adapt (v) /əˈdæpt/ thích nghi '=changes slightly over time so it can continue

to exist in a particular environment Species have [adapted] to climate changes

throughout history. Các loài đã [thích nghi] với những thay đổi khí hậu trong
suốt lịch sử. "In passage: As these ancestral tortoises settled on the
individual islands, the different populations adapted to their unique environments,
giving rise to at least 14 different subspecies."
alien (adj) /ˈeɪliən/ ngoại lai '=introduced from another country and later
naturalized "When I first went to New York, it all felt very [alien] to me." "Khi
tôi lần đầu tiên đến New York, tất cả đều cảm thấy rất [xa lạ] đối với tôi." "In
passage: They also introduced alien species – ranging from cattle, pigs, goats,
rats and dogs to plants and ants – that either prey on the eggs and young tortoises
or damage or destroy their habitat."
be capable of (collocation) /bi ˈkeɪpəbəl əv/ có khả năng "'=having the ability,
power, or qualities to be able to do something" I think your plan is [capable] of
being improved. Tôi nghĩ rằng kế hoạch của bạn [có khả năng] được cải thiện.
"In passage: Relatively immobile and capable of surviving for months without
food or water, the tortoises were taken on board these ships to act as food
supplies during long ocean passages."
breeding (n) /ˈbridɪŋ/ sự gây giống '=the keeping of animals or plants in
order to breed from them We used to keep pigs for [breeding] purposes. Chúng
tôi đã từng nuôi lợn cho mục đích [chăn nuôi]. In passage: The aim was to use a
helicopter to move 300 of the breeding centre’s tortoises to various locations
close to Sierra Negra.
captive breeding (collocation) /ˈkæptɪv ˈbridɪŋ/ nhân giống nuôi nhốt "'=the
process of maintaining plants or animals in controlled environments, such as
wildlife reserves, zoos, botanic gardens, and other conservation facilities."
[Captive-breeding] programs breed endangered species in zoos and other
facilities to build a healthy population of the animals Các chương trình [Nuôi
nhốt] nhân giống các loài có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng trong các vườn thú và các cơ sở
khác để xây dựng một quần thể động vật khỏe mạnh "In passage: The centre’s
captive-breeding programme proved to be extremely successful, and it eventually had
to deal with an overpopulation problem."
carry out (phrase) /ˈkɛri aʊt/ thực hiện "'=to do or complete something,
especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do" Dr
Carter is [carrying out] research on early Christian art. Tiến sĩ Carter đang
[thực hiện] nghiên cứu về nghệ thuật Cơ đốc giáo thời kỳ đầu. "In passage: For
years, repatriation efforts were carried out in small numbers, with the tortoises
carried on the backs of men over weeks of long, treacherous hikes along narrow
trails."
colonise (v) cư ngụ '=establish itself in (an area) Mussels can
[colonise] even the most inhospitable rock surfaces Trai có thể [thuộc địa] ngay
cả những bề mặt đá khắc nghiệt nhất "In passage: Some time after the Galápagos’s
birth, around five million years ago, the islands were colonised by one or more
tortoises from mainland South America"
come across (phrsal verb) /kəm əˈkrɔs/ tình cờ lướt qua '=Meet or find someone
or something by chance I [came across] these old photos recently Tôi đã [xem qua]
những bức ảnh cũ này gần đây "In passage: Eventually, one tiny tortoise came
across a fully grown giant who had been lumbering around the island for around a
hundred years"
dedicated to (collocation) /ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd tɪ/ cống hiến '=Devote (time or
effort) to a particular task or purpose He has [dedicated] his life to scientific
research. Anh ấy đã [cống hiến] cuộc đời mình cho nghiên cứu khoa học. "In
passage: In 1989, work began on a tortoise-breeding centre just outside the town of
Puerto Villamil on Isabela, dedicated to protecting the island’s tortoise
populations"
distinct (adj) /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ tách biệt '=clearly separate and different (from
something else) The two languages are quite [distinct] from each other. Hai
ngôn ngữ khá [khác biệt] với nhau. "In passage: With its five distinct volcanoes,
the island resembles a lunar landscape"
exacerbate (v) /ɪgˈzæsərˌbeɪt/ làm trầm trọng '=to make something that is
already bad even worse Her allergy was [exacerbated] by the dust. Tình trạng
dị ứng của cô ấy [càng trở nên trầm trọng hơn] bởi bụi. In passage: This
historical exploitation was then exacerbated when settlers came to the islands.
exceed (v) /ɪkˈsid/ vượt quá "'=to be greater than a number or amount, or to
go past an allowed limit" "The final cost should not [exceed] $5,000." Chi
phí cuối cùng không được [vượt quá] $ 5.000. "In passage: In the absence of
significant predators, they grew to become the largest and longest-living tortoises
on the planet, weighing more than 400 kilograms, occasionally exceeding 1.8 metres
in length and living for more than a century."
exploitation (n) /ˌɛkˌsplɔɪˈteɪʃən/ sự khai thác '=the use of something
in order to get an advantage from it Britain's [exploitation] of its natural
gas reserves began after the Second World War. Việc [khai thác] trữ lượng khí đốt
tự nhiên của Anh bắt đầu sau Chiến tranh thế giới thứ hai. "In passage: From the
17th century onwards, pirates took a few on board for food, but the arrival of
whaling ships in the 1790s saw this exploitation grow exponentially"
exponentially (adv) /ˌɛkspoʊˈnɛnʃəli/ tăng theo cấp số nhân '=in a way that
becomes quicker and quicker as something that increases becomes larger "We are
growing [exponentially] in resources, people, and financing." "Chúng tôi đang
phát triển [theo cấp số nhân] về nguồn lực, con người và tài chính." "In passage:
From the 17th century onwards, pirates took a few on board for food, but the
arrival of whaling ships in the 1790s saw this exploitation grow exponentially"
give rise to (collocation) /gɪv raɪz tɪ/ gây ra '=to cause something
International support has [given rise to] a new optimism in the company.
