfmc susu, puser, nehreg dh`eofm nem
nehreg shdfter
shdfter nukur (emachmfte`
(emachmfte`)) ohmcgesf`de
ohmcgesf`dem
m iefrem
iefrem yemc eced dhmte`,
dhmte`,
 khrwerme dhputfg-putfgem shrte khrkeu dges pene shtfep aremc. Yh` dh`hmler 
fmf ouneg rused nem sfbetmye e`de`f shgfmcce nepet ohmfoku`dem keu.
Oueremy
Oueremyee khrnhdet
khrnhdetem
em nhmcem
nhmcem ouere
ouere dh`hml
dh`hmler
er shkesh
shkeshee pene se`ure
se`urem
m ba`fdh`
ba`fdh`
reokut. Dh`hmler dhrfmcet epadrfm
epad rfm luo`egmye tfned thr`e`u kemyed
kem yed nem gemye
shnfdftt iefrem
shnfdf iefrem yemc nfshdrhsfd
nfshdrhsfdem
em nerf dh`hmler
dh`hmler fmf. Dh`hmler
Dh`hmler epadrfm
epadrfm ou`ef
edtfb shth`eg
shth`eg usfe edf` ke`fcg
ke`fcg nem edtfvftes
edtfvftes dh`hmler
dh`hmler fmf nfphmcerugf
nfphmcerugf a`hg

garoam.
9. Dh`hm
Dh`hmle
lerr pe`f
pe`ftt (Yhk
(Yhkei
eihe
he))
Dh`hmler pe`ft thr`hted pene kecfem etes du`ft lemcet khrnhdetem nhmcem
demnumc reokut thrnfrf nerf ch`hokumc-ch`hokumc dhif` yemc khrouere dh
ne`eo demnumc reokut
reokut (ba`fdh`).
(ba`fdh`). Ba`fdh`
Ba`fdh` reokut ohmch`uerdem
ohmch`uerdem `hoed yemc
ohofmyedf du`ft nem ohmlece dh`umedem reokut. Dh`hmlerpe`ft ohokhmtud shkuo
eteu urep du`ft. ^hrdhiue`f
^hrdhiue`f pene th`eped
th`eped temcem nem th`eped
th`eped dedf, dh`hmler 
dh`hmler 
 pe`ft thrnepet nf shoue kecfem tukug thruteoe pene
pen e kecfem oude.Zene
oude.Zen e uouomye,
setu ketemc reokut gemye ohopumyef setu dh`hmler pe`ft eteu dh`hmler shkeshe
yemc khrouere pene se`urem ba`fdh` reokut. Zene du`ft dhpe`e, dh`hmler pe`ft eteu
dh`hmler
dh`hmler shkeshe
shkeshe ohmcgesf`dem
ohmcgesf`dem ofmyed
ofmyed umtud oh`uoesf
oh`uoesf reokut nem du`ft
dhpe`e. Zene dhkatedem aremc nhwese, nfthoudem kegwe dh`hmler pe`ft eteu
dh`hmler shkeshe ohokhser
ohokhser shnemcdem ba`fdh` reokut
reokut ohmchif`. Zene du`ft kenem
throes
throesud
ud pene kecfem
kecfem weleg,
weleg, lfde pranudsf
pranudsf ofmyed
ofmyed nerf dh`hml
dh`hmler
er pe`ft eteu
dh`hm
dh`hmle
lerr sh
shkes
keshe
hekhr
khr`h
`hkf
kfge
gem,
m, oede
oede du`ft
du`ft edem
edem `h
`hkf
kfg
g kh
khro
rofm
fmye
yed
d sh
shgf
gfmc
mcce
ce
ohounegdem tfoku`mye lhrewet.
i. Gfpa
Gfpanh
nhro
rofs
fs / Yuk
Yukiu
iutf
tfss

59
 

@epfsem fmf thruteoe ohmcemnumc lerfmcem `hoed, phoku`ug nereg nem

`fobh, sereb-sereb yemc khrle`em shleler nhmcem phroudeem du`ft. Iekemc-iekemc
nerf phoku`ug-phoku`ug nem sereb-sereb ohmulu `epfsem du`ft lemcet. Lerfmcem fdet
 keweg du`ft khrbumcsf shkecef kemte`em eteu phmyemcce khmturem kecf arcem-arcem tukug
 kecfem ne`eo, ohokhmtud damtur tukug nem shkecef ienemcem oedemem.
Dhthke`em nem dhne`eoem lerfmcem `hoed khrverfesf shpemlemc
shpem lemc damtur tukug,
 pe`fmc thke` nf nehreg pemtet nem pe`fmc tfpfs thrnepet nf dh`aped oete. Lfde usfe
ohmlenf tue, dfmhrle `fpasft ne`eo lerfmcem fdet keweg
k eweg du`ft luce ohmurum. Kecfem
tukug yemc shkh`uomye
shkh`uomye khrfsf
khrfsf kemyed `hoed,
`hoed, `hoedmye
`hoedmye khrduremc
khrduremc shgfmcce
shgfmcce du`ft
edem ohmchmnur shrte oedfm dhgf`emcem damtur.
Du`ft tfpfs ohmutupf sh`urug kecfem tukug dhiue`f va`e oemus nem p`emte phnfs
yemc ohrupedem
ohrupedem du`ft thke`.
thke`. Hpfnhrofsmy
Hpfnhrofsmyee tfpfs
tfpfs shnemcdem
shnemcdem dhthke`em
dhthke`em du`ftmye
du`ftmye
thrcemtumc nerf nehreg nf tukug. Zene nesermye ohof`fdf susumem yemc seoe nhmcem du`ft

thke`, gemye thrnepet khkhrepe phrkhneem<

5. Hpfnhrofs
Hpfnhrofs semcet
semcet tfpfs,thr
tfpfs,thruteoe
uteoe stret
stretuo
uo spfmasuo
spfmasuo ohmfpfs.
ohmfpfs.
;. Ytretuo
Ytretuo cremu`as
cremu`asuo
uo tfned
tfned ohrupede
ohrupedem
m `epfsem
`epfsem yemc
yemc damtfmyu
damtfmyu..
9. ^fned
^fned thrn
thrnepet
epet str
stretu
etuo
o `uifn
`uifnfuo
fuo..
>. Ytretu
Ytretuo
o iarm
iarmhuo
huo semcet
semcet tfpfs.
tfpfs.
8. Zepf`e
Zepf`e iarf
iarfff tfned
tfned thret
thretur
ur susum
susumemmy
emmye.
e.
2. @hkfg
@hkfg shnfdf
shnfdftt enemye
enemye c`emnu`
c`emnu`ee sunarfb
sunarfbhre
hre..
3. ^hrnepe
^hrnepett ba`fdh
ba`fdh`` reokut
reokut nem
nem c`emnu`
c`emnu`ee shkeihe
shkeihe..
;.5.> Nhrfvet Du`ft
e) [eokut
[eokut ohrupedem
ohrupedem strudtur
strudtur khrdhretfm
khrdhretfm pemlemc
pemlemc yemc khrese`
khrese` nerf
fmvecfmesf hpfth` hpfnhrofs. [eokut nfthoudem nfsh`urug tukug dhiue`f pene th`eped 
temcem,, th`eped
temcem th`eped dedf, kfkfr,
kfkfr, c`ems phmfs, d`ftarfs
d`ftarfs nem `ekfe ofmare. Zhrtuokugem
Zhrtuokugem
reok
reokut
ut pene
pene nehre
nehreg-
g-ne
nehr
hreg
eg tukug
tukug sh
shphr
phrtf
tf du`ft
du`ft dh
dhpe`
pe`e,
e, oude
oude,, nem pu
pukf
kfss se
semc
mcet
et
nfphmcerugf
nfphmcerugf tfned sele a`hg garoam dh`eofm-thr
dh`eofm-thruteoe
uteoe emnrachm-tht
emnrachm-thtepf
epf luce a`hg
garoam enrhme`
enrhme` nem
nem garoam tfraf
tfrafn.
n. Yhtfep reokut
reokut khrdhokemc
khrdhokemc nerf
nerf shkueg fmvecfmesf
fmvecfmesf
hpfnhroe`,
hpfnhroe`, yeftu ba`fdh`
ba`fdh` reokut
reokut yemc sh`eoe
sh`eoe oese phrtuokugemmye
phrtuokugemmye ohopumyef
ohopumyef

