KMJ26403 HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES

ENGINEERING

MRS SITI KAMARIAH MD SA’AT

FTKK
UNIMAP
WATER BALANCE & WATER BUDGET
WATER BALANCE AND WATER BUDGET
An account of input & output of water
• The balance of water in the system (eg: a place, agric field, watershed, state or country)
“Water cannot be created nor destroyed”

In hydrology, a water balance equation can be used to describe the flow of water in and
out of a system.
• A system can be one of several hydrological domains (eg: column of soil or a drainage
basin)

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GLOBAL WATER BALANCE

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APPLICATION OF WATER BALANCE
•Used to help manage water supply and predict where there may be water
shortages.
•Used in irrigation, runoff assessment, flood control and pollution control.
•Used in the design of subsurface drainage systems, to estimate the drainage
requirement

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WATER BALANCE EQUATION
dS/dt = I – O
Where
dS/dt = change in storage per time
I = inflow
O = outflow
WATER BALANCE EQUATION
Input-Output = Change in storage
P-R-G-E-T = ∆S or P-R-G-ET = ∆S
Where
P = precipitation
R = surface runoff
G= ground water flow
E= evaporation
T= transpiration
ET = evapotranspiration
∆S = change in storage
WATER BALANCE EQUATION
The storage S consists of three components as:
S= Sc+Ssm+Sg
Where : Sc: surface water storage
Ssm: water in storage as soil moisture
Sg: water in storage as groundwater

Thus
∆S equal to : ∆S = ∆Sc+ ∆Ssm+ ∆Sg
RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP
In terms of rainfall- runoff relationship
R=P-L
Where : L= losses = water not available to runoff due to infiltration (causing addition
to soil moisture and ground water storage), evaporation, transpiration and surface
storage.
Runoff coefficient = R/P
The catchment for an interval time ∆t
Mass inflow – Mass outflow= ∆S
EXAMPLE 1
A catchment received inflow and outflow in 10 and 15 m3/s for 24 hours. How much
volume changes?
dS/dt = I – O
dS = (I – O) dt
dS = (10 – 15) m3/s x 24 hr x 60 min/hr x 60 s/min
= - 4.32 x 105 m3
EXAMPLE 2
A catchment received annual rainfall 2500mm with 1400mm/year
evapotranspiration. With losses to groundwater is 250mm per year and area of the
catchment 70 km2, calculate volume of water flowing out from the catchment. Assume
there is no changes in storage.

Input = Output
P = Q + Et + G + ∆S
Q = P - Et - G - ∆S = 2500 – 1400 m – 250 m – 0 = 850 mm = 0.85 m
Q in the catchment area = 0.85 x 70 x 10 7 m2 = 5.95 x 107 m3
EXAMPLE 3
Langat Reservoir has a surface area of 191 km2. In June 2012 (30days), the lake water
level dropped by 0.85 m in spite of inflow into the lake of 0.45 Mm3/d from Langat
river. The average seepage was 30 mm, total rainfall was 195 mm and total
evaporation was 95 mm. Calculate the average outflow.
• Area, A = 191 km2 X 106 m2/km2 = 191 Mm2
• Change storage, s = 0.85 m X 191 Mm2 = 162.35 Mm3
• Inflow, I = 0.45 Mm3/d X 30d = 13.5 Mm3
• Rainfall = 195 mm X (1m/1000mm ) X 191 Mm2 = 37.245 Mm3
• Seepage = 30 mm X (1m/1000mm) X 191 Mm2 = 5.73 Mm3
• Evaporation = 95 mm X (1m/1000mm) X 191 Mm2 = 18.145 Mm3
• Input volume – Output volume = Storage
• (13.5+37.245) – (5.73+18.145+outflow)= - 162.35
• Outflow = 189.22 Mm3 = 189.22 Mm3/ (30d) = 6.31 Mm3/d
EXAMPLE 4
A small catchment of area 150 ha received a rainfall of 10.5 cm in 90 minutes
duration due to storm. At the outlet of the catchment, the stream draining the
catchment was dry before the storm and experienced a runoff lasting for 10
hours with average discharge of 1.5 m3/s. The stream was again dry after the
runoff event.
1. What is the amount of water which was not available to runoff due to
combined effect of infiltration, evaporation and transpiration?
2. What is the ratio of runoff to precipitation?
SOLUTION 150 ha = 150 km2

1. R=P-L
∆t = 10 hours
P = Input due to precipitation 10 hours
= 150 x 106 m2 x 10.5 cm/100 m = 157,500 m3
R = runoff volume = outflow at catchment outlet
= 1.5 m3/s x10 hr x 60 min/hr x 60 s/min = 54,000 m3
L = P-R = 157,500 – 54,500 = 103,500 m3
2. Runoff coefficient = R/P
= 54,000/157,500 = 0.343
TRY PROBLEMS 1.4
1.4: A river reach had a flood wave passing through it. At a given
instant the storage of water in the reach was estimated as 15.5 ha.m.
Determine the storage in the reach after an interval of 3 hours if the
average inflow and outflow during the time period are 14.2 m3/s and
10.6 m3/s, respectively.

Answer: S = 19.388 ha.m

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THANK YOU Any question?