an armoury of (n) /ən armoury* əv/ kho đồ '=the things that somebody has

available to help them achieve something Doctors have [an armoury of] drugs
available. Các bác sĩ có sẵn [một kho] thuốc. "In passage: Already in laboratory
trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and
this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that
they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before
lightning can strike."
avalanche (n) /ˈævəˌlænʧ/ "loạt dồn dập, tràng dồn dập" "'=a mass of snow, ice
and rock that falls down the side of a mountain" We received an [avalanche] of
letters in reply to our advertisement. Chúng tôi đã nhận được một [tuyết lở] thư
trả lời quảng cáo của chúng tôi. In passage: Bernstein predicts ‘an avalanche of
interest and support’ if all goes well.
beam (v) /bim/ truyền/ phát "'=to send out a beam of light, an electrical
or radio signal, etc." The concert was [beamed] ('= broadcast) by satellite all
over the world. Buổi hòa nhạc đã được [beamed] ('= broadcast) bằng vệ tinh trên
toàn thế giới. "In passage: Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap
enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to
be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds."
bear up. (phrasal v) /bɛr əp./ chịu đựng '=to deal with a very sad or
difficult situation in a brave and determined way He's [bearing up] well under
the strain of losing his job. Anh ấy [đang chịu đựng] rất nhiều căng thẳng vì mất
việc. In passage: The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning
voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.
break down (phrasal v) /breɪk daʊn/ chia nhỏ để phân tích '=to divide into
parts to be analysed "Expenditure on the project [breaks down] as follows: wages
$10m, plant $4m, raw materials $5m." "Chi tiêu cho dự án [chia nhỏ] như sau:
tiền công 10 triệu USD, nhà máy 4 triệu USD, nguyên vật liệu 5 triệu USD." "In
passage: If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up
to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth,
before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an
uncontrollable surge."
brew (v) /bru/ "sắp xảy ra, kéo đến" '=(of an unwelcome event or situation)
begin to develop I felt that trouble was [brewing]. Tôi cảm thấy rằng rắc rối là
[sản xuất bia]. "In passage: Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap
enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to
be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds."
come up with (phrasal v) /kəm əp wɪθ/ "nảy ra (suy nghĩ, ý kiến...)" "'=to
find or produce an answer, a sum of money, etc." She [came up with] a new idea
for increasing sales. Cô ấy [đã nghĩ ra] một ý tưởng mới để tăng doanh số bán
hàng. "In passage: But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says
will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and
cheaper."
command (n) /kəˈmænd/ yêu cầu '=an order given to a person or an animal You
must obey the captain's [commands]. Bạn phải tuân theo [mệnh lệnh] của đội trưởng.
In passage: The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on
command is not new
confront (v) /kənˈfrənt/ đương đầu '=(of problems or a difficult situation)
to appear and need to be dealt with by somebody What is to be done about the
economic problems [confronting] the country? Phải làm gì đối với các vấn đề kinh
tế mà đất nước đang phải đối mặt? "In passage: And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be
able to confront some other meteorological menaces."
current (n) /ˈkɑrənt/ "dòng, luồng" "'=a movement of water, air, or
electricity in a particular direction" Switch off the electric [current] before
changing the bulb. Tắt [dòng điện] điện trước khi thay bóng đèn. "In passage:
With a lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out
what happens when mighty currents meet matter"
cut down (phrasal v) /kət daʊn/ cắt giảm '=to make something fall down by
cutting it at the base We need to [cut the article down] to 1 000 words. Chúng
ta cần [cắt bài báo xuống] còn 1000 từ. In passage: Diels is trying to cut down
the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing.
dice (n) /daɪs/ trò xúc xắc "'=a small cube ('= object with six equal square
sides) with a different number of spots on each side, used in games involving
chance" We need two [dice] to play the game Chúng tôi cần hai [xúc xắc] để chơi
trò chơi "In passage: As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can
become a terrifying dice with death – out in the open, a lone golfer may be a
lightning bolt’s most inviting target."
discharge (v) /ˈdɪsˌʧɑrʤ/ "phóng ra, tuôn ra, tháo ra, tiết ra, bốc ra, đổ ra"
'=to release force or power Lightning is caused by clouds [discharging]
electricity. Sét là do các đám mây [phóng điện]. "In passage: Already in
laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of
thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an
armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge
thunderclouds before lightning can strike."
emerge from (v) /ˈimərʤ frəm/ "xuát phát từ/ nổi lên, hiện ra, lòi ra" '=to
appear by coming out of something or out from behind something She finally
[emerged from] her room at noon. Cuối cùng thì cô ấy cũng [ra khỏi] phòng của
mình vào buổi trưa. "In passage: With around $500,000 invested so far, a
promising system is just emerging from the laboratory."
equip with (v) /ɪkˈwɪp wɪθ/ trang bị/ cung cấp '=to provide
yourself/somebody/something with the things that are needed for a particular
purpose or activity He [equipped himself with] a street plan. Anh ta [tự trang
bị cho mình] một kế hoạch đường phố. "In passage: Already in laboratory trials
they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this
winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they
will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning
can strike."
extract (v) /ˈɛkˌstrækt/ chiết xuất "'=to remove or obtain a substance from
something, for example by using an industrial or a chemical process" The
Egyptians used a primitive form of distillation to [extract] the essential oils
from plants. Người Ai Cập sử dụng một hình thức chưng cất nguyên thủy để
[chiết xuất] tinh dầu từ thực vật. "In passage: The idea began some 20 years ago,
when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of
atoms and create ions."
forthcoming (adj) /ˈfɔrθˈkəmɪŋ/ sắp tới '=happening soon We have just
received the information about the [forthcoming] conference. Chúng tôi vừa nhận
được thông tin về hội nghị [sắp tới]. In passage: He reckons that the
forthcoming field tests will be the turning point – and he’s hoping for good news
frequency (n) /ˈfrikwənsi/ tần suất "'=the number of times something happens
within a particular period, or the fact of something happening often or a large
number or times" Complaints about the [frequency] of buses rose in the last year.