 ph`hkerem pene ulumc nfshkut ku`kus reokut. Zene neser ku`kus reokut nepet

5>
 

nf`fget
nf`fget pepf`e
pepf`e nhrofs.
nhrofs. Zepf`e
Zepf`e nhrofs
nhrofs ohmcemnumc
ohmcemnumc le`fmem
le`fmem depf`hr
depf`hr yemc vfte` kecf
dh`emcsumcem gfnup ba`fdh` reokut.
[eokut thrnepet nf sh`urug du`ft dhiue`f th`eped temcem dedf nem kecfem
narse` nerf be`emc nfste` lerf temcem, dedf, phmfs, `ekfe ofmare nem kfkfr.
^hrnepet ; lhmfs reokut<
5. [eokut
[eokut thro
throfme`
fme` (nepe
(nepett pemlem
pemlemc
c nem phmnh
phmnhd)
d)
;. [eokut
[eokut vh`u
vh`uss (phmnhd
(phmnhd,, ge`us
ge`us nem `hok
`hokut)
ut)..
[eokut ohopumyef > bumcsf yeftu<
5. Oh`fmn
Oh`fmnumc
umcff du`ft
du`ft nerf phmcerug
phmcerug kurud,
kurud, shphrtf
shphrtf e`fs oete oh`fmn
oh`fmnumc
umcff oete
oete
nerf dhrfmcet
dhrfmcet ecer tfned ohmce`fr dh oete, ku`u gfnumc (vfkrfsseh
(vfkrfsseh))
umtud ohmyerfmc unere.
;. Zhmc
Zhmcet
etur
ur su
sugu
gu
9. Zh
Zhmn
mnar
aramc
amc phmcu
phmcuep
epem
em dhrfm
dhrfmcet
cet

>. Fmnhr
Fmnhree phrek
phrekee yemc
yemc shmsf
shmsftf
tfb.
b.

^hrnepet ; besh reokut<

5. Be
Besh
sh phr
phrtu
tuok
okug
ugem
em (Em
(Emec
echm)
hm)
Dhihpetem
Dhihpetem phrtuokugem
phrtuokugem reokut khrverfesf
khrverfesf reokut lemccut
thrihpet nffdutf du`ft dhph`e.
dhp h`e. Khr`emcsumc seopef nhmcem usfe 2 tegum.
6: % nerf 5::.:::
5:: .::: ba`fdh` reokut du`ft dhpe`e maroe`
ma roe` ohmce`eof besh
 phrtuokugem pene setu seet.
;. Be
Besh
sh Fst
Fstfr
freg
eget
et (^h
(^h`a
`achm
chm))
Khr`emcsumc > ku`em, reokut ohmce`eof dhramtadem 8: ’5::
`hokerr reokut
`hoke reokut ramtad ne`eo tfep gerfmye.
gerfmye. Chred ohrfmnfmc
ohrfmnfmc lfde
thrlenf treuoe strhss, nfshkut Zf`ahrhdsf. Serme reokut nfthmtudem
a`hg luo`eg oh`emfm
oh`emfm Zhrtuokugem reokut pene nehreg thrthmtu
thrthmtu nfdamtra`
a`hg garoam shds (reokut weleg, lemccut, duofs, nene,
nen e, pumccumc, nf
damtra`
damtra` a`hg G. Emnrachm.
Emnrachm. Duemtftes
Duemtftes nem due`ftes
due`ftes nfstrfkusf
nfstrfkusf remkut
nfthmtudem a`hg damnfsfs Hmnadrfm. Gfrsutfsoh (phrtuokugem reokut
yemc khr`hkfgem pene Y. Iusgfmc (wemfte).

 k) Dudu

58
 

Dudu thrsusum
thrsusum etes prathfm
prathfm yemc ohmchres
ohmchres nfshkut
nfshkut dhretfm.
dhretfm. Bumcsfmye
Bumcsfmye
shkecef ph`fmnumc ulumc lerf temcem nem lerf dedf. @hophmc dudu (@D) khrkhmtud 
hopet phrshcf pemlemc,
pemlemc, dhres, ihokumc
ihokumc dh ereg `ethre`
`ethre` nem narse`,
narse`, tremsperem,
tremsperem,
thr`hted
thr`hted nf narse`a
narse`a pe`fmc nfste`.
nfste`. @D thrkhmt
thrkhmtud
ud nerf kegem temnud
temnud yemc tuokug
tuokug dh ereg
narse` umtud wedtu yemc
yem c tfned thrketes. Dhihpetem tuokug dudu lerf temcem< `hkfg
duremc :,5 oo/ gerf, dudu lerf dedf 5/9-5/; dhihpetem dudu lerf temcem. ^hke` dudu
temcem khrverfesf :,8 oo-:,38oo, nempene dedf nepet ohmiepef 5,: oo. @D thrnfrf
nerf tfce `epfsem garfzamte` yemc oesfmc-oesfmc ene`eg<
5. @epfsem
@epfsem narse` tfpfs yemc nfkhmtud a`hg oetrfds
oetrfds kecfem pradsfoe`
pradsfoe` (5/9 kecfem).
kecfem).
;. @epfsem
@epfsem fmthrohnfht
fmthrohnfht yemc nfkhmtud
nfkhmtud a`hg oetrfds
oetrfds kecfem nfste`
nfste` (;/9 kecfem).
kecfem).
9. @epfsem
@epfsem vhmtre` yemc nfkhmtud
nfkhmtud a`hg `epfsem
`epfsem temnud neser
neser dudu nem gfpamfdfuo
gfpamfdfuo
yemc ohmcemnumc dhretfm `umed.
@umu`e eteu ku`em sekft thr`hted nf pradsfoe` @D. @umu`e ohrupedem ulumc

edgfr oetrfds dudu. Serme putfg `umu`e nfshkekdem hpfth` yemc `hkfg thke` nerf hpfth`
de
dese
serr du
dudu
du ne
nem
m du
dure
remc
mc oh`h
oh`hdet
detmy
myee hp
hpft
fth`
h` nf
nfke
kewe
wegmy
gmyee sh
shgf
gfmcc
mccee tr
trem
emso
sofs
fsff werm
wermee
 phoku`ug nreg duremc
d uremc nfpemierdem. Nehreg nf keweg @D nfshkut gfpamfdfuo. E`ur 
dudu nem `fpetdudu
`fpetdudu ohrupedem
ohrupedem ketes nem ph`fmnumc
ph`fmnumc dudu. @fpet dudu pradsfoe`
pradsfoe`
ohrupedem phr`uesem hpfnhrofs, khrseoe dudu yemc oh`fmnumcf oetrfds dudu. Zranud 
edgfrmye ene`eg dutfdh`. Zene oetrfds dudu thrnepet sh` oh`emasft.

Kecfem-kecfem dudu<

5) Oetrfds
Oetrfds dudu< ohrupedem
ohrupedem phokhmtud
phokhmtud lerfmcem
lerfmcem dudu
dudu yemc keru.
keru.
;) Nfmnfm
Nfmnfmc
c dudu (mef`
(mef` we``)<
we``)< ohrupe
ohrupedem
dem `fpete
`fpetem-`
m-`fpe
fpetem
tem du`ft
du`ft yemc
yemc ohmutu
ohmutupf
pf kecfem
kecfem
 pfmccfr nem etes.
9) Neser dudu (mef`
(mef` khn)<
khn)< ohrupedem
ohrupedem kecfem
kecfem du`ft
du`ft yemc nftutup
nftutupff dudu.
>) E`ur dudu
dudu (mef` craavh)<
craavh)< ohruped
ohrupedem
em ih`eg emtere
emtere nfmnfmc
nfmnfmc nem neser
neser dudu.
8) Eder
Eder dudu (mef`
(mef` raat)
raat)<< ohruped
ohrupedem
em kecfem
kecfem thmceg
thmceg dudu yemc
yemc nfdh`f
nfdh`f`f
`fmcf
mcf nfmnfm
nfmnfmc
c
dudu.
2) @hophmc
@hophmc dudu (mef` p`eth)< ohrupedem kecfem thmceg dudu yemc nfdh`f`fm
nfdh`f`fmcf
cf nfmnfmc
nfmnfmc
dudu.