Sự hỗ trợ từ quốc tế đã [tạo ra] một sự lạc quan mới trong công ty. "In
passage: As these ancestral tortoises settled on the individual islands, the
different populations adapted to their unique environments, giving rise to at least
14 different subspecies."
habitat (n) /ˈhæbəˌtæt/ môi trường sống '=the natural environment in which
an animal or plant usually lives This chance to view the animals in their
natural [habitat] should not be passed by. Cơ hội để xem các loài động vật
trong [môi trường sống] tự nhiên của chúng không nên bỏ qua. In passage: They
hunted the tortoises and destroyed their habitat to clear land for agriculture.
immobile (adj) /ˌɪˈmoʊˌbil/ bất động '=not moving or not able to move "She
sat [immobile], wondering what to do next." "Cô ngồi [bất động], tự hỏi phải
làm gì tiếp theo." "In passage: Relatively immobile and capable of surviving
for months without food or water, the tortoises were taken on board these ships to
act as food supplies during long ocean passages."
inhospitable (adj) /ˌɪnˈhɑspɪtəbəl/ khắc nghiệt '=harsh and difficult to live
in They had to trek for miles through [inhospitable] countryside. Họ phải đi
bộ hàng dặm qua vùng nông thôn [hiếu khách]. In passage: This inhospitable
environment is home to the giant Galápagos tortoise
interior (n) /ˌɪnˈtɪriər/ nội địa '=the inside part of something The
car's [interior] is very impressive - wonderful leather seats and a wooden
dashboard [Nội thất] của chiếc xe rất ấn tượng - ghế da tuyệt vời và bảng điều
khiển bằng gỗ In passage: Forests of spiny cacti cover much of the uneven lave
plains that separate the interior of the Galápagos island of Isabela from the
Pacific Ocean
introduce (v) /ˌɪntrəˈdus/ "giới thiệu, đưa đến" "'=to put something into use,
operation, or a place for the first time" Apple has sold many millions of iPods
since the product was [introduced] in 2001. Apple đã bán được hàng triệu chiếc
iPod kể từ khi sản phẩm này được [giới thiệu] vào năm 2001."In passage: They also
introduced alien species – ranging from cattle, pigs, goats, rats and dogs to
plants and ants – that either prey on the eggs and young tortoises or damage or
destroy their habitat."
juvenile (n) /ˈʤuvəˌnaɪl/ con non '=Relating to young birds and animals
The marsh protects fish eggs and [juveniles] that need to evade predators
until they can mature and move into open water. Đầm lầy bảo vệ trứng cá và [cá con]
cần phải trốn tránh những kẻ săn mồi cho đến khi chúng có thể trưởng thành và di
chuyển vào vùng nước thoáng. "In passage: Upon their release, the juvenile
tortoises quickly spread out over their ancestral territory, investigating their
new surroundings and feeding on the vegetation."
pressing (adj) /ˈprɛsɪŋ/ cấp thiết '=urgent or needing to be dealt with
immediately The most [pressing] question is what do we do next? Câu hỏi [cấp bách]
nhất là chúng ta phải làm gì tiếp theo? In passage: The problem was also a
pressing one
prey (v) /preɪ/ "bắt mồi, giết hại" '=to kill and eat an animal Lions [prey]
on huge herds of wildebeest and zebra. Sư tử [săn mồi] trên đàn linh dương đầu
bò và ngựa vằn khổng lồ. "In passage: They also introduced alien species –
ranging from cattle, pigs, goats, rats and dogs to plants and ants – that either
prey on the eggs and young tortoises or damage or destroy their habitat."
reintroduction (n) /ˌriɪntrəˈdəkʃən/ tái giới thiệu "'=the action of
bringing something, especially a law or system, into existence or effect again."
A possible reintroduction of fees for students across the county has been
accepted Việc áp dụng lại lệ phí cho học sinh trên toàn quận đã được chấp nhận
In passage: An airborne reintroduction programme has helped conservationists
take significant steps to protect the endangered Galápagos tortoise.
relatively (adv) /ˈrɛlətɪvli/ khá là '=Regarded in comparison with
something else rather than absolutely; quite He's a [relatively] good squash
player. Anh ấy là một cầu thủ bóng quần [tương đối] giỏi. "In passage:
Relatively immobile and capable of surviving for months without food or water, the
tortoises were taken on board these ships to act as food supplies during long ocean
passages."
repatriation (n) /riˌpeɪtriˈeɪʃən/ sự hồi hương "'=the act of sending or
bringing someone, or sometimes money or other property, back to the country that
he, she, or it came from" The 40-year old father of three is equally worried by
the [repatriation]. Người cha 40 tuổi của ba đứa trẻ cũng lo lắng không kém bởi
cuộc [hồi hương]. "In passage: For years, repatriation efforts were carried out in
small numbers, with the tortoises carried on the backs of men over weeks of long,
treacherous hikes along narrow trails."
resemble (v) /rɪˈzɛmbəl/ trông giống '=to look like or be like someone or
something "After the earthquake, the city [resembled] a battlefield.""Sau trận
động đất, thành phố [giống] một bãi chiến trường." "In passage: With its five
distinct volcanoes, the island resembles a lunar landscape"
respite (n) /ˈrɛspɪt/ quãng nghỉ ngơi '=a pause or rest from something
difficult or unpleasant We worked for hours without [respite]. Chúng tôi đã làm
việc trong nhiều giờ mà không có [thời gian nghỉ ngơi]. In passage: Only the
thick vegetation at the skirt of the often cloud-covered peak of Sierra Negra
offers respite from the barren terrain below
spread out (phrsal verb) /sprɛd aʊt/ "tản ra, lan rộng" '=move apart so as
to cover a wider area They [spread out] to search the whole area. Họ [tản ra]
để tìm kiếm toàn bộ khu vực. "In passage: Upon their release, the juvenile
tortoises quickly spread out over their ancestral territory, investigating their
new surroundings and feeding on the vegetation."
