Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2
literature to provide the background for discussion and analysis of the findings of
the present investigation made use of books, publication, studies which have
Related Literature
Foreign
System” and included two revolutionary proposals. He first urged the established
should take. Taylor’s second proposal was that people responsible for working
time measurements and setting job standards should concentrate on this task
and be removed from those who supervised activities. The notion of separating
“Planning from doing,” as Taylor viewed it, was the beginning of the idea of
his contribution to the techniques of production control. The Gantt chart is still
the notion of the business plan. This concept similar to Fayol’s, a comprehensive
as the starting point, Davis identified them as profit, service, and social. To
achieve these objectives, management must plan, organize and control. The
functional approach to management was widely accepted and provides the basis
credited in laying the foundation of management. Their slogan was “The one best
way.” To find the best way to do a job, they used motion study, which reduced
each task to its component movements. They believed that from motion and time
studies more accurate job standards could be developed. Motion studies were
the functions of the executive. Bernard, who for years was vice president of the
New Jersey Bell telephone company, anticipated and inspired some of the
directions taken by management after the 2nd world war. His views on
leadership, authority, and decision – making were influential. His suggested the
objectives of the business. He said that business could exist by satisfying one or
the other objective but a cooperative system would meet both thus quit
management has to be proficient in both human and technical skills; there should
16
be known inconsistency between these skills when the total organizational needs
of a business is considered.
Local
684 to announce the formal creation of the Kabataang Barangay (KB). The
purpose of the KB was to give the youth a definite role in community affairs and
to provide the government a means to tap the youth in its development efforts.
Kabataang Barangay (PKKB) that was directly under the Office of the President.
The PKKB was given the powers and attributes of a corporation. This means that
The Local Government code of 1991 (Republic Act No. 7160) provided
among others, that the Sangguniang Kabataan shall “Initiate programs desisgned
functions:
members
• Hold fund raising activities, the proceeds of which shall be tax exempt and
• Consult and coordinate with all youth organizations in the Barangay for
level, and
• Exercise such other powers and perform such other duties and functions
It was the late President Ferdinand Marcos who conceived the idea to garnish
the potentials of the youth. In the mid 70’s, at the height of the student activism,
the New People’s Army and the secessionist movements in Muslim Mindanao,
the Kabataang Barangay (KB) was formed. The aim was to propagate the
Filipino ideology to counter the leftist, the moderate left and the rightist who
nearly toppled down his regime (Gonzales, 1998). After the Marcos era, the
18
revived the youth organization. It became the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) but its
mandate is the same with that of Kabataang Barangay (Gonzales, 1998). Direct
III, Chapter 8 of Republic Act 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991
every barangay. Based on the Local Government Code, the SK members are
comprised of virtually all citizens of the Philippines who are 15-21 of age for as
long as they have been staying in a particular barangay for at least six (6)
months and are duly registered in the list of Sangguniang Kabataan or in the
official barangay list of the barangay secretary. However, Republic Act 9164
seven (7) members. Then, a secretary and a treasurer shall be appointed by the
chairman from the members (Singson, 2001). The powers and functions of the
follows:
(a) Promulgate resolutions necessary to carry out the objectives of the youth in
(b) Initiate programs designed to enhance the social, political, economic, cultural,
(c) Hold fund-raising activities, the proceeds which shall be tax-exempt and shall
19
that in the appropriation thereof, the specific activity fir which such activity has
been held shall be first satisfied; (d) Create such bodies or committees as it may
(e) Submit annual and end-of-term reports to the Sangguniang barangay on their
projects and activities for the survival and development of the youth in the
barangay; (f) Consult and coordinate with all youth organizations in the barangay
for policy formulation and program implementation; (g) Coordinate with all
projects and programs at the national level; (h) Exercise such other powers and
perform such other duties and functions as the sangguniang barangay may
2005). Furthermore, SK units are entitled to ten percent of the annual budget of a
barangay (Malaya, 2002). The SK chairman shall have the same privileges
requirements and limitations provided in the Local Government Code. During the
colleges and universities. The National Government shall reimburse said college
or university the amount of tuition and matriculation fees provided, that, to qualify
for the privilege, the said officials shall enroll in a state college or university within
Given enough privileges, the SK officials are expected to fulfill their duties
House Bills and Senate Bills were passed highlighting the SK being out of track.
Furthermore, numerous local leaders back up such arguments. With this, there
ABOLITION.
