COMPLETION OF OIL WELLS

30 | Page

Penetration capacity is reduced as a function of downhole pressure.

2.2.7.4 Mechanical Cutter

The mechanical cutter is a grinding tool that allows the opening of slots for the communication of
the well with the formation. Occasionally, to control sand production, windows are opened in the
casing. Factors affecting shot quality:

Figure 13. Factors that affect the quality of the Shot.

2.2.8 STIMULATION

The stimulation of a well consists of the injection of a treatment fluid with the effect of removing
the damage caused by the invasion of fluids into the formation during drilling, if applicable, during
the productive life of the well. Stimulation is a process that allows the creation or cleaning of
channels in the producing rock to facilitate the flow of fluids from the formation to the well, it is
the main activity to improve the productivity of oil and gas wells.

Shot Blocking.

• Plugging occurs when perforations are filled with crushed rock from the formation and debris
from the charges, at the time it is shot with it. Because of this, plugs are not easily removed by
backflow.

Effect of Differential Pressure.

•Whenperforatingwithdifferentialpressureintotheformationtheperforationsarefilledwithparticlesa
ndtheplugsproducedbythisaredifficulttoremove,producinginsomecasespermanentpluggingandredu
cingtheproductivityofthewells.

Shot Density.

Also called THI or threshold inhibitors, "kinetic" inhibitors

do not shift the thermodynamic equilibrium of hydrate formation but rather extend the time

of induction (it is the duration between the crash of the system in the hydrate region and the
beginning of

effective hydrate formation). Recall that thermodynamics allows us to predict whether a

certain reaction is going to take place and the kinetics tells us how long the reaction is going to
take.

elapse

Chemicals modified from the hydrate formation induction time were

called KHI and those that modify the hydrate particles by changing the agglomeration of the
hydrate crystals are called AA. Some inhibitors are surfactants that prevent the

adherence of hydrates to the lines or form O/W emulsions that interfere with the process

of crystallization.

All kinetic inhibitors are known as LDHI or low dosage hydrate inhibitors.

Evolution of the LDHI

The idea for LDHIs came from observing (Franks, 1987) that certain fish do not freeze

at subzero temperatures of fresh water due to the secretion of a protein that, adhered to the

microscopic ice crystals prevent their growth.

The first generation of KHI were polymers of pyrrolidone or caprolactam (1994).

The KHI application window is not limited by the water cut as it happens

with thermodynamic inhibitors but by the maximum obtainable subcooling in the system

.The first generation of KHI could guarantee 15ºF of subcooling. the second

generation has already reached 20ºF. In offshore operations it is not uncommon to operate with

35ºF subcooling.

The last generation AAs have in their structure a “hydratephilic” end and another

“hydratephobic” whose effects combine to disperse the incipient hydrate in the liquid phase

hydrocarbon. Certain quaternary ammonium salts and phosphonium compounds are effective AA

for subcooling 40ºF and above.

While methanol should be used between 10 and 60% of the volume of the aqueous phase (it is

estimated at US$ 150MM/year the worldwide cost of methanol for the treatment of gas hydrates),

LDHI are effective at less than 1 wt% of the clear phase.

Petroleum Studies and Services S.R.L.

NT No. 72

Sheet 6 of 7

In cases cited in the literature, the replacement of methanol by LDHI (PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone)

was able to reduce the cost of treatment by more than 50% being the inhibitor

effective at less than 0.1% of the aqueous phase.

Effective operation at very low concentrations (below 1000 ppm) has made

LDHIs are also referred to as THIs (threshold hydrate inhibitors).

The AA group has some limitations, although they operate for long periods and with

High subcoolings are toxic, they need 50-70% hydrocarbon cut from the water and

will worsen the quality of the co-produced water by forming emulsions.

The second generation of LDHI are called KHI which are chemically

modified 1st generation polymers. They can control carbohydrates for 48 hours. Fraud

subcooling of 13ºC (the first generation achieved 8ºC for 24hrs.). The usual doses

they are around 0.5% (5000 ppm).

Thermodynamic inhibitors (methanol, monoethylene glycol) act synergistically

with the LDHI. It is important that both are not antagonistic because the transition rules of

The change from thermodynamic to kinetic is gradual and both are used simultaneously.

Other water soluble chemicals (corrosion and scale inhibitors) are

Compatible with KHIs but hydrocarbon soluble chemicals usually are not.

Table 1 illustrates the KHI vs. Methanol in wells and Table 2 the assay

combined methanol and KHI in gas pipelines.