Khiếu nại về [tần suất] xe buýt đã tăng trong năm ngoái. "In passage: The
rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their
failure rate is about 40 per cent"
fund (v) /fənd/ đầu tư/ cấp quỹ "'=to provide money for something, usually
something official" It's a government-[funded] programme for young offenders.
Đó là một chương trình do chính phủ [tài trợ] dành cho những phạm nhân trẻ
tuổi. "In passage: EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to
protect the United States’ power grid from lightning strikes."
fury (n) /fˈjʊri/ sự cuồng nộ '=extreme anger He could hardly contain his
[fury] Anh ấy khó có thể kiềm chế [cơn thịnh nộ] của mình In passage: Their
electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in
the United States alone.
hail (n) /heɪl/ mưa đá '=small balls of ice that fall like rain We drove
through [hail] and snow. Chúng tôi đã lái xe qua [mưa đá] và tuyết. "In
passage: ‘We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning,’ he says."
hit back (v) /hɪt bæk/ phản bác '=to reply to attacks or criticism In a TV
interview she [hit back] at her critics. "Trong một cuộc phỏng vấn trên truyền
hình, cô ấy đã [đánh trả] những lời chỉ trích của mình." In passage: But
researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back.
inflict (v) /ˌɪnˈflɪkt/ gây ra/ giáng/ bắt phải chịu '=to make
somebody/something suffer something unpleasant Heavy casualties were [inflicted]
on the enemy. Thương vong nặng nề đã [gây ra] cho kẻ thù. In passage: Their
electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in
the United States alone.
in the offing (phrase) /ɪn ðə ˈɔfɪŋ/ sắp diễn ra '=likely to happen soon "With
an election [in the offing], the prime minister is keen to maintain his
popularity." "Với một cuộc bầu cử [đang diễn ra], thủ tướng muốn duy trì sự
nổi tiếng của mình." In passage: Diels is trying to cut down the size and says
that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing.
ionisation (n) sự ion hóa '=the process of forming an ion or causing something
to form an ion Widespread [ionization] occurs readily in Earth's upper
atmosphere. [Sự ion hóa] rộng rãi xảy ra dễ dàng trong bầu khí quyển trên của Trái
đất. "In passage: If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all
the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning
to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in
an uncontrollable surge."
lightning conductor (n) /ˈlaɪtnɪŋ kənˈdəktər/ cột thu lôi '=a metal rod or wire
fixed to an exposed part of a building or other tall structure to divert lightning
harmlessly into the ground The provision of a [lightning conductor] system will
not prevent the occurrence of a lightning strike. Việc cung cấp một hệ thống
[dây dẫn sét] sẽ không ngăn được sét đánh xảy ra. In passage: The mirror would
be protected by placing lightning conductors close by.
menace (n) /ˈmɛnɪs/ "mối đe doạ, sự đe doạ" "'=a person or thing that causes,
or may cause, serious damage, harm or danger" a new initiative aimed at beating
the [menace] of illegal drugs một sáng kiến mới nhằm đánh bại [mối đe dọa] ma túy
bất hợp pháp "In passage: And perhaps, says Diels, we’ll be able to confront
some other meteorological menaces."
meteorology (n) /ˌmitiərˈɑləʤi/ khí tượng học '=the scientific study of the
earth’s atmosphere ('= the air surrounding it) and how it causes changes in weather
conditions Overwintering would allow the team to investigate the island's
[meteorology] Mùa đông sẽ cho phép nhóm điều tra [khí tượng học] của hòn đảo
"In passage: Diels also hopes to see the birth of ‘interactive meteorology’ –
not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. ‘If we could discharge clouds,
we might affect the weather,’ he says."
mighty (adj) /ˈmaɪti/ "hùng mạnh, to lớn" "'=very large, powerful, or
important" In the next game they will face the [mighty] Patriots. "Trong trò
chơi tiếp theo, họ sẽ đối mặt với Yêu nước [hùng mạnh]." "In passage: With a
lightning ‘switch’ at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what
happens when mighty currents meet matter"
neutralise (v) dung hòa/ vô hiệu hóa '=to stop something from having any
effect This strategy effectively [neutralized] what the Conservatives had
hoped would be a vote-winner. Chiến lược này [đã vô hiệu hóa] một cách hiệu quả
những gì mà Đảng Bảo thủ đã hy vọng sẽ là người chiến thắng trong cuộc bỏ phiếu.