There are various arguments for SK being dubbed as ineffective or irrelevant: (a)
sheds and signages, sports fests or paliga; (c) SK officials cannot perform their
function as they have to attend school or SK officials have to cut schooling just to
perform their functions (Cornelio, 2008); (d) Youth leaders are too young to
initiated the youth early into the ways of traditional politics because of the dirty
employed by their relatives and parents, who are themselves politicians, and
their political patrons (Cabreza, 2007); and (f) Political clans use the SK to
well as the youth (Singson, 2001). This dilemma might have rooted from the fact
that the youth have minimal awareness on social and political issues. McCann-
21
Erickson conducted a profiling of young people ranging 13-21 years old. The
survey conducted in 2000 says that only 10 percent of the youth are concerned
about politics in the country. Another study was conducted in 2001 by NFO-
Trends, surveying children and youth with ages ranging from 7-21 years old.
According to the study, there is low awareness, maybe even apathy, towards
cultural values and national affairs among the youth (NYC, 2004).
In 2001, Sen. Loren Legarda introduced Senate Bill No. 1596 which calls for SK
law and thus further allow the youth to maximize their potential, involvement and
participation in their locality. Some of the amendments proposed are: (a) The SK
shall be composed of citizens between 15 and 23 years old; (b) The SK chair
shall appoint the secretary and treasurer with the concurrence of the SK
members; (c) SK elective officials who are studying must be enrolled in a school
located within or nearest the municipality where the SK is registered; and (d) The
said in a letter to House Representative Gilbert Remulla that the SK’s relevance
in local governance has been made obsolete by reports of corruption among the
SK leadership. There have been reports that some SK leaders have dipped their
22
hands into the funds given to them. The LMP said it recognizes the importance of
youth participation in governance but it does not see the SK fulfilling such
mandates. The LMP proposed that, instead of the SK, youth representatives be
officio members. The youth representative shall not receive regular salary and
benefits but shall only receive honorarium or allowance per session attendance
basis (Malaya, 2002) A public forum was held in Bagiuo in February 4, 2004 to
call against the abolition of the Sangguniang Kabataan. The youth sector in
Bagiuo joined the call against the abolition of the Sangguniang Kabataan saying
that the SK plays a vital role in national recovery. Councilor Leonardo Bayan Jr.
said that the sentiments of the youth sector are not always being heard because
some youth leaders are hesitant to voice out their problem. Mayor Bernardo
Vergara appealed to the SK chairmen and councilmen to help in the peace and
order program of the city. Vice Mayor Tabanda said that a good form of
government must have good governance, wherein everybody has a part. Thus,
the youth must be consulted and included in the decision-making of the city
officials. But she challenged the youth to speak out and ensure a strong political
An article was released in 2007 stating that most mayors from Pangasinan have
agreed that the SK should be abolished. They said that SK officials could not
provide their time between schoolwork and their responsibilities in SK. Mayor
Guico said that SK leaders usually consult barangay chairs and whenever this
23
happens, the SK officials are usually accompanied by their parents who dictate
them on what to do. Ergo they cannot really decide on their own and cannot
effectively represent the youth sector but the local government units are
An online petition was released in 2007 which says no to abolition and yes to SK
reformation. According to it, despite the many flaws of the present structure of
SK, it is one of the most relevant youth participation in building a strong nation.
The amendments proposed are: (a) The age bracket of the Katipunan ng
Kabataan should be increased to 15-21 while the age qualification for SK officials
should be 18-21; (b) Give some degree of fiscal autonomy to the SK; (c) Increase
relevant training for the SK which focuses on their functions as SK officials; and
(d) Provide provisions that will depoliticize the SK. Incumbent Senate Minority
Leader Aquilino Pimentel filed Senate Bill 2155 proposing the abolition of the SK
elections because of the prevailing sentiment that the SK officials have neglected
their duties. According to him, the SK has lost its usefulness as a mechanism to
have neglected their duties because they are preoccupied with other things
(Torregoza, 2008). However, Pimentel stressed in his Senate Bill that the SK will
be dissolved but the youth will continue to be represented in the city, municipal
government officials, during the regular local elections held every three years.
