AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

Engineering and Architecture Department

Student Name: KYLE DARREN M. CAWALING Subject: ARP-1

Course/Year/ Section: BS in Architecture 4A
Instructor: AR. MAYBELLE RUIZ Date: JUNE 19,2022

Chapter 3 – The User

L. Techniques of analysis
- We have excluded special research techniques, as well as others of great practical
importance which do not clear. Once the relevant users are identified, their
requirements and desires for such qualities as vital support, sense, fit, access, and
control can be investigated by any of an array of techniques.
M. Indirect Observation.
- These techniques are used where the user is unassembled, the design center is
remote, or when time and money do not permit a more direct approach. They are also
useful for excluding the user from decisions. The indirect observa tion we use some
record of past behavior to explain the present and predict the future

N. Past Choices
- Everyone may be leaving center city for the suburbs, but it does not follow that the
movement cannot be reversed, given a new center city. The information is reliable
since it reveals what people actually do rather than what they say they will do. If the
past choices were real and similar to present choices, the information is useful.

O. Precedents
- This is the study of precedent, so familiar to designers. But precedents are slippery
fish: one is never quite sure what elements of the environment are working well or
how will they operate in a new context. One can study the form of stable and accepted
existing places, or the environment of origin of some group, thinking that such places
must have come to some fit with prevalent values and actions.

P. Archives

- These data are objective and often enlightening about past or current site behavior.
Since the data were recorded and preserved for other purposes, they may distort past
reality or be only partially relevant to site planning purposes. Much information has
already been recorded for other purposes and is available in compact form.
 AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Engineering and Architecture Department

Student Name: KYLE DARREN M. CAWALING Subject: ARP-1

Course/Year/ Section: BS in Architecture 4A
Instructor: AR. MAYBELLE RUIZ Date: JUNE 19,2022

Q. Content Analysis
- Some newspapers, radio, guidebooks, popular songs, songs, and more all contain
references to the environment that record widely held images and opinion about it.
They tend to express stereotyped ideas, fixed and narrow. They reflect the views of
whoever controls the particular medium.

R. Traces
- Traces are an economical source of information; whose collection causes little
disturbance. But the information may be fragmentary, hard to read unless one is
familiar with the culture, and expressive more of behavior than of inner feeling. The
site designer learns to read these signs just as the tracker reads the spoor of forest
animals.

S. Formal Studies
- The account of a design still stops at that magic moment when the project was just
completed. If we were to analyze the performance of the projects in relation to their
programs on any regular basis, we would soon build an impressive body of evidence.
Even in the well-studied areas, one frequently finds that the situations analyzed are
unlike the ones that the designer faces, in some important feature, or that his most
urgent questions remain unanswered.

T. Direct Observation
- When behavioral observation is supplemented by an inquiry into felt experience, the
combination is the most reliable data we can get on how places are working. Th e
designers are well-advised to study placed in this two-pronged way, although they
may have to employ short-cut means.These are records of what people actually do in
a place. It is the behavior of being observed that is usually visible behavior, but one
can record speech as well.
 AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Engineering and Architecture Department

Student Name: KYLE DARREN M. CAWALING Subject: ARP-1

Course/Year/ Section: BS in Architecture 4A
Instructor: AR. MAYBELLE RUIZ Date: JUNE 19,2022

U. Behavior Settings

- The final rule excludes more than one might suppose but permits such studies as
focusing on helping people to do what they seek to do and do not identify individuals or
small groups. There is no substitute for this sympathetic experience of real places in
action. Good designers do it habitually. These techniques of observation are especially
apt for designs that will adapt existing sites for present users, although studies can also
be made of sites analogous to new designs.

V. Movement Patterns
- Sample persons or vehicles may be stopped and asked about the origin and
destination of their trip. The traffic flow counts, at least, economical for effort, and
raises no substantial ethical questions. The classic form of behavioral observation is
the traffic count, in which we tally the number and perhaps the type of vehicles or
persons passing or turning at some particular point, in some unit of time.

W. Behavior Circuits

- The idea that a place should be evaluated during the experience of a normal day
remains important. It is the view of place as experienced by the person, who moves
from location to location and engages in various roles. If known, behavior is inevitably
distorted.

X. Selected Behavior
- It is narrower than the holistic observation of the behavior setting and more dependent
on previous theories and assumptions. It is powerful, rapid, and limited. It is likely to
be more directly relevant to site planning ends.
 AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Engineering and Architecture Department

Student Name: KYLE DARREN M. CAWALING Subject: ARP-1

Course/Year/ Section: BS in Architecture 4A
Instructor: AR. MAYBELLE RUIZ Date: JUNE 19,2022

Z. Experiments
- All experiments are complicated by the fact that behavioral effects develop over a
substantial period of time. In all preceding investigations, it is difficult to determine
cause and effect since so many variables are involved. Therefore, the observer may
resort to the “natural experiment,” when some change has occurred for other reasons:
a bridge has been closed for repair, a settlement struck by disaster, or construction
disrupts a street.
AA. Direct Communication
- The person interviewed responds to the interviewer and hides certain things from
others. If done with sympathy and tact and if cross-checked by several different
approaches to internal reality, direct communication is a rich source of information that
one can gain in no other way. The uncertainties of the attempt require us to use a
combination of methods so that cross-checking will improve reliability.