Table 1

KHI vs. methanol

KHI Methanol Well

Gal/day US$/ day Gal/day US$/ day %

WSA 23 27 21.60 < 4.3 < 14.62 4

WSA 25 30 24.60 1.8 6.12 4

WY2 20 16.00 2.5 -5.0 3.7 -7.4 1

NCT 25 20.00 3 - 4 10.20 - 13.60 4

Petroleum Studies and Services S.R.L.

NT No. 72

Sheet 7 of 7

Box 2

Combined Test in Gas Pipelines

Conditions AKAR CARTER NEAL

Length - feet 6,000 19,000 24,000

Diameter - in. 4 4 4

Qg. - MMscf./day 1.8 1.2 2

BPD condensed 40 15 15

BPD water 55 110 0.055

Methanol wt% 0.41 0.21 38

PVP %p 0.001-0.004 0.006-0.002 0.1 - 0.55

Inh. corr. gal/day 1 1.5 1

Demulsifier gal/day 0 0.25 0.25

Diamonoids

They are very stable solids that normally precipitate from the gas phase in

systems with high content of H2S in the gas (dry gas). They mainly contain hc.

Cyclic and form diamond crystals, Table 3 contains data on the three

most frequent diamonoids.

Table 3

Most Frequent Diamonoids

ADAMANTHATE DIAMANTHATE TRIAMANTHATE

Melting Point 514ºF 464ºF 430ºF

esp. Gram. 1.07 1.21 ----

Molecular Weight 136 188 240

GPA Petroleum Studies and Services S.R.L.

Remedios 2715 C1406HCC Autonomous City of Buenos Aires

Fax: (011) 4392-0618

Email: gpasrl@Speedy.com.ar

Also called THI or inhibit

•One factor to consider is shot density which depends on the rate of mining required. Typically 4
shots of 0.5hp per foot are adequate, and for low productivity ranges of 1 to 2 shots per foot.

Shooting performance.
•The ability to penetrate the formation is inversely proportional to the overburden stress and
compressive strength of the formation. The proposed method for calculation was proposed by
Thomson, which relates compressive strength to surface test data.

Limitations of Pressure and Temperature.

• Pressures in the well can limit guns with exposed charges. In terms of temperature, high-
temperature charges provide poor penetration, the explosive is insensitive, and have more
failures, as well as higher costs.

COMPLETION OF OIL WELLS

31 | Page

The general classification for pacing is made up of reactive pacing and non-reactive pacing. The
subject is discussed in more detail later.

2.2.9 INDUCTIONS

The induction operation is carried out when the hydrocarbons produced from the formation do
not reach the surface, the activities consist of reducing the hydrostatic pressure to allow the well
to manifest.

Figure 14. Types of Induction.

2.2.9.1 Mechanical Induction

The operation consists of moving a heavy bar with a packing through the production rig. During
the ascending trip, the packing adjusts to the inner diameter of the production pipe and thus
allows the dislodgement of the fluid that is above them. The main disadvantage of this method is
the high operational risk due to the fact that it is carried out without the installation of preventers.

2.2.9.2 Displacement Induction

Displacement induction consists of opening a circulation jacket and displacing the fluids housed in
the production pipe towards the space

Types of Induction

Mechanical Induction

Displacement Induction

Induction by Thrust or Implosion

COMPLETION OF OIL WELLS

32 | Page

be annulled by a fluid of lower density. Common displacing fluids are fresh water, brines, and
nitrogen. For induction, the volume of fluid to be displaced must be considered. This will prevent
unfinished operations and failures due to lack of fluid. The pumping pressure must be considered,
allowing the selection of the appropriate equipment for pumping, in order to avoid risks during
the development of the operation.

2.2.9.3 Induction by Thrust or Implosion

Thrust induction consists of the injection of fluids contained in the well in complement with a
volume of nitrogen into the formation through an open interval. Nitrogen is an inert gas that does
not react with the formation and after being discharged it produces a suction effect, thus
providing a drag of solids and a decrease in hydrostatic pressure.

For this process it is necessary to determine the total volume and cost of nitrogen injection to be
injected into the well in order to generate a lower pressure on the face of the interval and induce
well production. On the other hand, it is vital to consider the pressure change in the system to
avoid ruptures of any element of the well (packers, production rig).