Moreover, there was a proposal from some legislators and local government
24
Nonetheless, Pimentel did not agree with such proposal because he believes
that the youth of the local communities should decide on who should represent
said in an interview that the reason for him filing a bill that calls for the abolition of
have 15 to 18 year olds inside an arena with adults who have more than two
horns in their heads, they get easily corrupted. It gives so much opportunity for
the young aspiring leader to go wayward and that was not it was designed to be.
government funded by the national government rather than the local government
units. In that way, local leaders will not meddle with the projects of the youth
sector (Remulla, 2008). Amidst the continuous debate over the existence of the
Sangguniang Kabataan and despite the never ending arguments about the SK
being ineffective, some SK officials had illuminated hope to the 17 year old youth
the present situation of the youth in Naga City. The outputs of these
consultations shall be used in crafting the youth agenda of Naga City (NYC,
2004). Another example is Councilor April Dayag of Davao City. When she found
25
out that only 19 percent of Davao City’s forest is preserved, she initiated activities
by tapping the SK to support the ecological environment. She said her fellow SK
leaders realize that the efforts to protect the environment should involve the
youth since they will eventually inherit the national patrimony (NYC, 2004). One
more example is Joshua Ybañez of Barangay Luz Cebu. His official role to lead
a tutored him in the complexities of governing. He also exposed Ybañez and his
sports fest for the youth. Through this, a tangible plan of action for Barangay Luz
However, the number of these good youth leaders is relatively small compared to
the population of the Sangguniang Kabataan officials. They are not enough to
serve as tangible reasons for the government not to abolish the Sangguniang
Kabataan for the SK has coated itself with dirt with its 17 years of existence. The
debate about the Sangguniang Kabataan goes on. Should it be abolished and
strengthen it? It was found out in the national SK study funded by UNICEF and
spearheaded by DILG NBOO and NAPC Youth and Students Sector that the SKs
need support and guidance for them to succeed. They need proper orientation on
their functions and how to go about with them. They need trainings and capability
building programs down at the grassroots level. Unfortunately, these needs have
never been met. Thus, the reasons for the calls for abolition remain and just
26
created. If that is the case, then might as well abolish the SK and create a new
state recognizes the vital role of the youth in nation building and shall promote
and protect their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being. It
shall inculcate in the youth patriotism and nationalism, and encourage their
involvement in public and civic affairs (The 1987 Philippine Constitution). Bottom
existent. The Kabataang Barangay was formed during the reign of Marcos as a
Kabataan was created. Under the Local Government Code of 1991, SK officials
shall be elected from a Katipunan ng Kabataan comprising the youth with ages
15-21. Through RA 9164, the age bracket was adjusted to 15-18. The primary
Sadly, the youth does not seem to make the most out of the organization that
was made for them. In a survey that was conducted, only 21 out of 54
them are not in favor of abolishing the Sangguniang Kabataan because they
think that it is the only way that the youth can represent themselves. Most of
them are not aware that the proposals for abolition offer an alternative way for
the youth to represent themselves. When asked what alternatives would they
does not have something in mind though. Through the years some politicians eye
themselves. Several bills have been passed aiming for its reform or, most of the
time, its abolition. There are numerous arguments which support the continuing
efforts for SK abolition or reform. One is that SK officials are still young and
cannot handle the pressures in the political arena. They are susceptible to being
corrupt because they can be easily manipulated by older people. At their age,
they are still busy enjoying other things like school, gimmicks and outings, and,
more often than not, politics is not included with those “other things”. It is also
believed that SK officials still cannot provide good projects for the youth because
they are still not profound in terms of decision making. Also, SK has been a way
for the youth to get involved in dirty election tactics and nobody wanted that to
happen. SK also serves as a medium for political dynasties to extend their reign
up to that level. The problems faced by the Sangguniang Kabataan were never
denied by anyone for it is highly evident. However, some say that it is just a
28
matter of dealing with the problem. Abolition is not the only way. The
Sangguniang Kabataan could still be reformed. But in order to eradicate all the
controversies enveloped with the SK’s existence, there should be a 180 degree
turn – an overall make over. The age bracket should be adjusted in order to let
older people participate in leadership. The government should give the SK fiscal
involved with dirty politics. And there are still lots of amendments proposed for
SK reform. If that is the case, then might as well abolish the SK and provide the
Maybe the reason for the negation of people from the proposals for abolition is
elimination plus the fact that the Sangguniang Kabataan is the only youth
representation would be demolished. In fact that was the reason given by some
survey respondents when asked why they are not in favor in abolishing the
Sangguniang Kabataan. But that is not the case. The proposals for SK abolition
offer an alternative way in which the youth can represent themselves. Their right,
bills are enacted. When the Sangguniang Kabataan is abolished, a new youth
but totally different; an organization that would prevent the youth from being
involved in the dirty ways of politics; an organization that would better suit the
Related Studies
Foreign
Wadia (1966) cited a French mining engineer, Henry Fayol (1925) who
management activities from the point of view of top management. In his pre face
They considered unity of action the principle underlying all organized efforts, and
1. The Scalar principle, based on delegation that created the chain of command
3. Line and staff, which introduced the of support and advisory activities for the
The work of mooney and reiley as cited by connor (1974) was influential in
Local
Presidents, which are the subject of this research included the following: a.)
