CHAPTER

Probability

• Given four digits 3, 4, 8 and 9. If repetition is not allowed, find

. (a) the different numbers can be formed by taking one, two, three or four digits, :
• (b) the numbers in (a) are odd and more than 800.

Answer:
(a) Ihere are 4 cases to consider:
TIP
• I-digit numbers
Numbers of arrangement — List out all the possible
cases first before
2-digit numbers determine the numbers
Numbers of arrangement — 2 = 12 of arrangement.

3-digit numbers
Numbers of arrangement 4 = 24

4-digit numbers
Numbers of arrangement —
—4 = 24

Total numbers of arrangement = 4 + 12 + 24 + 24

= 64 ways

(b) There are 3 cases to consider:

Case I
Forming 4-digit odd numbers.
"Ihe 4thdigit must be either 3 or 9 2 ways
3 ways x 2 ways x I way x 2 ways = 12 ways
case 11
Forming 3 digits odd numbers more than 800.
lhe first digit is 8 1 way
The third digit is either 3 or 9 2 ways
I way x 2 ways x 2 ways = 4 ways

49
 Mathen•tles (T)Term S STPM

Case 111
Fornung 3 digits odd nutnbers more than 800.
The first digit is 9 1 way
The third digit is 3 I way
I way x 2 ways x I way = 2 ways
Totalodd numbers more than 800 = 12 + 4 +
2
= 18

. A committee consists of 8 people is to be formed from 8

boys and 4
• that both boys and girls must be in the committee and the
boys girls.Given
:
:

Answer:
Ihere are 3 cases to consider:
Case I
A committee consists of 7 boys and a girl.
Number of differentcommittees = sc x 'C I = 32
Case 11
A committee consists of 6 boys and 2 girls.
Number of different committees = sc x 'C 2 —- 168
case 111
A committee consists of 5 boys and 3 girls.
Number of different committees = sc x 4C3 -—224
Total number of different committees = 32 + 168 + 224
= 424

: How many different 4-digit numbers can be formed from the digits 3,4,5,6,
(a) if in a particular number,
(i) none of the digits are repeated,
(ii) each digit can be used repeatedly.
• (b) What is the probability that a number formed lie between 3 340and3600 :
if each digit can be used repeatedly?

50
 Mathematics (T) Term 3 STPMChaptor2Probability

Answer:

(a) (i) 4 x 3 x 2 x I = 24numbers

(ii) 4 x 4 x 4 x 4 = 256 numbers

(b) Let x be the number formed,

3 340 3 399 1 x 1x 3 x 12 number
3 x 3 499 x I x 4 x 4 —16 number
3 500 x S 3 600 I x I x 4 x 4 = 16number
3 340 x 3 600 44 numbers
P(a number formed lie between 3 340 and 3 600) = 44
256
11
64

Questionar
. Six students A, B, C, D, E and F are to be arranged in a straight line. What is the •
probability that C and D are separated from each other?

Answer:
Total number of arrangements = 6!
If C and D stay side by side, C and D will be considered as a unit-
One of the possible arrangement is

B CD

The number of possible arrangement = 5!

C and D can exchange their positions = 5! x 2!
P(C and D are separated) = 1
2
3

(duestion5
Ten students, among them are L and M, are to be arranged in a row at random.
Find the probability that threre are exactly five students standing between L
and M.

51
 Mathemeilo• (T) Term 9 OTPM Ptobobdny

Total number 01 arrange'nenis • 101

One of the possible arrangement is
we
tho
The number of PONSibIe
arrangcjnent is Of
the whor
M could also occupy the lant 3 places and l, will is take
ount, fhe•ti n int'
have to occupy the next 3 places. we h
'Ihe nun)ber of arrangejnent r 'l x "P%x 3!
l, and M can exchange their positions
The total possible arrangement 2 x 4 "P x 3!

P(5 students standing in between)

10!

45

(Questione
A group of 6 students is to be chosen at random to
performa show.
: 6 boys and 8 girls available,What is the probability Thereare:
that the group
chosenat:
(a) consists of 2 boys and 4 girls?
(b) consists of at least 1 girl?

Answer:
(a) P(2 boys and 4 girls) Tip
6
50 If the order of the
143 objects is not important,
then we perform
(b) I girl) I P(choosingall boys) combination
n!
6
MC
6
3002
3003

(Quest/önlä/
Three groups of three people are to be selected from nine people,of whom
• three are man teachers, two lady teachers
and parents. Find the probabilitythat
: (a) the two lady teachers being in the same
group,
• (b) one group consists of at least two of the
man teachers.

