DRAINAGE ENGINEERING - CE442

Presentation No. 07 (1 hr)

CLO Description Taxonomy Level PLO
DESIGN, operate and maintain the surface and sub-
2 C6* 3**, 7***
surface drainage systems for sustainable agriculture.
TOPIC: Surface Drainage System and Its Design
* C6 - Creating: Formulates new structures from existing knowledge and skills.
[Combine, Construct, Design, Develop, Generate, Plan, Propose]
** PLO 3 – Design/Development of Solutions: An ability to design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design systems, components or processes that meet specified needs with appropriate
consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
*** PLO 7 – Environment and Sustainability: An ability to understand the impact of professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts and demonstrate knowledge of and need for sustainable
development.

Instructor: Prof. Dr. Ashfaque A. Memon

2 Fair Use Notice

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class being conducted by the presenter.

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

3 After completion of this class discussion the students will
be able to:
 Enlist different types of drainage systems
 Describe the surface Drainage System
 Design drainage channels or ditches
 Estimate the peak flows
 Design the surface drainage channels
 Decide about an appropriate ditch arrangement

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

4 TYPES OF FIELD DRAINAGE
The different field drainage methods can be classified as:
1. Horizontal drainage
i. Surface drainage
ii. Sub-surface drainage
a. Tile/Mole drains
b. Interceptor drains
2. Vertical drainage i.e., Tube wells

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

5 SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
Surface drainage involves the removal of excess water from the
surface of the soil.
This is done by removing low spots where water accumulates by land
forming or by excavating ditches or a combination of the two.

Construction of a bedding system

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022
6 Land forming is mechanically changing the land surface to drain
surface water.
This is done by smoothing, grading, bedding or leveling.
Land smoothing is the shaping of the land to a smooth surface in order
to eliminate minor differences in elevation and this is accomplished by
filling shallow depressions using bulldozers or scrapers.
There is no change in land contour. Smoothing is done using land
levelers or planes.

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

7 Design of Drainage Channels or Ditches
Factors necessary for proper function of drainage system:

 Capacity/Peak Flow
 Velocity (> 1.5 ft/sec, Mannings/Chezy’s formula)
 Hydraulic gradient (depends upon relative levels)
 Cross section (meet the combined requirements of
capacity, velocity, depth, side slopes, and bottom width)

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

8 Estimation of Peak Flows:
 Rational formula
 Cook's method
 Curve Number method/Soil Conservation Service method, etc.
Drainage coefficients (to be treated later) are at times used in the
tropics especially in flat areas and where peak storm runoff would
require excessively large channels and culverts.
This may not apply locally because of high slopes.

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

9 a) The Rational Formula:
It states that:
qp = CIA/360
where
qp = peak flow (m3/s);
C = dimensionless runoff coefficient;
I = rainfall intensity for a given return period.
(Return period is the average number of years within which a
given rainfall event will be expected to occur at least once)
A = area of catchment (ha).

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

10 Using the Rational Method
i) Obtain area of catchment by surveying or from maps or aerial
photographs.
ii) Estimate intensity using the curve in Hudson's Field Engineering, page
42.
iii) The runoff coefficient C is a measure of the rain which becomes runoff.
 On a corrugated iron roof, almost all the rain would become runoff so C
= 1, while in a well drained soil, nine-tenths of the rain may soak in and
so C = 0.10.
 Refer Table 3.3 (Hudson's Field Engineering) to obtain C value.
 Where the catchment has several different kinds of characteristics, the
different values should be combined in proportion to the area of each.

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

11

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

12 b) Cook's Method:
Three catchment characteristics (CC) are considered:
1. Cover or Vegetation;
2. Soil permeability; and
3. Slope.
For each catchment, these are assessed and compared with Table
3.4 of Hudson's Field Engineering

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

13

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14

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

 Example 1
Determine Catchment characteristics (CC) of 200 acres catchment
15 with heavy grass on shallow soils with impeded drainage having
moderate slope.
Solution:
From Hudson’s Field Engg. Table 3.4 the factors are selected as
following:
Heavy grass cover =10;
Shallow soil with impeded drainage = 30; and
Moderate slope =10.
Catchment characteristics (CC) = 10+30+10 = 50.
From Hudson’s Field Engg. Table 3.5, for A = 200 acres & CC = 50:
Maximum runoff = 19.1 cusec
07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022
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07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

 Cook’s Method Contd.
17 This gives the runoff for a 10 yr return period. For return periods,
other than 10 years, the conversion factor is:
Return Period (yrs): 2 5 10 25 50
Conversion factor: 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.25 1.50

Another factor to be considered is the shape of the catchment.

Table 3.5 gives the runoff for a catchment, which is roughly square
or round. For other catchment shapes, the following conversion
factors should be used:
Square or round catchment (1)
Long & narrow (0.8)
Broad & short (1.25)
07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022
 Cook’s Method Contd.
18 Example 2
In Example 1, what maximum runoff value should be taken if the
drain is designed for return period of 50 years and catchment shape
is Broad and Short.
Solution:
Runoff = 19.1 cusec
Conversion factor for 50 years return period = 1.5
Conversion factor for Broad and Short shape of catchment = 1.25
Hence,
Maximum runoff = 19.1 x 1.5 x 1.25 = 35.813 cusec.

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

19 Surface Drainage Channels
 The drainage channels are normally designed using the Manning formula.
 The required capacity of a drainage channel is calculated from the
summation of the inflowing streams.
 The bed level of an open drain collecting flow from field pipe drains should
be such as to allow free fall from the pipe drain outlets under maximum
flow conditions, with an allowance for siltation and weed growth. 300 mm
is a reasonable general figure.

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022

 Surface Ditch Arrangements
The ditch arrangement can be random, parallel or cross- slope.
20
Random ditch system: Used where only scattered wetlands require drainage.
Parallel ditch system: Used in flat topography. Ditches are parallel and
perpendicular to the slope. Laterals, which run in the direction of the flow,
collect water from ditches.

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21

ANY
QUESTION
???

Thanks

07- Surface Drainage system and its design 9/10/2022