"In passage: Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for
neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real
storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the
heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike."
nifty (adj) /ˈnɪfti/ tiện lợi "'=good, pleasing, or effective" What a
[nifty] little gadget – you can use it for all kinds of things. Thật là một tiện
ích nhỏ [tiện lợi] - bạn có thể sử dụng nó cho mọi thứ. In passage: The laser is
no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes up a whole room.
portable (adj) /ˈpɔrtəbəl/ có thể xách tay '=that is easy to carry or to move
"The equipment is lightweight, [portable] and easy to store." "Thiết bị
nhẹ, [di động] và dễ cất giữ." "In passage: Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun)
would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and
portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing
storm clouds."
promising (adj) /ˈprɑməsɪŋ/ "triển vọng, đầy hứa hẹn" '=showing signs of
future success or achievement They won the award for the most [promising] new band
of the year. Họ đã giành được giải thưởng cho ban nhạc mới [hứa hẹn] nhất của
năm. "In passage: With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just
emerging from the laboratory."
protection (n) /prəˈtɛkʃən/ sự bảo vệ '=the act of protecting
somebody/something; the state of being protected Wear clothes that provide
adequate [protection] against the wind and rain. Mặc quần áo đủ [bảo vệ] khỏi
gió và mưa. "In passage: But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot
provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for."
put something at risk (idiom) /pʊt ˈsəmθɪŋ æt rɪsk/ đưa vào tình huống nguy cấp
'=in danger of something unpleasant or harmful happening "If we go to war,
innocent lives will be [put at risk]." "Nếu chúng ta tham chiến, những sinh mạng
vô tội sẽ bị [gặp nguy hiểm]." "In passage: Diels is leading a project, which
is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely – and safety
is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive
equipment at risk."
reckon (v) /ˈrɛkən/ "cho là, nghĩ là, đoán" "'=(especially British English,
informal) to think something or have an opinion about something" I [reckon] (that)
I’m going to get that job. Tôi [tính toán] (rằng) Tôi sẽ nhận được công việc đó.
In passage: He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning
point – and he’s hoping for good news
reveal (v) /rɪˈvil/ tiết lộ '=to make something known to somebody Her
expression [revealed] nothing. Biểu hiện của cô ấy [không tiết lộ] gì cả.
"In passage: The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were
revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions."
round of golf (n) /raʊnd əv gɔlf/ ( chơi hết 18 lỗ thì được gọi là ) 1 vòng gôn
'=the activity of playing 18 holes of golf a [round of golf] takes about
4 hours một [vòng chơi gôn] mất khoảng 4 giờ "In passage: As the clouds
roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death – out in
the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt’s most inviting target."
strike back. (phrasal v) /straɪk bæk./ trả đũa '=to try to harm somebody in
return for an attack or injury you have received When you bully people long
enough they are going to [strike back]. "Khi bạn bắt nạt mọi người đủ lâu, họ sẽ
[tấn công lại]." "In passage: With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter,
laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back."
take up (phrasal v) /teɪk əp/ chiếm '=to fill or use an amount of space or
time The table [takes up] too much room. Bàn [chiếm] quá nhiều chỗ. In passage:
The laser is no nifty portable: it’s a monster that takes up a whole room.
torrential (adj) /tɔˈrɛnʃəl/ "xối xả, cuồn cuộn" '=used to refer to very heavy
rain On the day of the murder there was [torrential] downpour of rain on Norfolk
Island. "Vào ngày xảy ra án mạng, có một trận mưa như trút nước trên đảo
Norfolk." "In passage: Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash,
is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms."
trigger (v) /ˈtrɪgər/ "làm nổ ra, gây ra..." '=to cause a device to start
functioning to [trigger] an alarm để [kích hoạt] báo thức "In passage: And even
when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan"
turning point (n) /ˈtərnɪŋ pɔɪnt/ bước ngoặt "'=the time when an important
change takes place, usually with the result that a situation improves" The
promotion marked a [turning point] in her career. Việc thăng chức đánh dấu một
[bước ngoặt] trong sự nghiệp của cô. In passage: He reckons that the
forthcoming field tests will be the turning point – and he’s hoping for good news
uncontrollable (adj) /ˌənkənˈtroʊləbəl/ không kiểm soát được '=that you cannot
control or prevent I had an [uncontrollable] urge to laugh. Tôi muốn cười
[không thể kiểm soát được]. "In passage: If a laser could generate a line of
ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could
be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong
enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge."
voltage (n) /ˈvoʊltɪʤ/ điện áp "'=the force of an electric current, measured
in volts" The distortion is proportional to [voltage] Sự biến dạng tỷ lệ với
[điện áp] In passage: The rocket site is providing precise measurements of
lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears
up.

adjustment (n) /əˈʤəstmənt/ sự điều chỉnh '=the ability to become more

familiar with a new situation He has so far failed to make the [adjustment] from
school to work. "Cho đến nay, anh ấy đã không thực hiện [điều chỉnh] từ trường
học đến nơi làm việc." "In passage: Perhaps for us today, two of the most
significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which
early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on
the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great
difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which
abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools."
adversity (n) /ædˈvərsɪˌti/ nghịch cảnh '=a difficult or unlucky situation or
event She was always cheerful in [adversity]. Cô ấy luôn vui vẻ trong [nghịch
cảnh]. "In passage: In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed
that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that
intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn
out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that
there’s a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that
the gifted are so clever they don’t need special help, that giftedness is the same
as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or
mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that
adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use
them."
ambivalent (adj) /æmˈbɪvələnt/ có mâu thuẫn '=having or showing both
positive and negative feelings about somebody/something She seems to feel
[ambivalent] about her new job. Cô ấy dường như cảm thấy [xung quanh] về công
việc mới của mình. "In passage: The concept of genius and of gifts has become
part of our folk culture, and attitudes are ambivalent towards them."
anecdote (n) /ˈænɪkˌdoʊt/ giai thoại "'=a short, often funny story, especially
about something someone has done" He told one or two amusing [anecdotes] about
his years as a policeman. Anh ta đã kể một hoặc hai [giai thoại] thú vị về
những năm làm cảnh sát của mình. "In passage: However, the difficulty with the
evidence produced by these studies, fascinating as they are in collecting together
anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions, is that they are not what we
would today call norm-referenced."
aspect (n) /ˈæˌspɛkt/ "lĩnh vực, khía cạnh" "'=a particular part or feature of
a situation, an idea, a problem, etc.; a way in which it may be considered" The
exhibition will focus on various [aspects] of life and culture in the Middle East.