52
 Mnthemøtico (T) Term a STPM Chapter Probot"/itv

Answers
(a) Total number of ways forming the 3 groups / oc 'C
One of the possible arrangements is
l. l. — 2 lady teachers are in the same group,
7 ways to choose the third person.
"C, ways 7 x oc 'C
ICs ways

There are 3 groups, the two lady teachers can be in any of the 3 groups.
possible arrangements 3 7 iC

P(the 2 lady teachers are in the same group)

(b) A group consists of 3 man teachers.

One of the possible arrangementsis
M MM ways
ways QC, ways
'C, ways
There are 3 groups. the 3 man teachers can be in any of the 3 groups.
possiblearrangements = 3 oc

A group consists of 2 man teachers.

MM— 'C x 6 ways to choose the third person

The two man teachers can be in any of the 3 groups.

Possiblearrangements = 3 x 6 'C x oc 'C

P(one groups consists of at least 2 man teachers)

19
28

53
 cn term 8

A boa contams S green marbles and 4 yellow marbles. Three

marbles
: at tandom from the box without replacement. Vind the probability
(hm
(a) at least one mart)ie of each colour is drawn.
(b) at least two yellow marbles are drawn,
Cc) at least two yellow marbles ate drawn given that at

(a) I marble of each colour is drawn)

1 - P(all marbles drawn are green) P(all marbles
drawn are yellow)

5
6

(b) 2 yellow marbles are drawn)

=I— I yellow marble is drawn)
= I —P(all 3 marbles are green) —P(exactly
I marble is yellow)
2

17
42

(c) 2 yellow marbles I > I marble of each

colour)
17
—P(all marbles are yellow)
42
I marble of each colour is drawn)

-
17
42
5
6
3
7

54
 Mathematics (T) Term a orpg

; Thereare three group of children. Group 1 has 4 girls and 2 boys, group 2 has
2 girls and 3 boys and group 3 has 1 girt and 2 boys. One child js selected at :
randomfrom each group. find the probability that the three selected children :
consists of 1 girl and 2 boys.

Answer:
The required selections are
Group
Probability
1 2 3
4 3 2 4
1st selection Girl Boy Boy 3 3 13
6
2 2 2 4
2nd selection Boy Girl Boy 3 45
6 5
2 3 1 1
3rd selection Boy Boy Girl 15
6 5 3

4 4 1
P(l girl and 2 boys) +
45
15 15
19
45

Question10
• A test paper consists of 50 Mathematicalproblems.S can solve 30 of the •
: problemscorrectly whereas T can only solve 10 of the problems.Find the
• probability that at least one ofthem can solve a given problem, picked at random
• from the test paper.

Answer:
30 10 Tip
50' 50
S and T are independentof
—P(S) x P(T) (independent event) each other.
3 1 so, ms n P(S)
5 5
3
25

3 1 3
5 5 25

25
55
 Methemetic• (T) Term S StPM

the probabilities of occurrence of events A and B are 0.1%and

The probabilities of their simultaneous occurrence is 0.06, Find the
that neither A nor B occurs.

Answer:
P(A) 0.13.P(B) 0.55, n B) 0.06
P(A or B will occur) P(A U B)

0.15 + 0.55 - 0.06

0.64
P(neither A nor B will occur) = 1 P(A or B will occur)
= 1 0.64
0.36

Bag A contains 3 blue balls and 6 white balls. Bag B contains 5 blue balls •
and

. 7 white balls. 2 balls are drawn from bag A and 1 ball from bag B.Findthe
probability that out of 3 balls drawn, 2 are blue and 1 is white.

Answer:
P(blue ball from bag A) — 3 1
9 3
P(white ball from bag A) — 6 2
9 3
P(blue ball from bag B) = 5
12
P(white ball from bag B) = 7
12
P(two blue balls and I white ball)
= P(2 blue balls from bag A and I white ball from bag B)
+ P(l blue ball and I white ball from bag A and I blue ball frombagB)
= [P(2 blue balls from bag A) x P(one white ball from bag B))
+ [P(one blue and one white ball from bag A) x P(one blue ballfromB)!

5
y
c 12 12
37
144

56
 Mathematics (T)Term S

• The table below shows the distribution of 22 workers in an office

Malay Chinese tndlan
Male 5 2 3
Female 6 4 2

: Three workers are selected randomly, calculate the probability that

(a) two male workers and one female worker are selected
(b) all workers selected are of the same race,
:
: (c) twoworkers are Malay,given that two male workers and one female worker
are selected.