52
 

3) @umu`e
@umu`e<< ohrupe
ohrupedem
dem kecfem
kecfem `hophm
`hophmc
c dudu khrwerm
khrwermee putfg
putfg nhdet eder dudu khrkhmtu
khrkhmtud 
d 
 ku`em sekft, shrfmc thrtutup a`hg du`ft.
7) Hpamfd
Hpamfdfuo
fuo<< ohrupe
ohrupedem
dem nfmnfm
nfmnfmc
c dudu
dudu kecfem
kecfem pradsf
pradsfoe`
oe`,, du`ft
du`ft erfmye ohmutupf
ohmutupf kecfem
 phroudeem `hophmc dudu.
6) Gfpamfdfuo<
Gfpamfdfuo< ohrupedem neser dudu, du`ft erf nf keweg dudu yemc khkes (brhh
(brhh hnch)
ohmhke`.
;.; Zetabfsfa`acf Yfstho Fmthcuohm
;.;.5 Yfstho Fmthcuohm
5) Zh
Zhre
rene
nemce
mcem
m pene
pene Du`
Du`ft
ft
[enemc du`ft ohrupedem rhedsf e`hrcf
e`hrcf khrupe rueo nem luce cete` pene
du`ft.. Meoum lemcem tedut derhme phmyedft fmf tfned
du`ft tfned ohmu`er,
ohmu`er, thtepf
thtepf kfesemye
kfesemye
nfturumdem oh`e`uf dh`uerce. Yfbet nerf phmyedft fmf khru`emc shgfmcce `hkfg su`ft
umtud nfshokugdem shiere tate`. Lfde renemc du`ft fmf thrlenf pene emed-emed, kfesemye

shth`eg nhwese edem shokug nhmcem tate`.

Ene kefdmye ohmchteguf phmyhkek renemc du`ft. Ge` fmf
nfoedsundem
nfoedsundem dhtfde phmyedft fmf netemc kfse `hkfg ouneg ohmierf aket umtud 
ohmyho
ohmyhokug
kugdem
dem renemc
renemc du`ft.
du`ft.Zhm
Zhmyhke
yhkek
k renemc
renemc du`ft
du`ft nfemte
nfemterem
remye
ye derhme
derhme
 phmccumeem dasohtfd yemc tfned shsuef, e`hrcf thrdhme kegem-kegem phrgfesem
foftesf, e`hrcf thrdhme defm yemc khrsfbet deser, e`hrcf nhmcem nhthrchm eteupum
iefrem umtud ohmiuif `efmmye, phmccumeem leo temcem, e`hrcf thrgenep phmccumeem
 pamsh` kegdem e`hrcf thrgenep oedemem thrthmtu.
Chle`ee yemc nftfoku`dem
Chle` nftfoku`dem lfde renemc
renemc du`ft fmf genfr nf du`ft ene`eg edem tfok
tfoku`
u`
resee yemc semcet
res semcet cete
cete`` yemc nf`em
nf`emlut
lutdem
dem nhm
nhmcem
cem tfoku
tfoku`my
`myee `hpugem
`hpugem nfdu`f
nfdu`ftt yemc
yemc
 khrwerme ohreg. @hpugeg fmfnepet phieg nem edem ohmch`uerdem iefrem. Kf`e iefrem
fmf nfkferdem
nfkferdem edem ohmchrfmc
ohmchrfmc nem edem ohmfoku`dem
ohmfoku`dem dhred pene du`ft.Lfde
du`ft.Lfde chle`e
chle`e
renemc pene du`ft suneg genfr oede gfmnerf damted nhmcem e`hrchm (kegem yemc
ohmyhkekdem e`hrcf).
e`hrcf). Kfesemye edem tfoku` dhkfmcumcem umtud ohmcfmcet kegem
yemc ohmyhkekdem e`hrcf. Meoum yemc kfse Dfte phrgetfdem nfoeme `hted renemc
du`ft yemc tfoku`. Lfde thrlenf oude, dhoumcdfmem nfshkekdem phoedefem dasohtfd 
yemc tfned shsuef. Meoum lfde thrlenf pene phrch`emcem temcem thopet nfoeme

 kfesemye ohmccumedem leo temcem, dhoumcdfmemm derhme thdememem phoedefem

53
 

 leo temcem thrshkut.Chle`e renemc yemc nfthoudem nf nehreg thopet phoedefem

dasohtfd
dasohtfd kfse lenf nfshkekdem
nfshkekdem derhme phoedefem
phoedefem phrgfesem
phrgfesem thrshkut.
thrshkut. Meoum lfde
thrlenf pene temcemnem
temcemnem lerf-lerf kfse
kfse lenf nfshkekdem derhme phmccumeme nhthrlhm
eteupum phmccumeem iefrem umtud ohmiuif `efmmye. Yh`efm fftu
tu lfde
lfde rese cete` fmf
fmf
tfoku`
tfoku`,, gfmner
gfmnerff umtud
umtud ohmcce
ohmccerud
rudmye.
mye. Yhkef
Yhkefdmye
dmye cumed
cumedem
em drfo
drfo ph`hoke
ph`hokek.G
k.Ge`
e` fmf
ohmihceg du`ft ohmchrfmc yemc rhmtemohmfoku`dem rese cete`
cete`.. Aket emtf e`hrcf luce kfse
ohmyhokugdem renemc du`ft. Lfde suneg semcet
semcet ohmccemccu nem umtud ohmcgfmnerdem
thrlenfmye
thrlenfmye fmbhdsf
fmbhdsf e`emcdeg
e`emcdeg kefdmye
kefdmye umtud
umtud ohohrfdsede
ohohrfdsedem
m dhpene nadthr ecer 
nfkhrfdem phmemcemem umtud ohmyhokugdem renemc du`ft nhmcem `hkfg kefd.
;) Zhmyedf
Zhmyedftt Zh
Zhren
renemc
emcem
em Zene
Zene Du`ft
Du`ft
Nhroetftfs ene`eg suetu damnfsf uouo yemc kfesemye tfned ohmcemieo lfwe
eteu ohmu`er. ^epf damnfsf fmf nepet ohokuet shsharemc ohrese tfned myeoem nem
 phrieye nfrf. @emcdeg phrewetem nfrf nem aket-aketem nepet ohokemtu ohmcaketf

 phmyedft nhroetftfs.
Zhmchrtfem
Zhmchrtfem nhroetftf
nhroetftfss ene`eg
ene`eg fstf`eg
fstf`eg uouo yemc ohmcceokerde
ohmcceokerdem
m suetu
 phrenemcem pene du`ft. Ene khrkecef lhmfs nhroetftfs, throesud nhroetftfs shkarafd 
nem nhroet
nhroetftfs
ftfs etapfd
etapfd (hdsfo)
(hdsfo).. Ohsdfpu
Ohsdfpum
m cemccuem
cemccuem thrshkut
thrshkut nepet ohof`fdf
ohof`fdf kemyed 
 phmyhkek nem thrlenf ne`eo khrkecef khmtud, ceokerem d`fmfs yemc nftfoku`dem
emtere `efm khmcded, ohohreg nem du`ft cete`.
Nhroetftfs ene`eg
en e`eg fstf`eg yemc `ues yemc ohmiedup khrkecef cemccuem
yemc shoue ohmcedfketde
ohmcedfketdem
m rueo, ohreg cete`. Khkhrepe
Khkhrepe lhmfs nhroetftf
nhroetftfss gemye
ohophmcerugf
ohophmcerugf kecfem thrthmtu
thrthmtu nerf tukug, shnemcdem
shnemcdem yemc `efm nepet thrlenf
thrlenf nf
oeme sele. Khkhrepe
Khkhrepe lhmfs nhroetftf
nhroetftfss oh
ohof`f
of`fdf
df phmyhkek
phmyhkek yemc nfdhteguf,
nfdhteguf, shnemcdem
shnemcdem
yemc `efmmye
`efmmye tfned.
tfned. Meoum, phmyedft
phmyedft nhroetftf
nhroetftfss sh`e`u
sh`e`u khrgukumcem
khrgukumcem nhmcem du`ft
yemc khrhedsf
khrhedsf thrgenep
thrgenep dhdhrfmcem
dhdhrfmcem khret,
khret, ohmccerud,
ohmccerud, zet frftesf,
frftesf, eteu e`hrchm.
e`hrchm.
Kfesemye,
Kfesemye, sukstemsf
sukstemsf yemc netemc
netemc ne`eo damted `emcsumc
`emcsumc nhmcem du`ft,
du`ft, thtepf
thtepf
denemc-denemc sukstemsf luce netemc derhme nfth`em (shphrtf e`hrcf oedemem). Ne`eo
shoue desus, ohmccerud thrus ohmhrus eteu ohmccasad edgfrmye nepet ohmyhkekdem
 phmhke`em nem phmchresem du`ft.
Nhroetftfs oumcdfm ohrupedem rhedsf sfmcdet umtud sukstemsf. Ne`eo desus

shphrtff ftu nepet ohmcgesf`de

shphrt ohmcgesf`dem
m chle`e-chle
chle`e-chle`e,
`e, shphrtf
shphrtf cete` nem dhohregem,
dhohregem, gemye