BB. Interviews

- Since one can interview all users only in rare cases, there are statistical
considerations in choosing the sample. Therefore, it is often best, to begin with, a
small, exploratory, open-ended survey and follows it with a large, structured one that
focuses on the crucial items uncovered in the preliminary exploration. There is a
general technique of interview, with which any questioner should be familiar: how to
maintain a nonjudgmental but interested tone.

CC. Activity Logs

- It gives us a solid picture of how people use their world and time and how they interact
with others. We can make diagrams of social and geographical range from it, and
comprehensive-time budgets. Based on recent memory, the account is likely to be
fairly accurate, unless the person has something to hide.
 AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Engineering and Architecture Department

Student Name: KYLE DARREN M. CAWALING Subject: ARP-1

Course/Year/ Section: BS in Architecture 4A
Instructor: AR. MAYBELLE RUIZ Date: JUNE 19,2022

DD. Naming Problems

- This type of questioning directly supplements the visual observation of frustrating
behavior. Problems are easier to perceive than satisfactions, and so the former will be
emphasized. Some people may be silent about other problems because they seem
foolish or improper.

EE. Images
- The interview may pursue the sense of the time embodied in the environment. It is not
easy to compare or quantify. We evoke the spatial image: how the place and its
features are recognized and mentally organized, the sense of territory and structure,
and its relation to the sense of self.

FF. Preferences

- There is substantial literature on the types of simulation that give the most reliable
results. Thus one can add the image of a low-status person to photograph or delete
signs or telephone poles. A number of techniques have been developed to extract a
more precise sense of internal values and images.

GG. Semantic Differential

- The method has its limitations and boundaries. It deals solely with verbal ster eotypes,
and the verbal classes are imposed on the respondent. It is a developed technique for
probing the meaning of places.

HH. Forced Choice

- Since imagined preferences are costless, they may have little relevance to real
choices. The forced-choice is a device for getting closer to reality. From the choices,
one learns how people might trade the size of the house lot against the time distance
to work or the quality of the school.
 AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Engineering and Architecture Department

Student Name: KYLE DARREN M. CAWALING Subject: ARP-1

Course/Year/ Section: BS in Architecture 4A
Instructor: AR. MAYBELLE RUIZ Date: JUNE 19,2022

II. Play
- Acting out can be recorded on videotape and studied as if it were actual place
behavior, heightened by the vocal and facial expressions of the players. Scale models
are intriguing representations of reality. Respondents can be requested to rearrange
them as they would prefer to see them or to deal with some given problem.

JJ. Memories
- Childhood memories, in particular, will evoke a flood of feelings. The environmental
memories are evocative but difficult to quantify Personal memories of the
environment, about which most respondents are pleased to speak, are a rich store of
information.

KK. Predictions
- An actual trial is better to guide but not easy to arrange. Predictions are notoriously
unlike actual choices. If it takes a planner week to understand a site and its use well
enough to be creative about solutions, surely no less should be expected of someone
not trained in such hypothetical issues.

LL. Empathy
- Actors are trained to achieve insights into how other people feel and behave.
Designers are not trained to forget themselves. By imagining what it might be like, the
researchers frame their hypotheses for testing.

MM. Site Visits

- The interview sample, of course, will be unbalanced, leaning toward housewives,
children, firemen, etc. Site visits are especially useful when discussing preferences
about places not yet created. A more natural variant occurs when the designer, in the
course of watching behavior in his chosen location, falls into conversation with those
whom he meets.
 AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Engineering and Architecture Department

Student Name: KYLE DARREN M. CAWALING Subject: ARP-1

Course/Year/ Section: BS in Architecture 4A
Instructor: AR. MAYBELLE RUIZ Date: JUNE 19,2022

NN. Group Interviews

- It is also possible to interview large numbers of respondents on written forms when
they are assembled in a hall. A discussion within a small group can yield a more
diverse response, through the sidelights and mutual support of good dialogue. Group
interviews can be stimulating affairs and use any of the techniques discussed.

OO. Participant observation

- To maintain the objectivity necessary for accurate reporting while also participating
means walking another tightrope. When we study preferences as a basis for
relocation, we are in greater trouble. Unfortunately, the participant-observer is on the
fence.

PP. Self-observation
- The very act of survey helps to establish the control of the setting by those who will
use it. It is a more radical response to these difficulties. Observing the response to the
environment becomes a self-experiment in which the potentialities of the setting and
of one’s own nature are explored in parallel.

QQ. Other Techniques

- These studies are of great research interest, but the techniques are difficult and
occasionally dangerous in unskilled hands. In others, the exact locus of attention is
traced; the facial expression is photographed, as well as gestures and body
movements. As extended as this list of methods has been, there are still others used
in research, and to some extent in professional practice: the repertory grid, gaming,
and thematic apperception.
 AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Engineering and Architecture Department

Student Name: KYLE DARREN M. CAWALING Subject: ARP-1

Course/Year/ Section: BS in Architecture 4A
Instructor: AR. MAYBELLE RUIZ Date: JUNE 19,2022

RR. Choice of Method

- The designer, or her investigator, acts as convoked, teacher, and organizer. The
choice of method depends largely on the nature of the users, Individual and small
group interviews about how they actually use the place. Users can be encouraged to
observe their own behavior in some systematic way and to visit other sites that
present alternatives.

SS. Findings
- When working in a similar place, the designer may hope for useful information We
have attempted a synopsis of the methods of studying environmental behavior but not
a synopsis of findings. Therefore, he must make inquiries on his own or engage
someone else to do so. In other situations, he will find very little that he can rely on.