Answer:
Malay Chinese Indian Total

Male 5 2 3 10

Female 6 4 2 12

Total 11 6 5 22

(a) P(Two male and one female)

22C
3
540
1540
27
77

(b) P(Three Malay, 3 Chinese, 3 Indian)

3
22
C3
165 + 20 + 10
1540
39
308

57
 Vat-be—tics Term a STPM 2

(c) P(TWoMalay workers I Two male workers and one female

worker)
Malay male workers. I female worker of other
races)
HOne Malay worker, I Malay male worker, 1
male worker
other races)
P(Two male workers and one female worker)
(g x • ecu x

27
77
60. 150 27
540 77
7
18

Ques6öö
14
• A and B are two events such that P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.2 and P(A U B) = 0.6.
• (a) Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate all the probabilities associated with them. :
• (b) Hence. determine

(iii) P(A'n 8), (iv) P(A' n 89,

(vi) P(A'u B).

Answer:
(a)

0.1 0.1

(b) Based on the Venn diagram,

0.6 -0.5 + 0.2- n B)

. n B) -0.1

58
 Mathem•tie• (T)Term S STPM 2

01) n B') P(A)- n B)

0.5 0.1
0.4

(iii) P(A' n B) - P(B) - n B)

0.2 - 0.1
0.1

a I 0.6
0.4

(vi) P(A' U B) = 0.6

15
Question/
•
: In a certain group of students, 85% of the students passed in Physics, 75% passed
: in Chemistry and 30% failed at least one of these two subjects.
(a) Find the probability of the students who passed in exactly one of these two .
subjects.
• (b) Of the students who passed Physics, find the probability of the students
who also passed in Chemistry.

Answer:
Let X be the event that a student passed Physics and
Y be the event that a student passed Chemistry.
P(X) = 0.8
P(Y) = 0.75
P(a student passed at least one of these two subject) = P(X n Y)
= 1 -0.3
= 0.7

(a) P(a student passed in exactlyone of these two subjects)

= 0.85 + 0.75 - 2(0.7)

= 0.2

59
 Mathematic' (T)Term 3 STPM

(b) Chemistry I passed Physics) a I X)

0.7
0.85
14
17

(Qüés_bon
Analysis of the results of a group of students who had taken examinationsin
• both Mathematics and Physics produced the following information:
45% passed in Mathematics
50% passed in Physics
30% passed in both subjects
• A student from that group is selected at random. Find the probability that
(a) the student passed Mathematics,Physics or both,
(b) the students who passed in Physics, also passed Mathematics,in percentage.:

Answer:
Given, P(Mathematics) = 45% = 0.45
P(Physics) = 50% = 0.50
P(Mathematics n Physic) = 30% = 0 30
Maths Physics

0.15 0.3 0.2 Visualize the problem

and information by
using Venn diagram.

0.35

(a) P(Passed Mathematics, Physics or both)

= 0.15 + 0.30 + 0.2
= 0.65
(b) P(Passed Mathematics I Passed Physics)
0.30
0.50
= 0.60
60%

60
 Mathematics (T)term a STPMChapter?

the interest of the people of a city in reading three

was conducted on
magazines A, B and C, The results show that 30% of the people like to :
s of
e A, of the people like to read magazine B, 16% of the people .
magazin
read
read magazine C, 7% of the people like to read magazines A and B, 5%
to
•
people like to read magazines A and C, 4% of the people like to read :
i, ofthe B and C. 2% of the
people like to read all the three magazines. What :
magazines
;
probability that a randomly chosen person,
: is the magazine?
does not read any
(a)
reads only one of these magazines?
• (b)
reads only two of these magazines?
(c)

Answer:
magazine)
(a) P(does not read
-1 - (0.11 + 0.05 + 0.02 + 0.02 + 0.2 + 0.03 + 0.09)
0.48

(b) P(read only I type of magazine)

= 0.11 + 0.2 + 0.09 0.2
¯ 0.4
B 0.05 0.03 c
0.02
(c) P(read 2 types of magazine)
0.11 0.02 0.09
= 0.05 + 0.03 + 0.02
= 0.1 0.48

Ouestion
18
• Giventhat events A and B are such that P(A) = 2 13 and P(A
I B) = 3
5' 25 13
: Calculatethe probabilities that
(a) both events occur,
: (b) only one of the two events occur,
(c) at least one of the events occur,
(d) neither events occur,
(e) B occurs,given that
A has already occurred.