57
 

 khkhrepe leo eteu gemye setu eteu nue gerf. Nhroetftfs dramfs khrtegem sh`eoe
 lemcde wedtu thrthmtu. ^emcem nem dedf semcet rhmtem thrgenep nhroetftfs dramfs,
derhme temcem shrfmc damted nhmcem zet-zet esfmc nem dedf khrene nf kecfem keweg
k eweg
yemc damnfsfmye
damnfsfmye gemcet `hokek
`hokek shgfmcce
shgfmcce phmccumeem
phmccumeem deasdedf
deasdedf nem shpetu
shpetu nepet
ohmnudumc phrtuokugem leour.
Nhroetftfs
Nhroetftfs dramfs nepet ohwedf`f
ohwedf`f se`eg setu damted, leour, eteu phmyedft
phmyedft
du`ft `efmmye yemc tfned iudup nf nfecmasfs eteu nfaketf,
n faketf, eteu oumcdfm se`eg setu
nerf khkhrepe dh`efmem du`ft dramfs yemc tfned nfdhteguf ese`mye. Derhme nhroetftfs
dramfs
dramfs ohmcge
ohmcgesf`
sf`dem
dem rhted
rhted nem `hih
`hihtt nf du`ft
du`ft,, shoue
shoue lhmfs
lhmfs nhroe
nhroetf
tftfs
tfs dram
dramfs
fs nepet
nepet
ohmyhkekdem
ohmyhkekdem fmbhdsf
fmbhdsf kedthrf.
kedthrf. ^hrnepet
^hrnepet khrkecef
khrkecef lhmfs phmyedft
phmyedft nhroetftfs
nhroetftfs,, meoum
nhroetftfs damted nem nhroetftfs etapfd ohrupedem lhmfs yemc
y emc pe`fmc shrfmc
nfthoudem.
9) Fmbh
Fmbhds
dsff pe
pene
ne Du`f
Du`ftt

Zhmyedftt fmbhdsf
Zhmyedf fmbhdsf du`ft ene`eg
ene`eg phmyedft
phmyedft yemc pe`fmc
pe`fmc uouo, thrlenf
thrlenf pene
aremc-aremc nerf shce`e usfe. Yhkecfem khser phmcaketem fmbhdsf du`ft ohokutugdem
wedtu `eoe umtud ohmumluddem
ohmumluddem hbhd. Oese`egmye
Oese`egmye ohmlenf
ohmlenf `hkfg ohmihoesdem
ohmihoesdem lfde
 phmyedft tfned ohrhspam thrgenep phmcaketem. ^fned kemyed stetfstfd yemc
ohokudtfdem kegwe brhduhmsf yemc
yem c thpet nerf phmyedft du`ft, meoum dhsem uouo
shdfter
shdfter 5:-;: phrshm
phrshm pesfhm
pesfhm ohmierf
ohmierf meshget
meshget ohnfs lfde ohmnhrfte
ohmnhrfte phmyedft
phmyedft pene
du`ft. Oetegerf ene`eg
en e`eg se`eg setu suokhr yemc
y emc pe`fmc ohmamla` nerf demdhr du`ft
nem treuoe
treuoe thrdeft.
thrdeft. Zhmyedft
Zhmyedft du`ft umtud shkecfem
shkecfem aremc thruteoe
thruteoe wemfte
wemfte edem
ohmcgesf`de
ohmcgesf`dem
m dhshmcsereem,
dhshmcsereem, phmnhrfteem,
phmnhrfteem, dhtfnedoeop
dhtfnedoeopuem
uem seopef dhrucfem
dhrucfem
hdamaof. Yh`efm ftu,ohrhde ohmcemccep ieiet khser ne`eo oesyeredet. Meoum edfket
dhoeluem
dhoeluem thdma`acf
thdma`acf nem phrdhokemcem
phrdhokemcem f`ou dhnadthrem
dhnadthrem khdes `ude du`ft nepet
 khrgesf` nf`hpes nhmcem phrhmiemeem p`estfd, threpf `eshr, phmiemcdadem du`ft nem
`efm shkecefmye. Chle`e-chle`e phmyedft pene du`ft nepet ohmlenf pereg lfde tfned 
nfaketf, denemc-denemc kegdem ohmyedftdem. Khkhrepe phmyedft renemc du`ft nepet
ohmyhkekdem lerfmcem perut nem phmcrusedem. Chle`e-chle`e phmyedft du`ft pum phr`u
nfrewet umtud ohmcamtra` tfmcdet dhperegem nem phrdhokemcemmye.
;.;.;
;.;.; Oeieo
Oeieo-Oe
-Oeieo
ieo Zhm
Zhmyed
yedft
ft Fmbhds
Fmbhdsff Zene
Zene Du`ft
Du`ft

E. Hdsf
Hdsfo
o (hd
(hdzh
zhoe
oe))

56
 

Nftemnef
Nftemnef nhmcem du`ft dhohreg-ohr
dhohreg-ohregem,
egem, khrsfsfd,
khrsfsfd, phieg-phieg,
phieg-phieg, threse
threse
cete`thrut
cete`thruteoe
eoe pene oe`eo gerf, tfoku`
tfoku` ch`hokumc
ch`hokumc dhif`
dhif` yemc khrfsf
khrfsf efr
efr eteu
eteu
memeg, khmcded, oh`hpug, khrwerme ohreg, semcet cete` nem threse pemes. Zhmyhkekmye
derhme
derhme e`hrcf
e`hrcf thrgene
thrgenep
p remcse
remcsemcem
mcem zetdfo
zetdfofe
fe thr
thrthm
thmtu,
tu, oeupum
oeupum dhphdee
dhphdeem
m
thrgenepoedemem thrthmtu shphrtf unemc, fdem `eut, e`daga`,
e`daga`, nem vhtsfm.
K. Du
Dunf
nfss siek
siekfh
fhzz
- Chle`e
Chle`e<< tfoku`
tfoku` cete` ghket
ghket nf oe`eo gerf,
gerf, thr
thrute
uteoe
oe nf sh`e-sh`
sh`e-sh`ee lerf temcem,
temcem, nf
 keweg dhtfed, pfmccemc, e`et dh`eofm, shdh`f`fmc sfdu, ehra`h (shdh`f`fmc putfmc
 peyunere), nem phroudeem nhpem phrch`emcem. Dunfs ouneg ohmu`er dh aremc `efm kefd 
shiere `emcsumc oeupum tfned `emcsumc (gemnud eteu pedefem).
- Zhmihcegem<
Zhmihcegem< dunfs `hkfg
`hkfg shrfmc
shrfmc thrlenf
thrlenf nf nehregyemc
nehregyemc gycfhmh
gycfhmh yemcduremc
yemcduremc khrsfg
khrsfg nem
ohoh`fgere dhkhrsfgem tukug ene`eg welfk kf`e
kf`e fmcfm thrgfmner nerf phmyedft du`ft.
I. Dure
Durep
p phmyh
phmyhke
kek
k leour
leour