Triển lãm sẽ tập trung vào [các khía cạnh] khác nhau của cuộc sống và văn hóa
ở Trung Đông. "In passage: Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant
aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early
encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the
intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great
difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which
abilities went unrecognised by teachers and schools."
astrology (n) /əˈstrɑləʤi/ chiêm tinh học "'=the study of the movements and
positions of the sun, moon, planets, and stars in the belief that they affect the
character and lives of people" Modern texts often refer to Uranus as the
planet that governs [astrology] and astrologers. Các văn bản hiện đại thường
đề cập đến Sao Thiên Vương là hành tinh cai quản [chiêm tinh học] và các nhà chiêm
tinh học. "In passage: Today, people still look to stars or genes, astrology or
genetics, in the hope of finding the source of exceptional abilities or personal
characteristics."
blue-stocking (n) nữ học giả (không được nam giới tôn trọng) '=an
intelligent and well-educated woman who spends most of her time studying and is
therefore not approved of by some men A Canadian [bluestocking] saw things a
little differently. Một [bluestocking] người Canada đã thấy mọi thứ hơi khác
một chút. "In passage: Language has been enriched with such terms as ‘highbrow’,
‘egghead’, ‘blue-stocking’, ‘wiseacre’, ‘know-all’, ‘boffin’ and, for many,
‘intellectual’ is a term of denigration."
boffin (n) "nhà nghiên cứu, mọt sách" '=a scientist who is considered to know a
lot about science and not to be interested in other things He has set his sights on
featuring in an inventors and [boffins] special. Anh ấy đã đặt mục tiêu vào
việc giới thiệu trong một nhà phát minh và [boffins] đặc biệt. "In passage:
Language has been enriched with such terms as ‘highbrow’, ‘egghead’, ‘blue-
stocking’, ‘wiseacre’, ‘know-all’, ‘boffin’ and, for many, ‘intellectual’ is a term
of denigration."
carry out (phrasal v) /ˈkɛri aʊt/ thực hiện '=to do and complete a task
Extensive tests have been [carried out] on the patient. Các xét nghiệm mở
rộng đã được [thực hiện] trên bệnh nhân. "In passage: It was only with the growth
of paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be
carried out on a more objective, if still not always very scientific, basis."
collate (v) /kəˈleɪt/ "đối chiếu, so sánh" '=to bring together different
pieces of written information so that the similarities and differences can be seen
All the information obtained is being [collated] Tất cả thông tin thu
được đang được [đối chiếu] "In passage: In other words, when, for instance,
information is collated about early illnesses, methods of upbringing, schooling,
etc., we must also take into account information from other historical sources
about how common or exceptional these were at the time."
continuum (n) /kənˈtɪnjuəm/ "thể liên tục, sự thay đổi mập mờ" '=something that
changes in character gradually or in very slight stages without any clear dividing
points It's not left-wing or right-wing - political opinion is a long
[continuum]. Nó không phải là cánh tả hay cánh hữu - quan điểm chính trị là
một [liên tục] lâu dài. In passage: Genius is a term we apply to those whom we
recognise for their outstanding achievements and who stand near the end of the
continuum of human abilities which reaches back through the mundane and mediocre to
the incapable.
corporal (adj) /ˈkɔrpərəl/ về thể xác '=of or relating to the body We believe
in [corporal] punishment and that really works. Chúng tôi tin vào hình phạt [nhục
hình] và điều đó thực sự hiệu quả. "In passage: For instance, infant mortality was
high and life expectancy much shorter than today, home tutoring was common in the
families of the nobility and wealthy, bullying and corporal punishment were common
at the best independent schools and, for the most part, the cases studied were
members of the privileged classes."
cult (n) /kəlt/ sự sùng bái "'=a way of life, an attitude, an idea, etc. that has
become very popular" the [cult] of youth [sùng bái] tuổi trẻ "In passage:
The word ‘genius’, from the Latin gens ('= family) and the term ‘genius’, meaning
‘begetter’, comes from the early Roman cult of a divinity as the head of the
family."
defective (adj) /dɪˈfɛktɪv/ có khuyết điểm '=having a fault or faults; not
perfect or complete If the goods are [defective] you should get a full refund.
"Nếu hàng hóa [bị lỗi], bạn sẽ được hoàn lại toàn bộ tiền.""In passage: In
the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented
in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical,
that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are
eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there’s a thin line between
genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever
they don’t need special help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that
some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius
goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with
gifts have a responsibility to use them."
delude...into... (v) /delude...into*.../ "Đánh lừa, lừa dối" '=to make somebody
believe something that is not true Don't be [deluded into] thinking that we are
out of danger yet. Đừng [ảo tưởng] nghĩ rằng chúng ta đã thoát khỏi nguy hiểm.