61
 С.— 2
КТ!Тво З ВТРМ

ттоп тег

P(Both оссиг) = —

(Ъ) P(Onty опе the two e•.ents оссит)

(с) P(At least опе of the events occur)

13
5 25 25

(d) P(Neither events occur)

нВ Л А)

25

62
 Mathematics (T) Term 3 STPMCh." 2

A ond B are two events

such that P(A) = and P(8) -
8

• {a) A and B are two mutually exclusive events,

• (b) A and B are two Independent events,

Ans•er:
(a) If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, P(A n B) = 0

6 1
7 8
55
56

(b) If A and B are two independent events, P(A n B) =

-(67
7
8

6 1 1

7
55 1
56 8

63
 SIPM
CT)Tero

independent events such that POO • 0.6 and P(Y) 0.3. Calculate
X and V are tv.'0
pvvnn,
: PCXOY),

0.6, 0.3
p(xnl) PO')
0.6 0.3
0.18

= 0.6 + 0.3 0.18

= 0.72

0.18
0.72
= 0.25

A box contains 16 rulers comprising 6 green long rulers, 5 red long rulers,3 green
: short rulers,2 red short rulers.Three rulers are picked at random from the box,
. one by one without replacement.The events X and Y are defined as follows:
X: Event that exactly two long rulers are picked.
Y: Event that exactly one green ruler is picked.
t. Calculate P(X),
Y), Y) and I X).

Answer:
Green Red Total
Long rulers 6 5 11
Short rulers 3 2 5
Total 9 7 16

64
 Mathematics (T)Term 3 STPM 2

275
560
55
112

IOC

189
560
27
80

(2 red long rulers, I green short ruler) + (l green

long ruler, I red long ruler, I red short ruler)

IOC
90
560

56

P(XIJ Y) P(X) + P(Y)- n Y)

55 27
112 80 56
187
280

P(YIX)-

56
55
112
18
55

65
 Term 8 STPM

A futory has 100 wofkejs.

Marital status
Gender
Married
Male
Female 15 25

(a) If a worker is selected at random, what is the probability that

(i) the worker is married?
(ii) the worker is a female given that the worker is married?
(b) If two workers are selected at random, what is the probability thatthe
workers are married?
(c) If three workers are selected at random, what is the probability thatoneof
them is single?
(d) If a male worker and a female worker are selected at random, what is the:
probability that one of them is single?

Answer:
Single Married Total
Male 25 35

Female 15 25

Total 40 60 100

60
(a) (i) P(Marricd)
100
3
5

P(Fcmale CAMarried)
(ii) P(Female I Married)

25
100
60
100
5
12
 Mathematics (T) Term 3 STP" Chøpter2 Prr»jabüy

wof%ersare married)
(b)
59
166

single and two are married) 'c

(c) P(One
236
539

(d) p(Male single, female married Male married, female single)

esc, X + ("C X )
x oo
c
23
48

Üstion23
•
• A box contains 12 cards of which 4 are red, 5 are green and 3 are blue. Two cards
aredrawn in succession without replacement.Illustratethe outcomes in tree :
• diagram.Find the probability that
• (a) all the cards have the same colour,
(b) one card of each colour has been chosen.

Answer:
11

Tip
12
Visualize the information
given by using tree
diagram.
11

11

67
 "Athenat.ics (T) Term 3

(a) mal) cards haw same colour)

P(RR) + P(GG) + P(BII)

06

(b) P(one card of each colour)

I P(all cards have same colour)
19
66

30 students in a class are divided into 3 groups. Group P has 8

boysand 3 girls,:
. group Q has 4 boys and 4 girls, group R has 6 boys and 5
girls.A studentis :
• selected byfirst selecting group randomly and then selecting a student randomly
from that group. :
: (a) Find the probability that a boy is selected.
• (b) Given that a boy is selected, find the probability that he
is from groupQ.

Answer:

(a) P(a boy is selected) =

11 11
13
22

68
 Mathematlos (T) Term a STPM Chaptor2 Probability

boy from group Q I a boy is selected) 2

(b)
22
11
39

Question,25)
• A factory operating on four types of machines, P, Q, R and S, each respectively
contributes 20%, 15%, 35% and 30% of the chips produced by the factory. It is
• found that 3% of the chips produced by machine P, 2% of the chips produced
by machineQ, 5% of the chips producedby machineR and 1% of the chips
: producedby machine S are defective.Find the probability that a randomly
: selectedchip produced by the factory is not defective.

Answer:

0.03 D

0.97
0.2
0.02
0.15
0.98
D'
0.35 0.05

0.3 0.95

0.01
s
0.99
D'

P(getting a non defective chip)

= (0.2x 0.97)+ (0.15x 0.98)+ (0.35x 0.95)+ (0.3x 0.99)
0.194 + 0.147 + 0.3325 + 0.297
0.9705

69
 Mathemat.ie• (T) Term 3 STPM Chapte•2

B'

B P(A'n B) = ?