subspecies (n) phân loài "'=a particular type within a species, the members of
which are different in some clear ways from those of other types of the species"
Japan's Iriomote cat was recently demoted from a distinct species to an
island [subspecies] of leopard cat. Mèo Iriomote của Nhật Bản gần đây đã bị giáng
cấp từ một loài khác biệt thành một [phân loài] mèo báo trên đảo. "In passage:
As these ancestral tortoises settled on the individual islands, the different
populations adapted to their unique environments, giving rise to at least 14
different subspecies."
surroundings (n) /sərˈaʊndɪŋz/ môi trường xung quanh '=The things and
conditions around a person or thing Some butterflies blend in with their
[surroundings] so that it's difficult to see them Một số loài bướm hòa nhập với
[môi trường xung quanh] nên rất khó để nhìn thấy chúng "In passage: Upon their
release, the juvenile tortoises quickly spread out over their ancestral territory,
investigating their new surroundings and feeding on the vegetation."
territory (n) /ˈtɛrɪˌtɔri/ địa bàn '=an area that an animal or person tries
to control or thinks belongs to them The robin keeps other birds off that part
of the garden - that's his [territory]. Con chim chích chòe ngăn những con chim
khác ra khỏi khu vườn đó - đó là [lãnh thổ] của nó. "In passage: Upon their
release, the juvenile tortoises quickly spread out over their ancestral territory,
investigating their new surroundings and feeding on the vegetation."
to be home to (collocation) /tɪ bi hoʊm tɪ/ nơi ở của "'=A place where
something flourishes, is most typically found, or from which it originates"
Montana [is home to] a surprising number of rare mammals’ Montana [là nơi
sinh sống của] một số lượng đáng ngạc nhiên các loài động vật có vú quý hiếm '
In passage: This inhospitable environment is home to the giant Galápagos
tortoise
uneven (adj) /əˈnivən/ "không bằng phẳng, không đồng đều" "'=not level, equal,
flat, or continuous" Be careful on that path - the paving stones are [uneven].
Hãy cẩn thận trên con đường đó - những viên đá lát đường [không bằng phẳng].
In passage: Forests of spiny cacti cover much of the uneven lave plains that
separate the interior of the Galápagos island of Isabela from the Pacific Ocean
vegetation (n) /ˌvɛʤəˈteɪʃən/ thảm thực vật "'=plants in general, or
plants that are found in a particular area" The railway track will have to be
cleared of [vegetation] if it is to be used again Đường ray sẽ phải dọn sạch
[thảm thực vật] nếu muốn sử dụng lại In passage: Only the thick vegetation at
the skirt of the often cloud-covered peak of Sierra Negra offers respite from the
barren terrain below
assess (v) /əˈsɛs/ đánh giá "'=to judge or decide the amount, value,
quality, or importance of something" The insurers will need to [assess] the
flood damage. Các công ty bảo hiểm sẽ cần [đánh giá] thiệt hại do lũ lụt."In
passage: Individuals working in the area of the geography of healthcare provision
attempt to assess the levels of healthcare in the area (for instance, it may be
very difficult for people to get medical attention because there is a mountain
between their village and the nearest hospital)."
asthma (n) /ˈæzmə/ bệnh hen suyễn '=a medical condition that makes
breathing difficult by causing the air passages to become narrow or blocked The
fungi can also worsen the symptoms of asthma and cause allergic sinusitis. Nấm
cũng có thể làm trầm trọng thêm các triệu chứng của bệnh hen suyễn và gây viêm
xoang dị ứng. "In passage: In many large cities, the wind is not strong enough
to clear the air of the massive amounts of smog and pollution that cause asthma,
lung problems, eyesight issues and more in the people who live there."
come into contact with (collocation) /kəm ˈɪntu ˈkɑnˌtækt wɪθ/ tiếp xúc '=to
see and begin began communicating with (someone) It was during that time that
native people first came into contact with the settlers "Chính trong thời gian
đó, những người bản xứ lần đầu tiên tiếp xúc với những người định cư" "In passage:
In a world that is far more globalised than ever before, people come into contact
with one another through travel and living closer and closer to each other."
constitute (v) /ˈkɑnstəˌtut/ thiết lập '=to form or make something Women
[constitute] about ten percent of Parliament. Phụ nữ [chiếm] khoảng mười phần
trăm trong Nghị viện. "In passage: The field of health geography is often
overlooked, but it constitutes a huge area of need in the fields of geography and
healthcare"
correlation (n) /ˌkɔrəˈleɪʃən/ sự tương quan "'=a connection or
relationship between two or more facts, numbers, etc" There's a [correlation]
between smoking and cancer. Có một [mối tương quan] giữa hút thuốc và ung thư.
"In passage: The geography of disease and ill health analyses the frequency
with which certain diseases appear in different parts of the world, and overlays
the data with the geography of the region, to see if there could be a correlation
between the two."
cure (n) /kjʊr/ cách chữa trị '=something that makes someone who is sick
healthy again There's still no [cure] for cancer. Vẫn chưa có [phương pháp chữa
trị] cho bệnh ung thư. "In passage: It is an increasingly important area of study
in a world where diseases like polio are re-emerging, respiratory diseases continue
to spread, and malaria-prone areas are still fighting to find a better cure."