"In passage: We may, at best, give them some precision by defining them and
placing them in a context but, whatever we do, we should never delude ourselves
into believing that gifted children or geniuses are different from the rest of
humanity, save in the degree to which they have developed the performance of their
abilities."
denigration (n) "sự phỉ báng, bôi bác" '=the action of saying that someone or
something is not good or important She is confused and hurt by her constant
[denigration] by the media. Cô ấy bối rối và bị tổn thương bởi sự [gièm pha] liên
tục của mình bởi các phương tiện truyền thông. "In passage: Language has been
enriched with such terms as ‘highbrow’, ‘egghead’, ‘blue-stocking’, ‘wiseacre’,
‘know-all’, ‘boffin’ and, for many, ‘intellectual’ is a term of denigration."
derive from (phrasal v) /dəraɪv frəm/ bắt nguồn từ '=to come or develop
from something The word ‘politics’ is [derived from] a Greek word meaning
‘city’. Từ ‘chính trị’ [bắt nguồn từ] một từ Hy Lạp có nghĩa là ‘thành phố’.
"In passage: Gradually, genius came to represent a person’s characteristics
and thence an individual’s highest attributes derived from his ‘genius’ or guiding
spirit."
divinity (n) /dɪˈvɪnəti/ tính thần thánh '=the state of being a god How
can you be a Christian and dispute the [divinity] of Jesus?Làm thế nào bạn có thể
là một Cơ đốc nhân và tranh chấp [thần tính] của Chúa Giê-xu? "In passage: The
word ‘genius’, from the Latin gens ('= family) and the term ‘genius’, meaning
‘begetter’, comes from the early Roman cult of a divinity as the head of the
family."
doubt (v) /daʊt/ nghi ngờ "'=to feel uncertain about something; to feel that
something is not true, will probably not happen, etc." There seems no reason to
[doubt] her story. Dường như không có lý do gì để [nghi ngờ] câu chuyện của cô
ấy. "In passage: We may disagree with the ‘general’, for we doubt if all
musicians of genius could have become scientists of genius or vice versa, but there
is no doubting the accidental determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts
into those channels into which they have poured their powers so successfully."
eccentric (adj) /ˌɛkˈsɛntrɪk/ "Lập dị, kỳ cục, quái gở" '=considered by
other people to be strange or unusual an [eccentric] aunt một người cô [lập
dị] "In passage: In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if
people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that
intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn
out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that
there’s a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that
the gifted are so clever they don’t need special help, that giftedness is the same
as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or
mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that
adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use
them."
egghead (n) /ˈɛˌghɛd/ "người thông minh, sáng dạ" "'=a person, especially a
man, who is very clever and interested only in studying and other mental
activities" I was the [egghead] from academia who got in because the rules had
changed. "Tôi là [người đứng đầu] từ học viện, người đã tham gia vì các quy tắc
đã thay đổi." "In passage: Language has been enriched with such terms as
‘highbrow’, ‘egghead’, ‘blue-stocking’, ‘wiseacre’, ‘know-all’, ‘boffin’ and, for
many, ‘intellectual’ is a term of denigration."
emulate (v) /ˈɛmjəˌleɪt/ "Tranh đua, cạnh tranh" '=to try to do something as
well as somebody else because you admire them She hopes to [emulate] her sister's
sporting achievements. Cô ấy hy vọng sẽ [thi đua] thành tích thể thao của em gái
mình. In passage: But before we try to emulate geniuses or encourage our children
to do so we should note that some of the things we learn from them may prove
unpalatable.
enriched with (v) /ɛnˈrɪʧt wɪθ/ làm giàu/ làm phong phú' '=to improve the
quality of food by adding vitamins or nutrients Most breakfast cereals are
[enriched with] vitamins. Hầu hết các loại ngũ cốc ăn sáng đều được [làm giàu
với] vitamin. "In passage: Language has been enriched with such terms as
‘highbrow’, ‘egghead’, ‘blue-stocking’, ‘wiseacre’, ‘know-all’, ‘boffin’ and, for
many, ‘intellectual’ is a term of denigration."
genetics (n) /ʤəˈnɛtɪks/ di truyền học "'=the study of how, in all living
things, the characteristics and qualities of parents are given to their children by
their genes" The study of [genetics] confirms that we are all extremely
closely related biologically. Nghiên cứu về [di truyền học] xác nhận rằng tất cả
chúng ta đều có quan hệ sinh học cực kỳ chặt chẽ. "In passage: Today, people
still look to stars or genes, astrology or genetics, in the hope of finding the
source of exceptional abilities or personal characteristics."
giftedness (n) năng khiếu '=having exceptional talent or natural ability. "It is
more important than appearance, [giftedness] or skill." "Nó quan trọng hơn ngoại
hình, [năng khiếu] hay kỹ năng." "In passage: In the mythology of giftedness, it
is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they must be
defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too
brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are
physical weaklings, that there’s a thin line between genius and madness, that
genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don’t need special
help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more
intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised
and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a
responsibility to use them."
highbrow (n) /ˈhaɪˌbraʊ/ trí thức sách vở (xa rời thực tế) '=a person who is
only interested in serious art or complicated subjects "Today, only a
[highbrow] would take a Shakespeare play along with him." "Hôm nay, chỉ có một
[highbrow] mới tham gia một vở kịch của Shakespeare với anh ta." "In passage:
Language has been enriched with such terms as ‘highbrow’, ‘egghead’, ‘blue-
stocking’, ‘wiseacre’, ‘know-all’, ‘boffin’ and, for many, ‘intellectual’ is a term
of denigration."
integrity (n) /ˌɪnˈtɛgrəti/ sự chính trực '=the quality of being honest and
having strong moral principles that you refuse to change No one doubted that the
president was a man of the highest [integrity]. Không ai nghi ngờ rằng tổng thống
là một người có [sự chính trực] cao nhất. "In passage: We may envy their
achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they may have paid in
terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their
personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to
display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top."
