Theoretical

foundation in the
study of values
Theoretical foundation in
the study of values

- The major priorities that man choose to act

on, and that creativity enhance life and lives of
those with whom he associate with.
The meaning and nature of values
 Values are a person’s or society’s beliefs about good behaviour and
what things are important.
 An example of values are the accepted of a family about dating

TYPES OF VALUES
 Individualistic Values

- The most inherent value of a person is individualistic which means

valuing the self over anything else in the world.

 Family Values
- Values held to be traditionally learned or reinforced within the
family, such as those high moral standards and discipline.
 PROFESSIONAL VALUES
- Business related belief or principle that guide professional behaviour.
Values may reflect ethics, practices, standard and other norm within the
commercial environment.

 NATIONAL VALUES
- are generally accepted about what is good desirable, and useful, or what
is undesirable and unacceptable in particular state and society.

 MORAL VALUES
- are relative values that protect life and are respectful of the dual life value
of self and others.

 SPIRITUAL VALUES
- are the integrative values of human soul consisting of altruistic,
humanistic, personal, divine and affect values leading to spiritual growth of
personality.
The process of valuing
- Louis Raths, et al. define value or the process of valuing as having
seven aspects and made it clear that unless all the seven are
present.

- Values process criteria which can be divided into three categories.

 Choosing
I. To choose freely
II. To choose from alternative
III. To choose from alternative after considering the sequences of such
alternative.
 Prizing

I. To cherish and be happy of the choice

II. To be willing to affirm the choice publicly

 Acting

I. To actually do something the choice.

II. To act repeatedly to affirm the choice publicly.

- The values must be chosen freely and person is totally

accountable for the choice he/ she made.
 The four large area of value
 Value 1. Emotional closeness and Security in a family
The home always provide love, understanding, acceptance, a place where no
matter how far or how wrongly one has wandered he/she can always return.

 Value 2. The Authority Values

This may be define as “approval by the authority figure and by society.”

 Value 3. Economic and Social betterment

The value refers to a desire to raise the standard of living of one’s life or of
one’s hometown.

 Value 4. Patience, Suffering and Endurance

This values has been fused with the religious value since it seems that god is
call upon when other means fail.
 Topic II: The phase theory of values
 One theory explaining the process of valuing is the phase theory.

There are four phases of consciousness in value development.

-Phase One: The world is perceived as mystery over the individual had no control.
It is hostile world in which the self merely exist. Self is at the centre and moral choice is
dedicated by what physical satisfies the individual.

 Stage 1. Satisfaction comes through survival in the environment on a day to day

basis.

 Stage 2. The person has move from purely physical to emotional needs that are
physical related.
 Phase Two: The world is universal
It is viewed no longer as alien and hostile, but a place in which to belong
and succeed.
 Stage 1. Values are marked by the need to belong.
 Stage 2. Personal values become institutionalised, reflecting the need
to be competent and successful in the world.

 Phase Three: The world is perceived as “creation process”

In which persons are invited to make contribution. Moral choices for the for
the first time are shaped out of the conscious, out of the personal decisions.

 Stage 1. It is highly independent and even self seeking. There is a

radical departure from the other directedness.
 Stage 2. There is heavy atmosphere of institutional duty and
obligations.
 Phase Four: The consciousnesses of the self has
expanded.
So that a person may think globally, even
cosmically. Individual are always of a greater
whole.

 Stage 1. The individual’s perception of the world

changes drastically.
 Stage 2. Changes are experienced. Choices and
action are based on “WE” rather than “I”.
THE END!!