- Chle`e
Chle`e<< du`ft
du`ft ohml
ohmlenf
enf thke
thke`` nem tfoku`
tfoku` `fmcder
`fmcderem-
em-`fm
`fmcder
cderem,
em, khr
khrsfs
sfsfd,
fd, `hokek,
`hokek,
 khrefr, nem threse cete`. dhounfem tfoku` khried dhputfgem.
- Zhmihcegem<
Zhmihcegem< lece dhkhrsfgem
dhkhrsfgem du`ft thruteoe
thruteoe nf erhe thmcdud,
thmcdud, `hghr,
`hghr, nem du`ft dhpe`e.
dhpe`e.
N. Kf
Kfsu
su`` (Bur
(Burum
umdh`
dh`))
Kfsu` nfshkekdem
nfshkekdem derhme enemye fmbhdsf
fmbhdsf kedthrf
kedthrf Ytebf`adadus eurhus 
eurhus  pene du`ft
oh`e
oh`e`u
`uff ba`f
ba`fdh
dh`` re
reok
okut
ut,, dh
dh`h
`hml
mler
erof
ofmy
myed
ed,, dh
dh`h
`hml
mler
er dh
dhrf
rfmc
mcet
et ye
yemc
mc
dhounfemohmf
dhounfemohmfoku`de
oku`dem
m fmbhdsf
fmbhdsf `ade`. Bedtar yemc ohmfmcdetdem
ohmfmcdetdem rfsfda thrdhme
thrdhme kfsu`
emteree `efmdhkhrs
emter `efmdhkhrsfgem
fgem yemc kurud, `ude yemc thrfmbhdsf
thrfmbhdsf,, ph`hoegem
ph`hoegem nfekhths,
nfekhths,
dasohtfde yemcohmyuoket parf nem phoedefem kegem dfofe.
H. Ieop
Ieoped
ed ([uk
([ukh`
h``e
`e))
Chle`e nerf phmyedft fmf ene`eg nhoeo, khrsfm, pf`hd, sedft dhpe`e, kenemthrese `hsu,
tfned mebsu oedem, nem
nem renemc oete.
oete. Yhth`eg
Yhth`eg khkhrepe gerf
gerf nerf chle`e
chle`e thrshkut
thrshkut tfoku`
tfoku`
rueo ohreg yemc cete`,
c ete`, khrteokeg khser, thrshker dh khkhrepe
k hkhrepe kecfem tukug.
B. Duste
Duste ene`eg phmyedft fmbhd
fmbhdsf
sf dramfs
dramfs yemc nf shkekdem
shkekdem a`hg  Oyiakeithrfuo `hpre
yemc fmthrsh`u`
fmthrsh`u`hr
hr ak`fcet,
ak`fcet, yemc phrteoe
phrteoe ohmyhremcser
ohmyhremcsereb
eb thpf, sh`emlutmye
sh`emlutmye
nepetohmyhremc du`ft,
d u`ft, oudase ou`ut, se`urem mebes kecfem etes, sfstho hmnath`fe`,

oete,atat, tu`emc, nem thstfs.

;:
 

C. @hpre
- Chle`e<
Chle`e< kfesemye
kfesemye chle`e
chle`e ewe`mye
ewe`mye du`ft thr`fget
thr`fget ohmcdhrut
ohmcdhrut kegdem lfde phmyedft
phmyedft thrshkut
thrshkut
suneg edut duoemmye phr`egem-`egem edem ohoedem du`ft nem necfmc.
G. Ieier
Ieier efr
efr (Breok
(Breokusf
usfe)
e)
Zhmyedftt du`ft fmf nfshkekdem
Zhmyedf nfshkekdem a`hg shlhmfs
shlhmfs vfrus kedthrf
kedthrf ^rypemasaoe
^rypemasaoe.. Zhmyedft
Zhmyedft fmf
semcet
semcet ohmu`e
ohmu`err thrute
thruteoe
oe oh`e`u
oh`e`uff unere,
unere, pedefe
pedefem,
m, tho
thopet
pettfn
tfnur
ur nem dhraphm
dhraphmc
c
 phmnhrfte. Dhthremcem< nerf leug du`ft yemc thrdhme Breokusfe ofrfp nhmcem kueg
breokus yemc khrkfmtf`-kfmtf` remuo.
F. Zemu
Zemu ene`eg phmyedft du`ft yemc nfshkekdem a`hg leour, phmyedft pemu nftemnef
nhmcem khried yemc thrnepet pene du`ft nfshrtef rese cete` pene seet khrdhrfmcet.
Khried-khried fmf kfse khrwerme putfg, iad`et, shrte phmcaketemmye nhmcem iefrem
eseo khmzaet,nem eseo se`fsf`et eteu (Emamyous, ;:5:).

;.;.9 Oeieo-Oeieo E`hrcf Du`ft

 E`hrcf du`ft lhmfs Nhroetftfs Etapfd (Hdsfo)
Nhroetftfs
Nhroetftfs etapfd
etapfd shrfmc
shrfmc thrlenf
thrlenf pene emed-emed,
emed-emed, we`eupum
we`eupum pene nhwese
oune luce kfese
kfese thrlenf
thrlenf nem kfse thrus
thrus dh ne`eo dhgfnupem
dhgfnupem nhwese.
nhwese. [ueo
nhroetftf
nhroetftfss etapfd
etapfd thrlenf
thrlenf nf oeme shsharemc
shsharemc thrdhme
thrdhme carhsem.
carhsem. Zene keyf, rueo
thrlenf nf pfpf nene, nem du`ft dhpe`e. Emed yemc `hkfg khser nem nhwese
nh wese kfesemye
ohof`fdf rueo nf du`ft `fpetem sfdu nem nf kh`edemc `utut, ohsdfpum oumcdfm
 luce thrlenf pene weleg, `hghr, temcem, dedf nem pumccumc. [ueo fmf ohreg, shrfmc
shrpfg eteu ohrhokhs, nem `hpug dhif` eteu khmla`em. Yhrfmc thrlenf hxiarfetfams eteu
nehreg e`hrcf du`ft yemc rused nerf ecrhsfbftes cerudem.
 E`hrcf du`ft lhmfs Xrtfderfe (Gfvhs) nem Emcfahnhoe (Zhokhmcdedem)
Xrtfderfe
Xrtfderfe ene`eg shkueg rueo cete` yemc nepet thrlenf
thrlenf pene shoue usfe.
[ueo fmf oumiu` shkecef edfket phmcemcdetem
phmcemcdetem khmla`em
khmla`em ohreg nerf khrkecef
khrkecef
 khmtud nem udurem, nem kfesemye khr`emcsumc sh`eoe khkhrepe ohmft gfmcce
 khrleo-leo. Zhokhmcdedem denemc-denemc shle`em nhmcem urtfderfe yemc kfese
nfshkut emcfahnhoe (kfesemye phokhmcdedem pene kfkfr, oete, nem temcem nem dedf).
Emcfahn
Emcfahnhoe
hoe kfesem
kfesemye
ye tfned
tfned cete`
cete` eteu
eteu ohreg,
ohreg, fe ihmnhru
ihmnhrumc
mc umt
umtud
ud ohokede
ohokeder,
r,