intellectual (n) /ˌɪnəˈlɛkʧuəl/ "người tri thức, thông minh" '=a very educated
person whose interests are studying and other activities that involve careful
thinking and mental effort She was too much of an [intellectual] to find popular
movies interesting. Cô ấy quá là một [trí thức] để thấy những bộ phim nổi tiếng
thú vị. "In passage: In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed
that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that
intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn
out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that
there’s a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that
the gifted are so clever they don’t need special help, that giftedness is the same
as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or
mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that
adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use
them."
make one's way to (idiom) /meɪk wənz weɪ tɪ/ di chuyển đến... '=to move or get
somewhere; to make progress Will you be able to [make your own way to] the
airport Bạn có thể [tự đi đến] sân bay không "In passage: We may envy
their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they may have
paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their
personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to
display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top."
manifestation (n) /ˌmænəfɛˈsteɪʃən/ "Sự biểu lộ, sự biểu thị" "'=an event,
action or thing that is a sign that something exists or is happening; the act of
appearing as a sign that something exists or is happening" The riots are a clear
[manifestation] of the people's discontent. Các cuộc bạo loạn là một [biểu
hiện] rõ ràng của sự bất mãn của người dân. "In passage: What we appreciate,
enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the
manifestations of skills or abilities which are similar to, but so much superior
to, our own."
marvel (v) /ˈmɑrvəl/ "cảm thán, ngưỡng mộ" '=to show or experience great
surprise or admiration We paused to [marvel] at the view. Chúng tôi tạm dừng để
[ngạc nhiên] xem. "In passage: What we appreciate, enjoy or marvel at in the works
of genius or the achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or
abilities which are similar to, but so much superior to, our own."
mistrust (v) /mɪˈstrəst/ nghi ngờ '=to have doubts about the honesty or
abilities of someone I've always [mistrusted] politicians. Tôi luôn [không
tin tưởng] các chính trị gia. In passage: We envy the gifted and mistrust them
mortality (n) /mɔrˈtæləti/ tỷ lệ tử vong '=the number of deaths in a
particular situation or period of time [Mortality] from lung cancer is still
increasing. [Tỷ lệ tử vong] do ung thư phổi vẫn đang gia tăng. "In passage: For
instance, infant mortality was high and life expectancy much shorter than today,
home tutoring was common in the families of the nobility and wealthy, bullying and
corporal punishment were common at the best independent schools and, for the most
part, the cases studied were members of the privileged classes."
mundane (adj) /mənˈdeɪn/ nhạt nhẽo '=very ordinary and therefore not
interesting The show was just another [mundane] family sitcom. Chương trình chỉ
là một bộ phim hài gia đình [trần tục] khác. In passage: Genius is a term we
apply to those whom we recognise for their outstanding achievements and who stand
near the end of the continuum of human abilities which reaches back through the
mundane and mediocre to the incapable.
mythology (n) /məˈθɑləˌʤi/ "lời đồn, sự phóng đại" '=a popular belief that is
probably not true It's just a piece of popular [mythology] that people always get
sacked when they are away from the office. Đó chỉ là một phần [thần thoại] phổ
biến mà mọi người luôn bị sa thải khi họ vắng mặt ở văn phòng. "In passage: In
the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented
in one area, they must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical,
that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are
eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that there’s a thin line between
genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever
they don’t need special help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that
some races are more intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius
goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with
gifts have a responsibility to use them."
norm-referenced (adj) tham chiếu nhóm chuẩn "'=a type of test, assessment, or
evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a
predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured" "Examples of
[norm-referenced] tests include the SAT, IQ tests, and tests that are graded on a
curve" "Ví dụ về các bài kiểm tra [có tham chiếu chuẩn] bao gồm bài kiểm tra
SAT, bài kiểm tra IQ và bài kiểm tra được tính điểm theo đường cong" "In passage:
However, the difficulty with the evidence produced by these studies, fascinating as
they are in collecting together anecdotes and apparent similarities and exceptions,
is that they are not what we would today call norm-referenced."
nurture (v) /ˈnərʧər/ nuôi dưỡng '=to care for and protect somebody/something
while they are growing and developing These delicate plants need careful
[nurturing]. Những cây mỏng manh này cần được [nuôi dưỡng] cẩn thận. "In
passage: We may disagree with the ‘general’, for we doubt if all musicians of
genius could have become scientists of genius or vice versa, but there is no
doubting the accidental determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts into
those channels into which they have poured their powers so successfully."
observer (n) /əbˈzərvər/ người quan sát '=a person who watches
somebody/something "According to [observers], the plane exploded shortly after
take-off." "Theo [các nhà quan sát], chiếc máy bay đã phát nổ ngay sau khi cất
cánh." "In passage: Change the observers and the vantage points, clear away
some of the mist, and a different lot of peaks appear."
outrageous (adj) /aʊˈtreɪʤəs/ Kỳ quặc '=very unusual and intended to
shock people slightly She says the most [outrageous] things sometimes. Đôi
khi cô ấy nói những điều [thái quá] nhất. In passage: But that their minds are not
different from our own is demonstrated by the fact that the hard-won discoveries of
scientists like Kepler or Einstein become the commonplace knowledge of
schoolchildren and the once outrageous shapes and colours of an artist like Paul
Klee so soon appear on the fabrics we wear.
outstrip (v) /aʊtˈstrɪp/ "Bỏ xa, chạy vượt xa, chạy nhanh hơn" '=to grow or
develop more quickly than something else Credit card complaints [outstrip] all
other bank-related grievances. Khiếu nại về thẻ tín dụng [outstrip] tất cả các
khiếu nại khác liên quan đến ngân hàng. "In passage: This does not minimise the
supremacy of their achievements, which outstrip our own as the sub-four-minute
milers outstrip our jogging."