discrepancy (n) /dɪˈskrɛpənsi/ sự thiếu nhất quán '=a difference between
two things that should be the same The committee is reportedly unhappy about the
[discrepancy] in numbers. Ủy ban được cho là không hài lòng về [sự khác biệt]
về số lượng. "In passage: In both developed and developing nations there is
often a very large discrepancy between the options available to people in different
social classes, income brackets, and levels of education"
epidemiology (n) /ˌɛpəˌdɛmiˈɑləʤi/ dịch tễ học "'=the scientific study of diseases
and how they are found, spread, and controlled in groups of people" We have
confirmed that research on cancers and cardiovascular diseases dominates published
[epidemiology]. Chúng tôi đã xác nhận rằng nghiên cứu về ung thư và bệnh tim mạch
chiếm ưu thế hơn [dịch tễ học] được công bố. "In passage: Health geographers in
this field are usually trained as healthcare workers, and have an understanding of
basic epidemiology as it relates to the spread of diseases among the population."
eradicate (v) /ɪˈrædəˌkeɪt/ tiêu diệt '=to get rid of or destroy something
completely A new vaccine [eradicated] polio. Một loại vắc-xin mới [đã diệt trừ]
bệnh bại liệt. "In passage: While many diseases that affect humans have been
eradicated due to improvements in vaccinations and the availability of healthcare,
there are still areas around the world where certain health issues are more
prevalent"
expansion (n) /ɪkˈspænʧən/ mở rộng "'=the increase of something in size,
number, or importance" [Expansion] into new areas of research is possible. [Mở
rộng] sang các lĩnh vực nghiên cứu mới là có thể. "In passage: The rapid
industrialisation of some countries in recent years has also led to the cutting
down of forests to allow for the expansion of big cities, which makes it even
harder to fight the pollution with the fresh air that is produced by plants."
globalise (v) toàn cầu hóa '=to begin operating internationally "As
the economy develops, it will continue to [globalize]." "Khi nền kinh tế phát
triển, nó sẽ tiếp tục [toàn cầu hóa]." "In passage: In a world that is far more
globalised than ever before, people come into contact with one another through
travel and living closer and closer to each other."
halt (v) /hɔlt/ "ngừng, ngăn chặn" '=to (cause to) stop moving or doing
something or happening Filming was [halted] after the lead actor became ill. Việc
quay phim bị [tạm dừng] sau khi nam diễn viên chính bị ốm. "In passage: Health
geographers can map the spread of illnesses and attempt to identify the reasons
behind an increase or decrease in illnesses, as they work to find a way to halt the
further spread or re-emergence of diseases in vulnerable populations."
hybrid (adj) /ˈhaɪbrɪd/ lai tạp '=combining two different things His
choreography is described as a [hybrid] mix of mime and circus tricks. Vũ đạo của
anh ấy được mô tả là sự pha trộn [lai] giữa kịch câm và kỹ xảo xiếc. In passage:
The aim of this hybrid science is to create solutions for common geography-based
health problems.
income bracket (idioms) /ˈɪnˌkəm ˈbrækɪt/ nhóm người đóng thuế xếp theo thu
hoạch '=a set group with fixed upper and lower limits into which people or things
are divided Those in the top [income brackets] are getting a bigger share of total
income than at any time since World War II. Những người trong [nhóm thu nhập]
cao nhất đang nhận được tỷ trọng lớn hơn trong tổng thu nhập so với bất kỳ thời
điểm nào kể từ Thế chiến II. "In passage: In both developed and developing nations
there is often a very large discrepancy between the options available to people in
different social classes, income brackets, and levels of education"
infection (n) /ˌɪnˈfɛkʃən/ bệnh truyền nhiễm '=a condition in which bacteria or
viruses that cause disease have entered the body They tested her blood for
signs of the [infection]. Họ xét nghiệm máu của cô ấy để tìm dấu hiệu của
[nhiễm trùng]. "In passage: As a result, super-viruses and other infections
resistant to antibiotics are becoming more and more common."
massive (adj) /ˈmæsɪv/ khổng lồ "'=very large in size, amount, or number" "If
the drought continues, deaths will occur on a [massive] scale." "Nếu hạn hán tiếp
tục, số người chết sẽ xảy ra trên quy mô lớn." "In passage: In many large cities,
the wind is not strong enough to clear the air of the massive amounts of smog and
pollution that cause asthma, lung problems, eyesight issues and more in the people
who live there."
overlay (v) /ˈoʊvərˌleɪ/ chèn lên "'=to add information, data, ideas, etc.
to existing information" "A computer model [overlaid] information about age,
work experience, and educational attainment." "Mô hình máy tính [phủ] thông tin
về tuổi, kinh nghiệm làm việc và trình độ học vấn." "In passage: The geography of
disease and ill health analyses the frequency with which certain diseases appear in
different parts of the world, and overlays the data with the geography of the
region, to see if there could be a correlation between the two."
overlook (v) /ˈoʊvərˌlʊk/ bỏ qua '=to fail to notice or consider something
or someone No one will be [overlooked] when we select players for the team Không
ai bị [bỏ qua] khi chúng tôi chọn cầu thủ cho đội "In passage: The field of
health geography is often overlooked, but it constitutes a huge area of need in the
fields of geography and healthcare"
polio (n) /ˈpoʊliˌoʊ/ bệnh bại liệt '=a serious infectious disease that can
cause permanent paralysis ('= being unable to move the body) "Now 95% of babies
are immunized against diphtheria, tetanus, [polio], measles, mumps, and rubella."
"Hiện nay, 95% trẻ sơ sinh được chủng ngừa bệnh bạch hầu, uốn ván, [bại
liệt], sởi, quai bị và rubella." "In passage: It is an increasingly important
area of study in a world where diseases like polio are re-emerging, respiratory
diseases continue to spread, and malaria-prone areas are still fighting to find a
better cure."
prevalent (adj) /ˈprɛvələnt/ "phổ biến, thịnh hành" '=existing very commonly or
happening often These diseases are more [prevalent] among young children Những
bệnh này [phổ biến] hơn ở trẻ nhỏ "In passage: While many diseases that affect
humans have been eradicated due to improvements in vaccinations and the
availability of healthcare, there are still areas around the world where certain
health issues are more prevalent"
prone to (collocation) /proʊn tɪ/ "dễ bị tổn thương, dễ mắc bệnh" "'=Likely or
liable to suffer from, do, or experience something unpleasant or regrettable"
I've always been [prone to] headaches. Tôi luôn luôn [dễ bị] đau đầu.