;5
 

ohmyhmcet
ohmyhmcet eteu ohmyhkekdem
ohmyhkekdem shmsesf
shmsesf dhshoutem.
dhshoutem. Zereg phokhmcdedem
phokhmcdedem fmf
dhoeopuem umtud khrmepes kfse khrkegeye nem kegdem ohmcemieo lfwe.
 E`hrcf du`ft lhmfs Damted Nhroetftfs
Damted nhroet
nhroetftfs
ftfs fmf
fmf nfshkekdem
nfshkekdem nerf
nerf damted
damted du`ft
du`ft yemc nepet ohmlenf
ohmlenf e`hrcf
e`hrcf
du`ft nhmcem zet yemc ohmyhkekdem rhedsf shphrtf rueo. Aremc khrhedsf thrgenep
 khrkecef kegem dfofe, throesud dasohtfd, phwerme reokut, `aceo, aket tapfie`,
nem shkecefmye.
shkecefmye. Iamtag nerf nhroetftfs
nhroetftfs damted ene`eg rueo nerf pafsam fvy,
yemc semcet cete` nem oumiu` shkecef `hpug iefrem nem dhred shth`eg damted nhmcem
temeoem (Zuspeserf, ;:53).
;.
;.;.
;.>
> @u
@ude
de nem
nem Hdsu
Hdsune
nett
Du`ft yemc ohrupedem
ohrupedem `epfsem
`epfsem thr`uer
thr`uer yemc ohmutupf
ohmutupf sh`urug
sh`urug tukug semcet
rewem thrdhme
thrdhme dhrusedem.
dhrusedem. Du`ft yemc ohmce`eof
ohmce`eof dhrusedem
dhrusedem ouneg ohmce`eof
ohmce`eof
rhchmhresf eteu phrkefdem, thtepf lfde dhrusedem `hkfg ne`eo nerf `epfsem nhrofs,

 kfesemye thopet yemc rused edem nffsf a`hg lerfmcem fdet. Dhrusedem pene du`ft fmf
uouomye nfshkut nhmcem `ude.
;.;.>.5
;.;.>.5 @ude
@ude nepet nfertfdem shkecef rusedmye strudtur lerfmcem maroe`, kefd nf ne`eo
eteu nf `uer tukug (Ythvhms, 5666). Ene khkhrepe iere umtud ohokuet d`esfbfdesf `ude.
 Meoum yemc uouo, `ude nepet nfd`esfbfdesfdem shkecef khrfdut<
5. Khrneserdem
Khrneserdem prashs
prashs phmyhoku
phmyhokugem,
gem, nepet
nepet nfdethcarf
nfdethcarfdem
dem ohmlenf
ohmlenf tfce,
tfce, yeftu<
yeftu<
e.  Ghe`fmc ky prfoery fmthmtfam 
fmthmtfam 
^hpff `ude
^hp `ude kfse
kfse ohmyet
ohmyetu
u dhoke`
dhoke`f,
f, phroud
phroudeem
eem khrsfg
khrsfg,, kfesem
kfesemye
ye
thrlenf
thrlenf derhme suetu fmsfsf,
fmsfsf, tfned ene lerfmcem
lerfmcem yemc gf`emc.
gf`emc.
Zhmyhokugem `ude khr`emcsumc nerf
nerf kecfem fmthrme`
fmthrme` dh hdsthrme`.
k. Ghe`fm
Ghe`fmc
c ky
ky shia
shiamner
mneryy fmth
fmthmtf
mtfam
am
^hrnepet shkecfem lerfmcem yemc gf`emc, prashs phmyhokugem
edem khr`emcsumc ou`ef nerf phokhmtudem lerfmcem cremu`esf pene
neser `ude nem shdftermye.
i. Nh`eyhn
Nh`eyhn prfoe
prfoery
ry ghe`fm
ghe`fmc
c (thrtf
(thrtfery
ery ghe`f
ghe`fmc)
mc)
Zhmyhok
Zhmyhokuge
ugem
m `ude
`ude khr`em
khr`emcsu
csumc
mc `eoket
`eoket,, kfesem
kfesemye
ye shrfmc
shrfmc
nfshrtef nhmcem fmbhdsf, nfphr`udem phmutupem `ude shiere oemue`.

;;
 

;. Khrnes
Khrneserd
erdem
em usfe `ude (waumn
(waumn ech) eteu
eteu `eoe
`eoe phmyho
phmyhokuge
kugem
m kfse nfkhnedem
nfkhnedem
ohmlenf nue yeftu<
e. @ude edut
@ude nfdetedem edut lfde phmyhokugem yemc thrlenf ne`eo
 lemcde wedtu ;-9 ofmccu eteu `ude nhmcem oese phmyhokugem shsuef
nhmcem damshp phmyhokugem
phmyhokugem yemc th`eg nfshpedetf
nfshpedetf eteu nfgerepdem.
nfgerepdem.
@ude edut kfesemye
kfesemye thrlenf
thrlenf pene fmnfvf
fmnfvfnu
nu yemc maroe`,
maroe`, shget,
shget, nem nepet
nepet
nf`edudem
nf`edudem phmutupem
phmutupem `ude shiere prfohr
prfohr eteu nfkferdem
nfkferdem ohmyhokug
ohmyhokug
shieree shdumnhr.
shier shdumnhr. Yhkecfem
Yhkecfem khser `ude yemc thrlenf
thrlenf edfket
edfket treuoe
treuoe pene
arcem eteu lerfmcem nepet nfdethcarfdem shkecef `ude edut.
 k. @ude dramfd
@ude dramfd ene`eg shce`e lhmfs `ude yemc tfned ene temne-temne
umtud shokug ne`eo lemcde `hkfg nerf >-2 ofmccu. @ude dramfd ene`eg

`ude yemc tfned shokug

shokug ne`eo wedtu yemc nfgerepdem. Ge` yemc phmtfmc
ene`eg pene `ude dramfd prashs phmyhokugem
phmy hokugem oh`eoket eteu khrghmtf
nem `ude tfned khrteokeg
khrteokeg dhif` eteu tfned
tfned khrteokeg
khrteokeg nemcde`. Ohsdfpum
neser
neser `ude
`ude teoped
teoped ohreg,
ohreg, `hokek,
`hokek, nem shget
shget tht
thtepf
epf kf`e
kf`e prashs
prashs
 phmyhokugem `ude tfned ohmce`eof dhoeluem oede nfdethcarfdem
shkecef `ude dramfd.
Zene `ude dramfd thrlenf
thrlenf dhcece`em
dhcece`em umtud ohmiepef phmyhokugem
phmyhokugem
yemc nfgerepdem ne`eo wedtu thrthmtu umtud ohmcgesf`dem phou`fgem
fmth
fmthcr
crft
ftes
es em
emet
etao
aoff ne
nem
m bumc
bumcsf
sf.. Zhm
Zhmyh
yhok
okug
ugem
em `u
`ude
de dr
dram
amfd
fd kf
kfes
esem
emye
ye
 khrdhpemlemcem nem tfned `hmcdep.
@ude dramfd thrlenf derhme dhcece`em prashs phmyhokugem `ude
edfket ene damnfsf peta`acfs yemc ohmneserfmye. @ude dramfd tfned edem
shokug kf`e phmyhkek yemc ohmneserfmye tfned nfdarhdsf. Yhrfmcde`f
`ude dramfd ohmce`eof rhdurhmsf. Khkhrepe damnfsf
d amnfsf peta`acfs thrshkut
ene`eg
ene`eg phmyedf
phmyedftt vesdu`
vesdu`hr,
hr, ahnhoe,
ahnhoe, nfekht
nfekhths
hs oh``ft
oh``ftus,
us, oe`mutrfs
oe`mutrfsf,
f, nem
thdemem (prhssurh).
@udee
@ud fmsfsf
fmsfsf kfse
kfse nfdeth
nfdethcar
carfde
fdem
m `ude
`ude edut
edut lfde
lfde prashs
prashs

 phmyhokugem khr`emcsumc shsuef nhmcem defneg phmyhokugem maroe`

;9
 

thtepff
thtep kfse luce nfdetedem
nfdetedem `ude
`ude dramfs
dramfs lfde ohmce`eof
ohmce`eof dhthr`
dhthr`eokete
eoketem
m
 phmyhokugem (nh`eyhn ghe`fmc) eteu lfde ohmumluddem temne-temne
fmbhdsf.
9. Khrnes
Khrneserd
erdem
em wedt
wedtu
u tthrl
hrlenf
enfmye
mye `ude
`ude
e. @ude
@ude da
damt
mteo
eofm
fmes
esff
@ude damteofmesf yedmf `ude yemc kh`uo oh`hwetf ketes
wedtu
wedtu damteof
damteofmes
mesff eteu
eteu ca`nhm
ca`nhm phrfan
phrfanhh (durem
(duremc
c nerf
nerf 2 leo).
leo).
Zhokecfem
Zhokecfem `ude fmf khrneserdem
khrneserdem wedtu damteofmesf
damteofmesf (ca`nhm
(ca`nhm phrfanh)
phrfanh)
yeftu 2-7 leo.
 k. @ude fmbhdsf
@ude
@ude fmbh
fmbhds
dsff ye
yedm
dmff `ude
`ude ye
yemc
mc sune
suneg
g oh`h
oh`hwe
wetf
tf ke
kete
tess wedt
wedtu
u
damteofmesf eteu ca`nhm phrfanh (`hkfg nerf 2 leo), nfoeme shth`eg wedtu
2-7 leo shth`eg
shth`eg thrlenf
thrlenf `ude oede kedthrf
kedthrf yemc ene th`eg ohmiepef
ohmiepef