paediatric (n) nhi khoa '=the science or study of medical care for children
"I worked in [pediatrics] in physical therapy for four years, and I love
babies." "Tôi đã làm việc trong ngành vật lý trị liệu [nhi khoa] trong bốn năm,
và tôi yêu trẻ sơ sinh." "In passage: It was only with the growth of
paediatrics and psychology in the twentieth century that studies could be carried
out on a more objective, if still not always very scientific, basis."
paterfamilias (n) "người đứng đầu trong gia đình, người lớn nhất trong nhà"
'=the man who is the head of a family Then they became part of the
family-Ellwood as [paterfamilias]. "Sau đó, họ trở thành một phần của gia đình-
Ellwood với tư cách là [paterfamilias]." "In passage: In its earliest form, genius
was concerned with the ability of the head of the family, the paterfamilias, to
perpetuate himself."
perpetuate (v) /pərˈpɛʧəˌweɪt/ "Làm cho bất diệt, kéo dài mãi mãi, làm tồn tại
mãi; duy trì" '=to cause something to continue Increasing the supply of
weapons will only [perpetuate] the violence and anarchy. Việc tăng cường cung cấp
vũ khí sẽ chỉ [kéo dài] bạo lực và tình trạng vô chính phủ."In passage: In its
earliest form, genius was concerned with the ability of the head of the family, the
paterfamilias, to perpetuate himself."
perseverance (n) /ˌpərsəˈvɪrəns/ "Tính kiên nhẫn, tính kiên trì; sự bền gan, sự
bền chí" '=the quality of continuing to try to achieve a particular aim despite
difficulties They showed great [perseverance] in the face of difficulty.Họ đã
thể hiện [sự kiên trì] tuyệt vời khi đối mặt với khó khăn. "In passage: We may envy
their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they may have
paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions on their
personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often they had to
display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way to the top."
privileged (adj) /ˈprɪvɪlɪʤd/ có đặc quyền '=having or showing a special
advantage "As an old friend of the president, he enjoys [privileged] status."
"Là một người bạn cũ của tổng thống, ông được hưởng địa vị [đặc ân]." "In
passage: For instance, infant mortality was high and life expectancy much shorter
than today, home tutoring was common in the families of the nobility and wealthy,
bullying and corporal punishment were common at the best independent schools and,
for the most part, the cases studied were members of the privileged classes."
prodigy (n) /ˈprɑdəʤi/ thần đồng '=a young person whose intelligence or skill is
unusually good for their age "Mozart was an infant [prodigy], composing music at
the age of four." "Mozart là một [thần đồng] trẻ sơ sinh, sáng tác nhạc khi mới 4
tuổi." In passage: There has always been an interest in geniuses and
prodigies.
run in family (idiom) /rən ɪn ˈfæməli/ di truyền '=to be a common feature in a
particular family Heart disease [runs in the family]. Bệnh tim [chạy trong gia
đình]. "In passage: In the mythology of giftedness, it is popularly believed
that if people are talented in one area, they must be defective in another, that
intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies burn too brightly too soon and burn
out, that gifted people are eccentric, that they are physical weaklings, that
there’s a thin line between genius and madness, that genius runs in families, that
the gifted are so clever they don’t need special help, that giftedness is the same
as having a high IQ, that some races are more intelligent or musical or
mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised and unrewarded, that
adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a responsibility to use
them."
single-mindedness (n) sự chuyên tâm '=the quality of being very determined
and thinking only about achieving a particular thing They demonstrated a
remarkable [single-mindedness] in pursuing their goals. Họ đã thể hiện một [sự
nhất tâm] đáng chú ý trong việc theo đuổi mục tiêu của mình. "In passage: We
may envy their achievements and fame, but we should also recognise the price they
may have paid in terms of perseverance, single-mindedness, dedication, restrictions
on their personal lives, the demands upon their energies and time, and how often
they had to display great courage to preserve their integrity or to make their way
to the top."
stand out (v) /stænd aʊt/ nổi bật '=to be much better or more important
than somebody/something Four points [stand out] as being more important than the
rest. Bốn điểm [nổi bật] là quan trọng hơn phần còn lại. "In passage: Geniuses,
however they are defined, are but the peaks which stand out through the mist of
history and are visible to the particular observer from his or her particular
vantage point."
superior (adj) /suˈpɪriər/ "vượt trội, xuất sắc" '=better than average or
better than other people or things of the same type This is clearly the work of a
[superior] artist. Đây rõ ràng là tác phẩm của một nghệ sĩ [cấp trên]. "In
passage: What we appreciate, enjoy or marvel at in the works of genius or the
achievements of prodigies are the manifestations of skills or abilities which are
similar to, but so much superior to, our own."
supremacy (n) /səˈprɛməsi/ "ưu thế, sự vượt trội" "'=the state or condition of
being superior to all others in authority, power, or status" This victory
clearly proves the [supremacy] of the Brazilians in football. Chiến thắng này đã
chứng minh rõ ràng [uy thế] của người Brazil trong bóng đá."In passage: This does
not minimise the supremacy of their achievements, which outstrip our own as the
sub-four-minute milers outstrip our jogging."
the mist of (n) /ðə mɪst əv/ che phủ bởi cái gì "'=a cloud of very small
drops of water in the air just above the ground, that make it difficult to see"
The origins of the story are lost in [the mists of time] Nguồn gốc của câu
chuyện bị mất trong [sương thời gian] "In passage: Geniuses, however they are
defined, are but the peaks which stand out through the mist of history and are
visible to the particular observer from his or her particular vantage point."
the nobility (n) /ðə noʊˈbɪləti/ giới quý tộc "'=the people of the highest
social rank in a society, considered as a group" "He spent most of his life in
the service of the English [nobility], partly as a music tutor." "Ông đã dành phần
lớn cuộc đời mình để phục vụ [giới quý tộc] Anh, một phần là gia sư âm nhạc."