Education Services and Moral Recovery Program; d.) Health Services; e.) Anti
Drug Abuse Campaign; f.) Disaster Coordination and Calamity Management: g;)
Sports activities; h.) Community Immersion; i.) Infrastructure Project and; j.)
Legislative work and involvement wherein, those projects and programs were
Presidents has reached college and has extended four(4) Trainings. Programs
Barangay are not effectively carved out as indicated in the “low” to “very low”
nursery and absence of reading center where the common problems met in the
relevant trainings along the ten (10) major programs and projects to enhance
their knowledge, awareness and skills for a more active Sangguniang Kabataan
Organization and also since lack of fund which is the identified problems hamper
president to request for the adoption of a system that will increase the ten
percent (10%) Sangguniang Kabataan share and will direct other local
government units like municipalities, cities and provinces to allocate ten percent
(10%) share from the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) or from the general fund
needs of the youth participation in the affair of the society. In fact, the Philippine
It was the late President Ferdinand Marcos who conceived the idea to
garnish the potentials of the youth. In mid 70’s at the height of the student
activism, the New People’s Army and the secessionist movements in Muslim
Mindanao threats that the Kabataang Barangay (KB) was formed. The aim was
to propagate the Filipino ideology to counter the leftist, the moderate left and the
After Marcos era, the Kabataang Barangay was abolished. After five years or in
1991 the Local Government Code returned the youth organizations. It became
32
Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) But its mandate is the same with that of Kabataang
Barangay.
The Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) was placed under the supervision of the
Barangay Chairman. The Ten Percent (10%) of the Barangay budget is allocate
to it. However from the study conducted by the Department of Interior and Local
It is in this premise that this study was conceptualized. The study however will be
focus on re- examining the government contextual inspects as in main factor for
its failure to perform and to answer the following sub – questions posted:
country.
sub questions consider the political context or environment during the creation of
33
expected.
association in a totalitarian country has crucial role to play for the very existence
help of strong military, well entrenched youth organization and few fanatics.
Sometimes the youth becomes the source of future party leaders. On the
contrary in democratic country, the role of the youth is to prepare itself for future
during the Marcos era, there was no difference from other totalitarian country
especially on purpose. Marcos was a dictator and he was in need of more base
support that can legitimize his overstaying in power and at the same time
During the Aquino Era, the KB was abolished. Only in 1991 after the
passage of the Local Government Code of 1991 of the Philippines that the youth
The third option is the choice for its advantage in terms of economic, political,
Law to take effect after the term of the incumbent Sangguniang Kabataan in
difference to their mandate. Hand in hand with the abolition of SK the state must
34
strengthen PCYA and enhance the activities of the youth in the schools such
the like of political science society… and the much align fraternities . To tap and
at same time supervise them well, they are wiling on what SK can do. The SK
of some of the lawmakers or the party in power to the idea of dissolving the SK.
There are politicians and people who benefited from organized youth because
they can make use of this people to further their political ambitions of course
there are those who would like to hold on to the benefit they derived from SK. We
don’t find any other negative externalities or the contrary the savings derive from
SK dissolution will go far to benefit our people and help the cash strapped
government.
young and neophyte in public service have good social and political relations.
There is a significant difference between the desired and actual level of the SK
and the SK Chairpersons and Sangguniang Bayan/ Lungsod. They should revive
the age of qualification for SK members from age bracket of 15 to less than 18 to
15 to 21 so that more youths are empowered; and considering also the tasks of
35
the SK Federation presidents are facing such responsibilities are too great to be
Government officials especially those under the local government units should
give motivation, encouragement and all- out support to the Federation particularly
The different literature and studies that presented in this chapter have a
their topic.
of some of the lawmakers or the party in power to the idea of dissolving the SK.
There are politicians and people who benefited from organized youth because
they can make use of this people to further their political ambitions of course
there are those who would like to hold on to the benefit they derived from SK. We
don’t find any other negative externalities or the contrary the savings derive from
SK dissolution will go far to benefit our people and help the cash strapped
government.
study, researchers want to find out if the youth leaders are politically inclined in
36
different activities. Are they the next traditional politicians? Or they really doing