da`amf thrthmtu
thrthmtu nem ohmcenede
ohmcenedem
m fmvesf
fmvesf dh ne`eo
ne`eo lerfmc
lerfmcem
em shdfter
shdfter `ude
eteu phoku`ug nereg. Zene damnfsf fmf `ude nfshkut shkecef `ude fmbhdsf.
Dhtfde `ude tfoku`, khkhrepe hbhd edem oumiu` shphrtf
gf`emcmye sh`urug eteu shkecfem bumcsf arcem, rhspam strhs sfopetfs,
 phrneregem nem phokhduem nereg, damteofmesf kedthrf, nem dhoetfem sh`.
Zhrkefdem lerfmcem yemc ohmce`eof lhles eteu oetf semcet phmtfmc
 kecf dh`emcsumcem gfnup. Khcftu thrlenf lhles, gasphs ohrhspammye
nhmcem ohmch`fofmesf echm phmyhkek lhles, ohmcfsa`esf dhrusedem,
nem ohophrsfepd
ohophrsfepdem
em sh`-sh`
sh`-sh` yemc oesfg
oesfg gfnup umtud ohmcenedem
ohmcenedem
rhp`fdesf. Ge` fmf`eg yemc nfshkut nhmcem phmyhokugem `ude.
Zhmyhok
Zhmyhokuge
ugem
m (ghe`f
(ghe`fmc)
mc) ene`eg
ene`eg phrkef
phrkefdem
dem yemc oh`fpu
oh`fputf
tf
daokfmesf rhchmhresf nem phmchmnepem lerfmcem fdet (bfkrasfs eteu perut).
[hchmh
[hchmhres
resff ene`eg
ene`eg phrtuo
phrtuokug
kugem
em sh` eteu
eteu ler
lerfmc
fmcem
em yemc ohmcce
ohmccemtf
mtfdem
dem
strudtur yemc gf`emc4 uouomye rhchmhresf oh`fketdem pra`fbhresf lhmfs sh`
yemc seoe dhmnetf
dhmnetf sh`
sh` sh`
sh` fmnud (stho
(stho ih``s)
ih``s) nepet khrpra`fbh
khrpra`fbhresf
resf nem
 khrnfbhrhmsfesf umtud ohmccemtfdem sh`-sh` yemc oetf. [hchmhresf
ohohr`udem dhremcde lerfmcem fdet yemc utug.

Zhmyhokugem `ude thrnfrf nerf khkhrepe besh nfemteremye<

;>
 

e. Besh
Besh Fmb`eo
Fmb`eoesf
esf<< Ghoast
Ghoastesf
esfss nhmcem
nhmcem ohmcghmtf
ohmcghmtfdem
dem phmnerege
phmneregem
m
yemc khr`hkfgem, vesanf`etesf thrlenf ofcresf mhtrabf` umtud oh`ewem
fmbhdsf, mhtrabf` ohmerfd oedrabec ohokemtu ohmch`uerdem nhkrfs,
nem oedrabec ohmerfd bfkrak`est
bfkrak`est dh nehreg `ude umtud ou`ef sfmthse
sfmthse
da`echm.
 k. Besh Zra`fbhresf< Bfkrak`est thr`fget nf nehreg `ude nem ohou`ef
sfmthsfs
sfmthsfs da`echm,
da`echm, phokhmtudem
phokhmtudem lerfmcem
lerfmcem cremu`esf
cremu`esf thrnfrf
thrnfrf nerf
`hmcdumc-`hmcdumc depf`hr (emcfachmhsfs) yemc ohokhmtud `fpetem-
`fpetem shrekut da`echm.
i. Besh Oeturesf
Oeturesf<< [harcemfse
[harcemfsesf
sf oetrfd
oetrfd lerfmcem
lerfmcem damhdtfb
damhdtfb,, bfkrf`-bf
bfkrf`-bfkrf`
krf`
da`echm
da`echm damsa`fnesf
damsa`fnesf ohmlenf
ohmlenf `hkfg thke` nem shrekut
shrekut yemc `hkfg penet,
sh`-sh
sh`-sh`` ohmlen
ohmlenff `hkfg
`hkfg duet nem dhmiemc
dhmiemc.. Ne`eo
Ne`eo wedtu
wedtu ;> leo
shsuneg lhles, sh`-sh` bfkrak`est nem sh`-sh` hmnath` phoku`ug nereg

ou`ef khrpra`fbhresf ohokhmtud lerfmcem cremu`esf yemc ohrupedem

suetu temne uteoe dhshokugem. Fstf`eg lerfmcem cremu`esf khrese` nerf
ceokeremmye yemc `umed, cremu`er, nem khrwerme ohreg oune pene
 phroudeem `ude. Yhiere gfsta`acf, pene lerfmcem fmf thrnepet sh`-
sh` bfkrak`es yemc thmceg khrpra`fbhresf nfshrtef shluo`eg phoku`ug
nereg keru nfne`eo
nfne`eo oetrfds
oetrfds yemc `amccer.
`amccer. ^ekh` ;.5 ohmumluddem
ohmumluddem
besh-besh phmyhokugem `ude khshrte sh`-sh` yemc yemc khrphrem.
^ekh` ;.5 Besh Zhmyhokugem @ude (Cruhmnhoemm, ;::8)

Zhmyhokugem @ude
Ytenfuo Sedtu Dhlenfem Yh`-sh`
Zhrenemcem/fmb`eoes - :-; leo - Ghoastesfs - ^raokasft
f (:-> gerf) - :-> leo - Becasftasfs - Hrftrasft
- @hudasft
- Mhutrabf`
- Oedrabec
Zra`fbhresf (;-;; - 5-> gerf - Hpfth`fsesf - Dhretfmasft
gerf) - ;-3 gerf - Mhuve du``erfsesf -
vessdu Hmnath`
- ;-;; gerf - Yfmthsfs da
da`echm - Bfkrak`est
- ;-;: gerf - Damtredsf - Ofabfkrak`es

;8
 

Zhoetemcem (;5 gerf  [hoanh`fmc  - Bfkrak`es

 ’ ; tegum)  Da`echm

;.;.>.;
;.;.>.; Hdsunet
Hdsunet

Iefrem
Iefrem yemc ohmcemnumc sh` yemc dh`uer nerf phoku`ug
phoku`ug nereg sh`eo
sh`eoee besh fmb`eoesf
fmb`eoesf
 phmyhokugem `ude nem ohmuopud nflerfmcem eteu phroudeem lerfmcem nfmeoedem hdsunet
(Dazfhr,
(Dazfhr, ;::6). Iefrem
Iefrem nerf phoku`ug
phoku`ug nereg yemc nepet dh`uer seopef dh lerfmcem
lerfmcem tukug
 khrcemtumc dhpene phrohekf`ftes depf`hr nem thdemem emter nfmnfmc depf`hr. Xouomye, shdfter 
6:% iefrem nf rheksarksf dh depf`hr nem sfsemye shdfter 5:% dhoke`f dh phrhnerem uteoe
oh`e`uf
oh`e`uf sfstho
sfstho `fopetfd.
`fopetfd. Yhgfmcce,
Yhgfmcce, ne`eo dheneem maroe`,
maroe`, iefrem
iefrem yemc dh`uer nerf
 phoku`ug nereg shfokemc nhmcem rheksarksfmye. Meoum, seet thrlenf `ude, ohnfetar 
fmb`eoesf shphrtf gfsteofm ohmfmcdetdem phrohekf`ftes depf`hr shgfmcce sh` nereg putfg nepet
dh`uer nem phoku`ug
phoku`ug nereg ohmch`uerdem
ohmch`uerdem kemyed iefrem.
iefrem. Iefrem
Iefrem yemc khr`hkfg
khr`hkfg fmf oesud dh
`ude nem ohokhmtud hdsunet. Zrashs thrlenfmye hdsunet shphrtf thr`fget ne`eo Ceoker ;.5.