COMPLETION OF OIL WELLS

33 | Page

CHAPTER 3. TYPES OF WELL COMPLETION

The completion of an oil well complements drilling and is just as important as drilling. Through
this, hydrocarbons are extracted from the reservoir to the surface. the termination

Más sobre el texto fuenteSe requiere el texto fuente para obtener información adicional sobre la
traducción

Enviar comentarios

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Guardadas

Contribuir

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COMPLETION OF OIL WELLS

30 | Page

Penetration capacity is reduced as a function of downhole pressure.

2.2.7.4 Mechanical Cutter

The mechanical cutter is a grinding tool that allows the opening of slots for the communication of
the well with the formation. Occasionally, to control sand production, windows are opened in the
casing. Factors affecting shot quality:

Figure 13. Factors that affect the quality of the Shot.

2.2.8 STIMULATION
The stimulation of a well consists of the injection of a treatment fluid with the effect of removing
the damage caused by the invasion of fluids into the formation during drilling, if applicable, during
the productive life of the well. Stimulation is a process that allows the creation or cleaning of
channels in the producing rock to facilitate the flow of fluids from the formation to the well, it is
the main activity to improve the productivity of oil and gas wells.

Shot Blocking.

• Plugging occurs when perforations are filled with crushed rock from the formation and debris
from the charges, at the time it is shot with it. Because of this, plugs are not easily removed by
backflow.

Effect of Differential Pressure.

•Whenperforatingwithdifferentialpressureintotheformationtheperforationsarefilledwithparticlesa
ndtheplugsproducedbythisaredifficulttoremove,producinginsomecasespermanentpluggingandredu
cingtheproductivityofthewells.

Shot Density.

•One factor to consider is shot density which depends on the rate of mining required. Typically 4
shots of 0.5hp per foot are adequate, and for low productivity ranges of 1 to 2 shots per foot.

Shooting performance.

•The ability to penetrate the formation is inversely proportional to the overburden stress and
compressive strength of the formation. The proposed method for calculation was proposed by
Thomson, which relates compressive strength to surface test data.

Limitations of Pressure and Temperature.

• Pressures in the well can limit guns with exposed charges. In terms of temperature, high-
temperature charges provide poor penetration, the explosive is insensitive, and have more
failures, as well as higher costs.

COMPLETION OF OIL WELLS

31 | Page

The general classification for pacing is made up of reactive pacing and non-reactive pacing. The
subject is discussed in more detail later.

2.2.9 INDUCTIONS

The induction operation is carried out when the hydrocarbons produced from the formation do
not reach the surface, the activities consist of reducing the hydrostatic pressure to allow the well
to manifest.

Figure 14. Types of Induction.

2.2.9.1 Mechanical Induction

The operation consists of moving a heavy bar with a packing through the production rig. During
the ascending trip, the packing adjusts to the inner diameter of the production pipe and thus
allows the dislodgement of the fluid that is above them. The main disadvantage of this method is
the high operational risk due to the fact that it is carried out without the installation of preventers.

2.2.9.2 Displacement Induction

Displacement induction consists of opening a circulation jacket and displacing the fluids housed in
the production pipe towards the space

Types of Induction

Mechanical Induction

Displacement Induction

Induction by Thrust or Implosion

COMPLETION OF OIL WELLS

32 | Page

be annulled by a fluid of lower density. Common displacing fluids are fresh water, brines, and
nitrogen. For induction, the volume of fluid to be displaced must be considered. This will prevent
unfinished operations and failures due to lack of fluid. The pumping pressure must be considered,
allowing the selection of the appropriate equipment for pumping, in order to avoid risks during
the development of the operation.

2.2.9.3 Induction by Thrust or Implosion

Thrust induction consists of the injection of fluids contained in the well in complement with a
volume of nitrogen into the formation through an open interval. Nitrogen is an inert gas that does
not react with the formation and after being discharged it produces a suction effect, thus
providing a drag of solids and a decrease in hydrostatic pressure.

For this process it is necessary to determine the total volume and cost of nitrogen injection to be
injected into the well in order to generate a lower pressure on the face of the interval and induce
well production. On the other hand, it is vital to consider the pressure change in the system to
avoid ruptures of any element of the well (packers, production rig).

COMPLETION OF OIL WELLS

33 | Page

CHAPTER 3. TYPES OF WELL COMPLETION

The completion of an oil well complements drilling and is just as important as drilling. Through
this, hydrocarbons are extracted from the reservoir to the surface. the termination

Más sobre el texto fuenteSe requiere el texto fuente para obtener información adicional sobre la
traducción
Enviar comentarios

Paneles laterales

Historial

Guardadas

Contribuir

El límite de caracteres es 5,000. Usa las flechas para traducir más contenido.