"In passage: While people will always be prone to illness, the study of how
geography affects our health could lead to the eradication of certain illnesses,
and the prevention of others in the future"
re-emergence (n) sự tái xuất hiện '=the process of coming into sight or
prominence once more The [re-emergence] of infectious diseases have been
confirmed [Sự tái xuất hiện] của các bệnh truyền nhiễm đã được xác nhận "In
passage: Health geographers can map the spread of illnesses and attempt to identify
the reasons behind an increase or decrease in illnesses, as they work to find a way
to halt the further spread or re-emergence of diseases in vulnerable populations."
resistant (adj) /rɪˈzɪstənt/ "kháng cự, đề kháng" '=not harmed or affected by
something Why are you so [resistant] to change? Tại sao bạn rất [kháng] để
thay đổi? "In passage: As a result, super-viruses and other infections resistant
to antibiotics are becoming more and more common."
respiratory (adj) /ˈrɛspərəˌtɔri/ thuộc đường hô hấp '=relating to breathing
Smoking can cause [respiratory] diseases. Hút thuốc có thể gây ra các bệnh
[đường hô hấp]. "In passage: It is an increasingly important area of study in a
world where diseases like polio are re-emerging, respiratory diseases continue to
spread, and malaria-prone areas are still fighting to find a better cure."
scale (n) /skeɪl/ quy mô '=The relative size or extent of something
No one foresaw the [scale] of the disaster Không ai lường trước được
[quy mô] của thảm họa "In passage: Researchers study the interactions between
humans and their environment that could lead to illness (such as asthma in places
with high levels of pollution) and work to create a clear way of categorizing
illnesses, diseases and epidemics into local and global scales."
smog (n) /smɑg/ khói bụi "'=a mixture of smoke, gases, and chemicals,
especially in cities, that makes the atmosphere difficult to breathe and harmful
for health" [Smog] is a major problem in Athens. [Khói] là một vấn đề lớn ở
Athens. "In passage: In many large cities, the wind is not strong enough to
clear the air of the massive amounts of smog and pollution that cause asthma, lung
problems, eyesight issues and more in the people who live there."
specific (adj) /spɪˈsɪfɪk/ cụ thể '=relating to one thing and not others;
particular The virus attacks [specific] cells in the body. Virus tấn công các tế
bào [cụ thể] trong cơ thể. "In passage: By understanding why and how we get
sick, we can change the way we treat illness and disease specific to certain
geographical locations."
treat (v) /trit/ chữa trị "'=to use drugs, exercises, etc. to cure a person of
a disease or heal an injury" He is being [treated] for a rare skin disease. Anh ấy
đang được [điều trị] cho một căn bệnh về da hiếm gặp. "In passage: By understanding
why and how we get sick, we can change the way we treat illness and disease
specific to certain geographical locations."
vaccination (n) /væksəˈneɪʃən/ sự tiêm chủng '=Treatment with a vaccine to
produce immunity against a disease [Vaccination] against yellow fever is essential
[Tiêm phòng] chống lại bệnh sốt vàng da là điều cần thiết "In passage: While
many diseases that affect humans have been eradicated due to improvements in
vaccinations and the availability of healthcare, there are still areas around the
world where certain health issues are more prevalent"
vulnerable (adj) /ˈvəlnərəbəl/ dễ bị tổn thương "'=able to be easily
physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt, influenced, or attacked" "I felt very
[vulnerable], standing there without any clothes on." "Tôi cảm thấy rất [dễ bị tổn
thương], đứng đó mà không có quần áo mặc trên người." "In passage: Health
geographers can map the spread of illnesses and attempt to identify the reasons
behind an increase or decrease in illnesses, as they work to find a way to halt the
further spread or re-emergence of diseases in vulnerable populations."
well-being (n) /ˌwɛlˈbiɪŋ/ "sự hạnh phúc, phúc lợi" '=the state of feeling
healthy and happy People doing yoga benefit from an increased feeling of [well-
being]. Những người tập yoga được hưởng lợi từ việc gia tăng cảm giác [hạnh
phúc]. "In passage: In some countries, geographical factors influence the
health and well-being of the population in very obvious ways."

abstract (adj) /ˈæbˌstrækt/ trừu tượng "'=existing as an idea, feeling, or

quality, not as a material object" Truth and beauty are [abstract] concepts. Chân
và đẹp là những khái niệm [trừu tượng]. "In passage: One the one hand, music is a
purely abstract art form, devoid of language or explicit ideas"
acoustic (adj) /əˈkustɪk/ liên quan đến âm thanh '=relating to sound or
hearing Dogs have a much greater [acoustic] range than humans Chó có phạm vi [âm
thanh] lớn hơn nhiều so với con người In passage: Why are they so active in the
period preceding the acoustic climax?
adapt (v) /əˈdæpt/ thích ứng "'=to change, or to change something, to suit
different conditions or uses" We had to [adapt] our plans to fit Jack's timetable.