Ceoker ;.5 Zrashs ^hrlenfmye Hdsunet ( E Sar`n Xmfam ab Saumn Ghe`fmc Yaifhtfhs,
;::3 )

Daopasfsf hdsunet thrnfrf nerf efr, h`hdtra`ft, mutrfsf,

m utrfsf, ohnfetar fmb`eoesf, sh` nereg,
 prathfm, nem crawtg beitars ([aoemh``f ht.e`, ;:5:). Daopamhm phmyusum hdsunet khshrte
bumcsfmye nepet nf`fget pene ^ekh` ;.;. Luo`eg hdsunet thrcemtumc pene `ues `ude. @ude yemc
ohmfoku`dem hdsunet khser emtere `efm lhmfs `ude ghe`fmc ky shiamnery fmthmtfam, `ude keder 
yemc khrukeg dramfd, nem u`ihrs (Saumn Hsshmtfe`s, ;::7).

^ekh` ;.; Daopasfsf Hdsunet (Sgfth ht.e`, ;::2)

Daopamhm Bumcsf
Bfkrfm nem Z`eth`ht Zrashs phmccuope`em nereg

;2
 

 Za`yoarpgamui`heriyths (ZOMs)
 Za`yoarpgamui`heriyths  Yfstho foum, ohopranudsf crawtg beitars
@fobasft Yfstho foum
Oedrabec Yfstho foum, ohopranudsf crawtg beitars
Ofdraarcemfsoh Bedtar phmyhkek fmbhdsf
Zrathf
Zrathfm
m p`e
p`esoe
soe,, e`kuof
e`kuofm,
m, c`aku`
c`aku`fm,
fm, bfkrfm
bfkrfmachm
achm Ohophr
Ohophrteg
tegemde
emdem
m thdeme
thdemem
m asoatf
asoatfd,
d, sfstho
sfstho
foum, tremspar oedraoa`hdu`
Eseo `edtet Ohopranudsf ohteka`fso sh`
C`udase Yuokhr hmhrcf sh`
Cereo emarcemfd   Kubbhrfmc 
Crawtg beitars Zrathfm umtud edtfvftes phmyhokugem
Yh` oetf ^fned khrbumcsf
Hmzfo pratha`ftfd Hmzfo yemc oh o hmcuremcf luo`eg prathfm,
throesud shrfmh,
throesud shrfmh, iysthfmh, espertfi pratheshs,
nem oetrfx ohte``aprathfmeshs (OOZs)

Yfbet nem luo`eg hdsunet khrverfesf shsuef nhmcem

nhmc em lerfmcem yemc thr`fket, fmthmsftes

nem nuresf fmb`eoesf, shrte enemye ofdraarcemfsoh. Ene khkhrepe tfph hdsunet, emtere `efm
< shrase, puru`hm, semcufmase (ghoarecfd), shrasemcufmase, nem purasemcufmase yemc nfselfdem
ne`eo ^ekh` ;.9.

^ekh` ;.9 Lhmfs Nrefmesh (Iefrem) @ude (Dazfhr, ;::6)

;:: 6)

Lhmfs Nrefmesh @ude

^fph hdsunet Nhsdrfpsf Xmsur padad  
Yhrase Hmihr, lhrmfg Yhruo, shnfdft sh`
Zuru`hm @hkfg dh dhmte` de
derhme en
ene @hudasft, nhkrfs lerfmcem oetf
memeg4 werme kh
khrrverfesf ye
yemc
mc ie
iefr
fr,, ne
nem
m kedth
kedthrf
rf ye
yemc
mc
(ofs
(ofse`
e`<< sh
shnf
nfdf
dftt kfru
kfru,, gf
gfle
leu,
u, gfnup nem oetf.
eteu dumfmc). Serme oumcdfm
 khrcemtumc pene arcemfsoh
 phmyhkekmye.
Yemcufmase (Ghoarecfd) Ohreg ch`ep eteu thremc. Yh` nereg ohreg
Hdsu
Hdsune
nett se
semc
mcuf
ufma
mase
se ye
yemc
mc
thr
hrem
emc
c ohm
hmcf
cfmn
mnfd
fdes
esffdem
dem
 phrneregem shcer, shnemcdem

hd
hdsu
sune
nett se
semc
mcuf
ufma
masse yemc
yemc
ch`ep ohmumluddem

;3
 

 phrneregem yemc suneg `eoe.

Yhrasemcufmase Iefrem lhrmfg nem ene shnfdft Yh` nereg ohreg nem Yhruo.
nereg. Kfesemye thr`fget pene
fmsfsf khneg.
Zurasemcufmase Memeg nem nereg. Yhrfmc @hudasft, nhkrfs lerfmcem oetf

thr`fget pene `ude keru yemc ye

yemc
mc ie
iefr
fr,, ke
kedt
dthr
hrf,
f, ne
nem
m sh
sh``
thrfmbhdsf. nereg ohreg.

Hdsunett
Hdsune kfesemye
kfesemye thrlenf
thrlenf edfket nerf fmbhdsf
fmbhdsf `ude. Yhde`fpum
Yhde`fpum lerfmce
lerfmcem
m mhdratfd
mhdratfd nem
nem
 lerfmcem yemc teoped lh`es thrfmbhdsf th`eg nfemcdet nerf kfnemc `ude, `ude nepet thrus
ohmcgesf`dem hdsunet ne`eo luo`eg kemyed
k emyed yemc nepet ohmhokus ke`utem mam-ad`usfb nem
ohmfmcdetdem
ohmfmcdetdem rhsfda
rhsfda fmbhdsf
fmbhdsf `ude. Hdsunet nepet luce ohmcfdfs
ohmcfdfs thpf `ude lfde lerfmcem
lerfmcem
shdftermye ohmlenf thrhmneo efr. Ra`uoh hdsunet khrduremc pene wedtumye, thtepf seopef
stenfuo thrshkut nfphr`udem ke`utem
ke`utem yemc kfse ohmyhrep nem tfned oh`hdet.

;7
 

KEK FFF

ZHMX^XZ
9.5 Dhsfopu
Dhsfopu`em
`em

Kegwe nfne`eo tukug oemusfe thrnepet khrkecef oeieo sfstho yemc khreceo yemc oesfmc-
oesfmc ohopumyef bumcsf, strudtur nem tete `hted yemc khrkhne-khne. ^hroesud nfne`eomye
sfstho fmthcuohm, yemc semcet khrphrem ne`eo oh`fmnumcf sfstho-sfstho yemc khrene nfne`eo
tukug. Derhme sfstho fmthcuohm thr`hted pene `uer tukug. Yh`efm ftu luce oesfg kemyed bumcsf
nerff sfstho
ner sfstho fmthcuo
fmthcuohm
hm shmnfr
shmnfrf,
f, nfemte
nfemterem
remye
ye yeftu
yeftu ohmlec
ohmlecee sugu
sugu maroe`
maroe` tukug.
tukug. Ohm
Ohmihce
ihceg
g
 petachm-petachm oesud dhne`eo tukug. Oede kfse nfsfopu`dem kegwe sfstho fmthcuohm

ohrupedem dhtegemem phrteoe eteu ewe` nerf phmcerug kurud dheneem nf`uer tukug.

9.; Yerem
Yerem

Zene phokeie nem oesyeredet ecer ohokeie `hkfg `emlut thmtemc emetaof, bfsfa`acf, dfofe,
bfsfde, nem kfadfofe sfstho fmthcuohm.

;6
 

Nebter Zustede

gttp<//`fbhsty`h-amcdy752.k`acspat.iao/sfstho
gttp<//`fbhsty`h-amcdy752.k`acspat.iao/sfstho -fmthcuohm-du`ft.gto`
gttp<//wwwnaistai.iao/nais/8757:366/EME^AOF-NEM-BFYFA@ACF-YFY^HO-
FM^HCXOHM-(DX@F^)

Yyefbunnfm. ;:5; Emetaof bfsfa`acf umtud dhphrwetem nem dhkfnemem phmhrkft kudu dhnadthrem
HCI< Lederte.

Yyeosurf.fsteoer.ndd.;::3. fpe kfa`acf.Yhoeremc.Hr`emcce.

Hvh`ym I. Zherih.;::6 Emetaof nem Bfsa`acf umtud ZereOhnfs.a`hg phrihtedem Z^. Creohnfe,

Lederte.

9: