C4-1 Lecture 2 - Earthquake Forces and Response of SDOF System

CSE C4 – 2018
C4-I INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE

ENGINEERING AND SEISMICITY
Earthquake Response of SDOF

System
Course Coordinator:
Dr. Carlos E. Ventura, P.Eng.
Instructor:
Dr. Carlos E. Ventura
Certificate Program in Structural Engineering

Instructor: Dr. C.E. Ventura
Linear Response of Structures

Note:
Some of the following slides were kindly provided by Dr. Mete Sozen and Dr.
Luis Garcia of Purdue University and some from FEMA Material Complementing
FEMA 451, Design Examples. Some slides on Response spectra were provided
by Dr. CVR Murthy.
Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – C4 No. 2

Natural Vibration Period
Every body has a vibration natural period

that depends on its mass and stiffness.
If the body has several degrees of freedom,

it has many vibration periods, and the
larger period is called the Fundamental
Period of Vibration

Fundamental Vibration Period for

Buildings





Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – C4






Description of the Oscillation















sin





Equilibrium Equation:

Base Excitation
sin



Importance of SDOF and Response

Spectrum










Commonly used spectra

– Spectral Displacement
(SD)
– Pseudo-Spectral Velocity SD
(PSV)
0 1 2 3
– Pseudo-Spectral Acceleration
(PSA)
PSV
PSV = ω ⋅ SD
0 1 2 3
2
PSA = ω ⋅ SD PSA
0 1 2 3

Natural Period T

Sv=ωnD

Sa=ωn2D


Interrelations
Tripartite plot
2
ω ⋅ SD = ω ⋅ PSV = PSA
Y X C1
log10 (PSV ) = log10 (T ) + log10 (PSA ) + cons tan t
log10 (PSV ) = − log10 (T ) + log10 (SD ) + cons tan t
Y -X C2
For constant PSA,

log10(T) vs. log10(PSV) is a line with slope +1
For constant SD,
log10(T) vs. log10(PSV) is a line with slope -1

Inter-relations…
Tripartite plot…
SD
PSV
PSA
Natural Period T (sec)


El Centro, California, 1940
El Centro response
spectrum for system
under
different damping
ratios, ζ = 0, 2, 5
and 10 percent.
Many records like

this were then
combined to
produce
a design spectrum

Use of Response Spectrum

Characterizing Strong Ground Motions
𝑢𝑢̈ g
0
Time t
PSA
0 1 2 3
Natural Period T
Use of Response Spectrum…
Calculation of design EQ force

– Lateral force
(VB )max = k ⋅ umax = k ⋅ SD
( ) 2
= mω ⋅ SD = m ⋅ ω ⋅ SD = m ⋅ PSA ( 2
)
– Strain energy
1 1
Emax = k ⋅ (umax ) = k ⋅ SD2
2
2 2
1
( )
2 2 1 1
= mω ⋅ SD = m ⋅ (ω ⋅ SD ) = m ⋅ (PSV )2
2 2
2
2


Design Response Spectra

• Smoothening
– Remove sensitivity to calculation of T
Actual Ground Acceleration :
Random
𝑢𝑢̈ g(t)
0
Time t
Actual
Energy
Smoothened
Response Spectrum
Trend line
Energy
Intensive
Region
Frequency
0 25 (Hz)
Long Period Short Period
Waves – C4
Certificate Program in Structural Engineering Waves
Design Response Spectrum…

Smoothening
– Typical smooth spectra used in design for
different values of damping
Period (sec) Period (sec) Period (sec)
Acceleration Spectra Velocity Spectra Displacement Spectra


Soil Conditions
Flexible
Wall
Soil
Soil Spring
Original Building Inverted Pendulum Model


Soil Conditions…
Pseudo-Spectral Acceleration
Peak Ground Acceleration
Soft-Medium Clay
Deep Cohesionless Soils
Stiff Soil
1
Rock
0
Natural Period T (sec)


Constructing a design spectrum
– From peak ground parameters (Newmark-Hall)
For Hard Rock
αVPGV
ξ αA αV αD
2% 2.74 2.03 1.63
(log scale)
PGV
PSV
5% 2.12 1.65 1.59
10% 1.64 1.37 1.20

From study of
large number of ground motions
0 1/33 1/8 10 33
Natural Period T
(in log scale) (sec)

• Design Spectrum is a design specification
– Accounts for issues that have bearing on EQ safety
• Overstrength, redundancy, ductility
– Smooth
• Actual response spectrum :: peaks & valleys
• Design Spectrum must be accompanied by

– Load factors and permissible stresses
– Damping to be used in design
– Type of detailing for ductility
– Method of calculating T

Design Response spectrum…

Fundamental natural period T of buildings
– Due to uncertainty in calculating T of a building, modern
codes require one of the following safeguards:
• Enforce an upper bound on T used for calculating VB
– Based on empirical T (e.g., NBCC)
• Place a lower bound on VB
– Based on empirical T (e.g., NBCC, UBC ( earlier version of IBC))
• Put lower limit on force (VB) derived based on dynamic analysis for
VB calculation (NBCC)

NONLIN
Nonlinear Dynamic Time

History Analysis of Single
Degree of Freedom Systems

Availability
developed by
Finley A. Charney, Ph.D., P.E.
Advanced Structural Concepts, Inc.
2221 East Street Golden, CO 80401
under contract with

Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA
It is available free of charge !
http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/nonlin.a
sp

Introduction
• NONLIN is a Windows based

application for the dynamic analysis
of SDOF structural systems.
• The structure may be modeled as
elastic, elastic-plastic, or as a
yielding system.
• The dynamic loading may be input
as an earthquake accelerogram, or
a wave form.
• The program uses a step-by-step
method to solve the incrementally
nonlinear equations of motion.

objective
Provide a visual basis for

learning the principles
of earthquake
engineering,
particularly as related
to the
• concepts of structural
dynamics,
• damping,
• ductility, and
• energy dissipation.

Structure Properties

Structure Properties

Earthquake Ground Motion

Ground Acceleration Time-Histories

Analysis and Results
Compute Hysteresis
Time Plots
histories
RUN –
must click Energy Plots
Animate
first!
Print
Results
Response Time Histories - Displacements

Response Time Histories - Forces

Hysteresis Plots

Energy Plots

Printed Results

Animation

Earthquake Ground Motion

Tripartite Response Spectrum

Arithmetic Response Spectra

Fourier Response Spectrum

Demand Response Spectrum

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CSE C4 – 2018

C4-I INTRODUCTION TO EARTHQUAKE

Earthquake Response of SDOF

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering

Linear Response of Structures

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – C4 No. 2

Natural Vibration Period

Every body has a vibration natural period

If the body has several degrees of freedom,

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – C4 No. 3

Fundamental Vibration Period for

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – C4 No. 4

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – C4 No. 5

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – C4 No. 6

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Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – C4 No. 13

Certificate Program in Structural Engineering – C4

Description of the Oscillation

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Importance of SDOF and Response

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Commonly used spectra

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