A'

20

• The tree diagram above shows how 2 events A and B are related to eachother
• and the various probabilities associated with them. Based on the tree diagram,:
: (a) state the values of
(i) P(B' I A),
(ii) P(B'I A).
: (b) find the values of
P(A'n B), (iv) P(A'n B).
(c) hence, deduce the values of
(ii) P(BO

70
 (Т)тат З ВТРМ

• 0.8

= — х 0.9

= х 0.1

зо

(iii) Р(А' п В)
= —х 0.2

15

= —x 0.8

15

15
13

зо 15

30

71
 (Ti •tPM

OjesOOn27
; In a 9toup ot students, of those who Physics, also pass Matijemotiß
those who do jot pass Physics,only pass Mathematics,If 6(Yh,
of
: students pass tn Physics.find the proportion for those who pass in .

PIM i P) -09, 0.1

P and P' are mutually exclusive events.

• (0.6 x 09) (0.4 x 0.1)

0.98
58% of the students pass in Mathematics.

Bag A contains 3 blue counters and 6 white counters.Bag B contains5 blue

. counters and 7 white counters.A counter is drawn at randorn from one of the
• bags and it is found to be white. Find the probability that it was drawnfrom
• bag B.

Answer:
1
Let A be the event of choosing bag A
2
1
B be the event of choosing bag 13 P(B) =
2
W be the event of choosing a white counter.

6 2
From question, I A) = 9
3
7
P(WI B) =
12

P(WI B) •P(B)
P(BI W) =
P(WI A) •P(A) + I B) •P(B)

2 1
3 2
7

72
 A group students js taking either Pure Mathematicsor Statistic.It known ;
taking
that Y of the students are boys, The probability that a boy of this group is
Statistic :
pure Mathematics is ——.The probability that a girl of this group is taking
:
F.A student Is chosen at random from this group, find the probability that
• the student
Pure Mathematics,
(a) Isa boy taking
Pure Mathematics is a girl,
(b) who is taking
statistic.
• (c) is taking

Answer:
Let B denotes Boy
G denotes Girl
M denotes Pure Mathematics
S denotes Statistic

12 5 12 - 20

3 5
12

6 s

(a) P(a boy taking Pure Mathematics)

7
5 12
7
20

73
 (b) ma Pure Mathematscs a

97

(c) P(the student is taking statistic)

P(the student is a boy taking statistic or a girl taking statistic)

43
140

@üÉtiom30
A packet containing three types of seeds, X, Y and Z with the
ratio6 : 3 : 1, •
whose germination rates are 50%, 65% and respectively.
: (a) A seed is chosen at random, find the probability that the seed
will germinate.
• (b) A seed is found germinating, find the probability that it is from type
Z.

Answer:
Let X, Y and Z represent the three types of seeds, G be the event that theseed
will germinate and G' be the event that the seed will not germinate.

74
 Mathematic. (T) Term S STPM Probab/ldv

G
3
s 066
10

0.8

z
P(G7
02

(a) P(G) = P(X) • I X) + P(Y) • P(GI Y) + P(Z) • I Z)

= 0.575

(0.1
0.575
16
115

Question31
. A box contains 5 white balls and 3 black balls.Two balls are drawn from the box,
. one after another, without replacement.
: (a) Construct a tree diagram to show the various probabilities associated with
the two draws.
• (b) Determine the probability that
(i) the first ball drawn is white,
(ii) the second ball drawn is white given that the first ball drawn is black,
(iii) the second ball drawn is white,
(iv) the first ball drawn is black given that the second ball drawn is white.

75
 (fi Term O!PM
P(the ball i' given the second ball drawn
"hite)

Actual Questions STPM 2014

1. A student goes to school by bus, taxi or motorcycle. "I'he probability
that he travels by motorcycle is 0.44 and he is equally likely to take
a bus or a taxi. The probabilit that he is late for school if he goes
by bus, taxi or gnotorcycle is , — or 40—respectively. Calculate the
1

probability that
(a) he is late for school on a randonily chosen school day, 12tnarksl
(b) he goes to school by bus if he is late for school, 13litarksl
(c) he is not late for school if he goes to school by bus or
motorcycle. tnarksl

Answer:
Events
13 : going to school by bus
T : going to school by taxi
M : going to school by motorcycle
L : Late for school
Given P(M) = 0.44
0.56
= = 0.5 x 0.56
= 0.28

77