Chúng tôi phải [điều chỉnh] kế hoạch của mình để phù hợp với thời gian biểu
của Jack. "In passage: Numerous studies, after all, have demonstrated that
dopamine neurons quickly adapt to predictable rewards"
anticipate (v) /ænˈtɪsəˌpeɪt/ mong chờ '=to imagine or expect that
something will happen The [anticipated] inflation figure is lower than last
month's. Con số lạm phát [dự đoán] thấp hơn tháng trước. "In passage: What is
rather more significant is the finding that the dopamine neurons in the caudate – a
region of the brain involved in learning stimulus-response associations, and in
anticipating food and other ‘reward’ stimuli – were at their most active around 15
seconds before the participants’ favourite moments in the music."
arise (v) /əraɪz/ "xuất hiện, phát sinh" '=to come into existence or begin
to be noticed; happen Problems [arise] when kids leave school. Các vấn đề [phát
sinh] khi trẻ em nghỉ học. In passage: This ‘embodied meaning’ arises from the
patterns the symphony invokes and then ignores.
arousal (n) /ərˈaʊzəl/ sự kích thích xúc cảm '=the causing of strong feelings or
excitement in someone The intensity of a dream is a measure of emotional
[arousal]. Cường độ của giấc mơ là thước đo [kích thích] cảm xúc. "In passage:
When listening to our favourite songs, our body betrays all the symptoms of
emotional arousal."
be associated with sth (phrsal verb) liên quan đến '=Connect (something)
with something else because they occur together or one produces the other The
environmental problems [associated] with nuclear waste Các vấn đề môi trường
[liên quan] với chất thải hạt nhân "In passage: The pupils in our eyes dilate, our
pulse and blood pressure rise, the electrical conductance of our skin is lowered,
and the cerebellum, a brain region associated with bodily movement, becomes
strangely active"
be devoid of sth (collocation) thiếu vắng '=to lack or be without something
that is necessary or usual Their apartment is [devoid of] all comforts. Căn hộ
của họ [không có] mọi tiện nghi. "In passage: One the one hand, music is a
purely abstract art form, devoid of language or explicit ideas"
beg (v) /bɛg/ cầu xin '=to make a very strong and urgent request "He
[begged] her to stay, but she simply laughed and put her bags in the car." "Anh
[cầu xin] cô ở lại, nhưng cô chỉ cười và bỏ túi vào xe." "In passage: He wants to
preserve an element of uncertainty in his music, making our brains beg for the one
chord he refuses to give us."
betray (v) /bɪˈtreɪ/ để lộ "'=to show feelings, thoughts, or a particular
characteristic without intending to" "If he is nervous on stage, he does not
[betray] it." "Nếu anh ấy lo lắng trên sân khấu, anh ấy sẽ không [phản bội]
điều đó." "In passage: When listening to our favourite songs, our body betrays
all the symptoms of emotional arousal."
climax (n) /ˈklaɪˌmæks/ cao trào "'=the most important or exciting point
in a story or situation, especially when this happens near the end" "The novel
built to a shattering [climax], leaving me breathless." "Cuốn tiểu thuyết được
xây dựng đến một [cao trào] tan tành, khiến tôi khó thở." In passage: Why are they
so active in the period preceding the acoustic climax?
connotative (adj) "có khả năng ám chỉ, gợi mở" '=imply or suggest (an idea
or feeling) in addition to the literal or primary meaning These sounds and images
are [connotative] and the way the scene is shot is meant to evoke certain feelings
from the viewer Những âm thanh và hình ảnh này [có ý nghĩa] và cách cảnh quay
nhằm mục đích gợi lên những cảm xúc nhất định từ người xem In passage: While
earlier theories of music focused on the way a sound can refer to the real world of
images and experiences – its ‘connotative’ meaning – Meyer argued that the emotions
we find in music come from the unfolding events of the music itself.
demonstrate (v) /ˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/ "giải thích, thể hiện" '=to show or make
something clear These numbers clearly [demonstrate] the size of the economic
problem facing the country Những con số này rõ ràng [chứng minh] quy mô của vấn
đề kinh tế mà đất nước đang phải đối mặt "In passage: Numerous studies, after all,
have demonstrated that dopamine neurons quickly adapt to predictable rewards"
explicit (adj) /ɪkˈsplɪsət/ rõ ràng '=clear and exact I gave her very
[explicit] directions how to get here. Tôi đã chỉ đường rất [rõ ràng] cho cô ấy
cách đến đây. "In passage: One the one hand, music is a purely abstract art
form, devoid of language or explicit ideas"
figure out (phrsal verb) /ˈfɪgjər aʊt/ "nhận ra, tìm hiểu" '=to understand or
solve something It takes most people some time to [figure out] new software.
Hầu hết mọi người đều mất một khoảng thời gian để [tìm ra] phần mềm mới.
"In passage: It is this uncertainty that triggers the surge of dopamine in
the caudate, as we struggle to figure out what will happen next."
genre (n) /ˈʒɑnrə/ thể loại "'=a style, especially in the arts, that
involves a particular set of characteristics" What [genre] does the book fall
into - comedy or tragedy? Cuốn sách thuộc [thể loại] nào - hài kịch hay bi
kịch? "In passage: They then asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of
favourite songs – virtually every genre was represented, from techno to tango – and
played them the music while their brain activity was monitored"
harmonic (adj) /hɑrˈmɑnɪk/ hài hòa '=Relating to or characterized by harmony
The CD is almost exclusively built on funk grooves and avoids the [harmonic]
and melodic language of bebop Đĩa CD hầu như chỉ được xây dựng trên các rãnh funk
và tránh ngôn ngữ [hài hòa] và du dương của bebop "In passage: Meyer dissected
50 measures (bars) of the masterpiece, showing how Beethoven begins with the clear
statement of a rhythmic and harmonic pattern and then, in an ingenious tonal dance,
carefully holds off repeating it"
ingenious (adj) /ˌɪnˈʤinjəs/ "khéo léo, tài trí" "'=(of a person) very
intelligent and skilful, or (of a thing) skilfully made or planned and involving
new ideas and methods" She devised an [ingenious] solution to the problem. Cô ấy
đã nghĩ ra một giải pháp [khéo léo] cho vấn đề. "In passage: Meyer dissected 50
measures (bars) of the masterpiece, showing how Beethoven begins with the clear
statement of a rhythmic and harmonic pattern and then, in an ingenious tonal dance,
carefully holds off repeating it"
intricate (adj) /ˈɪntrəkət/ "tinh tế, phức tạp" '=having a lot of small parts
that are arranged in a complicated or delicate way The tiled floor is installed
in an [intricate] pattern. Sàn lát gạch được lắp đặt theo mô hình [phức tạp].
"In passage: While music can often seem (at least to the outsider) like a
labyrinth of intricate patterns, it turns out that the most important part of every
song or symphony is when the patterns break down, when the sound becomes
unpredictable"
invoke (v) /ˌɪnˈvoʊk/ làm dậy lên '=to make someone have a particular feeling or
remember something How could she explain how the accident happened without
[invoking] his wrath? Làm thế nào cô có thể giải thích tai nạn xảy ra như thế nào
mà không [kêu gọi] cơn thịnh nộ của anh ta? In passage: This ‘embodied meaning’
arises from the patterns the symphony invokes and then ignores.
melodic (adj) /məˈlɑdɪk/ thuộc về giai điệu '=relating to the tune in a
piece of music "In every class, teachers sing [melodic] patterns and chords that
children imitate." "Trong mỗi lớp học, giáo viên hát các mẫu và hợp âm [du
dương] mà trẻ em bắt chước." "In passage: And yet, this cluster of cells is most
active when the ‘chills’ have yet to arrive, when the melodic pattern is still
unresolved"
methodology (n) /ˌmɛθəˈdɑləʤi/ phương pháp học "'=a system of ways of doing,
teaching, or studying something" The [methodology] and findings of the research
team have been criticized. [Phương pháp luận] và phát hiện của nhóm nghiên cứu
đã bị chỉ trích. "In passage: Because the scientists were combining methodologies
(PET and fMRI), they were able to obtain an impressively exact and detailed
portrait of music in the brain."
monitor (v) /ˈmɑnətər/ theo dõi '=to watch and check a situation carefully for
a period of time in order to discover something about it The new findings suggest
that women ought to [monitor] their cholesterol levels. Các phát hiện mới cho
thấy rằng phụ nữ nên [theo dõi] mức cholesterol của họ. "In passage: They then
asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of favourite songs – virtually every
genre was represented, from techno to tango – and played them the music while their
brain activity was monitored"
obtain (v) /əbˈteɪn/ thu nhận được "'=to get something, esp. by a planned
effort" She was finally able to [obtain] legal possession of the house. Cuối
cùng cô đã có thể [có được] quyền sở hữu hợp pháp ngôi nhà."In passage: Because the
scientists were combining methodologies (PET and fMRI), they were able to obtain an
impressively exact and detailed portrait of music in the brain."
particularly (adv) /ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli/ 1 cách đặc biệt "'=especially, or more
than usual" "I didn't [particularly] want to go, but I had to." "Tôi [đặc biệt]
không muốn đi, nhưng tôi phải đi." "In passage: As these two regions have long
been linked with the experience of pleasure, this finding isn’t particularly
surprising."
pattern (n) /ˈpætərn/ kiểu mẫu "'=a particular way in which something is done,
is organized, or happens" The [pattern] of family life has been changing over
recent years. [Khuôn mẫu] của cuộc sống gia đình đã thay đổi trong những năm
gần đây. "In passage: And yet, this cluster of cells is most active when the
‘chills’ have yet to arrive, when the melodic pattern is still unresolved"
phase (n) /feɪz/ giai đoạn '=any stage in a series of events or in a process of
development When I was in my early teens I went through a [phase] of only ever
wearing black. "Khi còn ở tuổi thiếu niên, tôi đã trải qua [giai đoạn] chỉ mặc
đồ đen." In passage: The researchers call this the ‘anticipatory phase’ and
argue that the purpose of this activity is to help us predict the arrival of our
favourite part.
portrait (n) /ˈpɔrtrət/ sự phác họa '=A representation or impression of
someone or something in language or on film or television. The movie paints a very
vivid [portrait] of family life during the 1950's. Bộ phim vẽ nên một [chân
dung] rất sống động về cuộc sống gia đình trong những năm 1950. "In passage:
Because the scientists were combining methodologies (PET and fMRI), they were able
to obtain an impressively exact and detailed portrait of music in the brain."
potent (adj) /ˈpoʊtənt/ "mạnh mẽ, có ảnh hưởng" "'=powerful, persuasive, or
effective" This is the most [potent] headache remedy you can get without a
prescription. Đây là phương thuốc chữa đau đầu [mạnh] nhất mà bạn có thể mua mà
không cần đơn thuốc. "In passage: A recent paper in Nature Neuroscience by a
research team in Montreal, Canada, marks an important step in revealing the precise
underpinnings of the potent pleasurable stimulus’ that is music"
precede (v) /prɪˈsid/ đi trước '=to be or go before someone or something in
time or space John Adams [preceded] Thomas Jefferson as president. John Adams
[trước] Thomas Jefferson làm tổng thống. In passage: Why are they so active in the
period preceding the acoustic climax?
preserve (v) /prɪˈzərv/ bảo tồn "'=to keep something as it is, especially
in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed" We want to
[preserve] the character of the town while improving the facilities. Chúng tôi
muốn [bảo tồn] nét đặc trưng của thị trấn trong khi cải thiện cơ sở vật chất.
"In passage: He wants to preserve an element of uncertainty in his music,
making our brains beg for the one chord he refuses to give us."
rhythmic (adj) /ˈrɪðmɪk/ "nhịp nhàng, có nhịp điệu" '=Having or relating to
rhythm It is a [rhythmic] dance full of graceful movements to welcome guests.
Đó là một điệu nhảy [nhịp nhàng] đầy những chuyển động duyên dáng để chào đón
khách. "In passage: Meyer dissected 50 measures (bars) of the masterpiece,
showing how Beethoven begins with the clear statement of a rhythmic and harmonic
pattern and then, in an ingenious tonal dance, carefully holds off repeating it"
root (n) /rut/ "gốc rễ, nguồn gốc" '=The part of a thing attaching it to a
greater or more fundamental whole; the end or base So what's the [root] cause of
his anxiety? Vậy nguyên nhân [gốc rễ] khiến anh ấy lo lắng là gì? "In passage:
Blood is even re-directed to the muscles in our legs. In other words, sound stirs
us at our biological roots."
stimulus (n) /ˈstɪmjələs/ sự kích thích '=something that causes part of the
body to react The tip of the tongue is sensitive to salt and sweet [stimuli]
Đầu lưỡi nhạy cảm với [kích thích] muối và ngọt "In passage: A recent paper
in Nature Neuroscience by a research team in Montreal, Canada, marks an important
step in revealing the precise underpinnings of the potent pleasurable stimulus’
that is music"
stir (v) /stər/ làm xao động '=Arouse strong feeling in (someone); move or
excite I was deeply [stirred] by her performance. Tôi vô cùng [bị khuấy
động] bởi màn trình diễn của cô ấy. "In passage: Blood is even re-directed to the
muscles in our legs. In other words, sound stirs us at our biological roots."
straightforward (adj) /ˈstreɪtˈfɔrwərd/ "rõ ràn, dễ hiểu" '=easy to understand or
simple Just follow the signs to Bradford - it's very [straightforward]. Chỉ
cần làm theo các dấu hiệu đến Bradford - nó rất [đơn giản]."In passage: Although
the study involves plenty of fancy technology, including functional magnetic
resonance imaging (fMRI) and ligand-based positron emission tomography (PET)
scanning, the experiment itself was rather straightforward"
struggle (v) /ˈstrəgəl/ "cố gắng, vật lộn" '=to experience difficulty
and make a very great effort in order to do something I've been [struggling] to
understand this article all afternoon. Tôi đã [đấu tranh] để hiểu bài báo này cả
buổi chiều. "In passage: It is this uncertainty that triggers the surge of dopamine
in the caudate, as we struggle to figure out what will happen next."
suspenseful (adj) /səˈspɛnsfəl/ hồi hộp '=causing a feeling of excitement
or nervousness because you are waiting for something to happen or are uncertain
about what is going to happen The sword fight is atmospheric and [suspenseful].
Cuộc đấu kiếm có bầu không khí và [hồi hộp]. "In passage: According to
Meyer, it is the suspenseful tension of music, arising out of our unfulfilled
expectations, that is the source of the music’s feeling."
symphony (n) /ˈsɪmfəni/ bản nhạc giao hưởng "'=a long piece of music for
an orchestra, usually with four movements ('= parts)" "In the 1770s he began
composing symphonies, concertos, operas and theater music.""Trong những năm 1770,
ông bắt đầu sáng tác các bản giao hưởng, các bản hòa tấu, vở opera và nhạc sân
khấu." "In passage: While music can often seem (at least to the outsider) like
a labyrinth of intricate patterns, it turns out that the most important part of
every song or symphony is when the patterns break down, when the sound becomes
unpredictable"
tension (n) /ˈtɛnʃən/ "sự căng thẳng, kịch tính" '=Mental or emotional strain
Kids can sense emotional [tension] and shifts in mood and react accordingly.
Trẻ em có thể cảm nhận được [căng thẳng] cảm xúc và sự thay đổi trong tâm
trạng và phản ứng theo đó. "In passage: According to Meyer, it is the
suspenseful tension of music, arising out of our unfulfilled expectations, that is
the source of the music’s feeling."
trigger (v) /ˈtrɪgər/ kích hoạt '=to cause something to start Some people find
that certain foods [trigger] their headaches. Một số người nhận thấy rằng một số
loại thực phẩm nhất định [kích hoạt] cơn đau đầu của họ. In passage: The first
thing they discovered is that music triggers the production of dopamine – a
chemical with a key role in setting people’s moods – by the neurons (nerve cells)
in both the dorsal and ventral regions of the brain
uncertainty (n) /ənˈsərtənti/ sự không chắc chắn "'=a situation in which
something is not known, or something that is not known or certain" There's a
degree of [uncertainty] over the company's future. Có một mức độ [không chắc
chắn] về tương lai của công ty. "In passage: He wants to preserve an element of
uncertainty in his music, making our brains beg for the one chord he refuses to
give us."
underpinning (n) /ˈəndərˌpɪnɪŋ/ nền móng "'=support, strength, or the basic
structure of something" "For the casino, the [underpinning] of all their games is
math." "Đối với sòng bạc, [nền tảng] của tất cả các trò chơi của họ là toán
học." "In passage: A recent paper in Nature Neuroscience by a research team in
Montreal, Canada, marks an important step in revealing the precise underpinnings of
the potent pleasurable stimulus’ that is music"
unfulfilled (adj) /ˌənfʊlˈfɪld/ không đáp ứng được '=Not carried out or
brought to completion It was his [unfulfilled] ambition to write Đó là tham
vọng [chưa được thực hiện] của anh ấy khi viết "In passage: According to Meyer, it
is the suspenseful tension of music, arising out of our unfulfilled expectations,
that is the source of the music’s feeling."
variation (n) /ˌvɛriˈeɪʃən/ sự biến đổi '=something that is slightly different
from the usual form or arrangement The films she makes are all [variations] on the
same theme. Những bộ phim cô ấy làm đều là [biến thể] về cùng một chủ đề. In
passage: What Beethoven does instead is suggest variations of the pattern
virtually (adv) /ˈvərʧuəli/ gần như '=almost That wine stain on my shirt
has [virtually] disappeared. Vết rượu trên áo sơ mi của tôi đã [hầu như] biến mất.
"In passage: They then asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of
favourite songs – virtually every genre was represented, from techno to tango – and
played them the music while their brain activity was monitored"
virtually (adv) /ˈvərʧuəli/ gần như '=almost That wine stain on my shirt
has [virtually] disappeared. Vết rượu trên áo sơ mi của tôi đã [hầu như] biến mất.
"In passage: They then asked the subjects to bring in their playlist of
favourite songs – virtually every genre was represented, from techno to tango – and
played them the music while their brain activity was monitored"