"In passage: For instance, infant mortality was high and life expectancy much
shorter than today, home tutoring was common in the families of the nobility and
wealthy, bullying and corporal punishment were common at the best independent
schools and, for the most part, the cases studied were members of the privileged
classes."
trigger (v) /ˈtrɪgər/ "kích hoạt, làm nổ ra, gây ra..." '=to cause a device to
start functioning to [trigger] an alarm để [kích hoạt] báo thức "In passage: We
may disagree with the ‘general’, for we doubt if all musicians of genius could have
become scientists of genius or vice versa, but there is no doubting the accidental
determination which nurtured or triggered their gifts into those channels into
which they have poured their powers so successfully."
unpalatable (adj) /ənˈpælətəbəl/ "Không thú vị
Khó chịu, không thể chấp nhận được" '=unpleasant and not easy to accept Only then
did I learn the [unpalatable] truth. "Chỉ sau đó, tôi mới biết được sự thật
[không thể nghe được]."
vantage point (n) /ˈvæntɪʤ pɔɪnt/ tầm nhìn thuận lợi '=a place or position
affording a good view of something From my [vantage point] I could see into the
front garden "Từ [vị trí thuận lợi] của tôi, tôi có thể nhìn thấy khu vườn
phía trước" "In passage: Geniuses, however they are defined, are but the peaks
which stand out through the mist of history and are visible to the particular
observer from his or her particular vantage point."
weakling (n) /ˈwiklɪŋ/ người/ vật yếu đuối '=a person who is not physically
strong we spend money and effort in rearing every [weakling] chúng tôi dành
tiền bạc và nỗ lực để nuôi dưỡng mọi [con yếu] "In passage: In the mythology of
giftedness, it is popularly believed that if people are talented in one area, they
must be defective in another, that intellectuals are impractical, that prodigies
burn too brightly too soon and burn out, that gifted people are eccentric, that
they are physical weaklings, that there’s a thin line between genius and madness,
that genius runs in families, that the gifted are so clever they don’t need special
help, that giftedness is the same as having a high IQ, that some races are more
intelligent or musical or mathematical than others, that genius goes unrecognised
and unrewarded, that adversity makes men wise or that people with gifts have a
responsibility to use them."
wiseacre (n) "kẻ hợm hĩnh, ta đây" "'=a person with an affectation of wisdom
or knowledge, regarded with scorn or irritation by others; a know-all" The
[wiseacres] forecast a collapse of the building [Wisdomeacres] dự báo một sự sụp đổ
của tòa nhà "In passage: Language has been enriched with such terms as ‘highbrow’,
‘egghead’, ‘blue-stocking’, ‘wiseacre’, ‘know-all’, ‘boffin’ and, for many,
‘intellectual’ is a term of denigration."

adequate (adj) /ˈædəkˌweɪt/ đủ "'=enough in quantity, or good enough in

quality, for a particular purpose or need" They'll need an [adequate] supply
of hot water. Họ sẽ cần một nguồn cung cấp [đầy đủ] nước nóng. "In passage:
Relaxation lowers metabolic rate, as does adequate sleep and in general an equable
and balanced personality."
argument against (n) /ˈɑrgjəmənt əˈgɛnst/ ý kiến trái chiều '=a reason or set
of reasons that somebody uses to show that something is true or correct There
are strong [arguments] for and against euthanasia. Có những [lập luận] mạnh mẽ
ủng hộ và chống lại sự chết chóc. "In passage: A further argument against the
simple wear and tear theory is the observation that the time within which organisms
age lies between a few days (even a few hours for unicellular organisms) and
several thousand years, as with mammoth trees."
as long as (idiom) /ɛz lɔŋ ɛz/ miễn là/ nếu '=if You can have a dog [as
long as] you promise to take care of it. Bạn có thể nuôi một con chó [miễn là] bạn
hứa sẽ chăm sóc nó. "In passage: At least as long as a biological system has
the ability to renew itself it could actually become older without ageing; an
organism is an open, dynamic system through which new material continuously flows."
attain (v) /əˈteɪn/ "đạt đến (tuổi, mức độ, điều kiện...)" "'=to reach a
particular age, level or condition" The cheetah can [attain] speeds of up to 97
kph. Con báo có thể [đạt được] tốc độ lên đến 97 km / h. "In passage: Although
more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical
care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80
years."
cardiovascular (adj) /ˌkɑrdioʊˈvæskjələr/ liên quan đến tim mạch '=relating
to the heart and blood vessels ('= tubes that carry blood around the body)
Prevention of [cardiovascular] disease has to be integrated into primary
health care. Phòng ngừa bệnh [tim mạch] phải được lồng ghép vào chăm sóc sức
khỏe ban đầu. "In passage: Extreme high performance sports may lead to optimal
cardiovascular performance, but they quite certainly do not prolong life"
chained up (v) /ʧeɪnd əp/ trói "'=to fasten something with a chain; to fasten
somebody/something to another person or thing with a chain, so that they do not
escape or get stolen" The dog was [chained up] for the night. Con chó bị [xích]
trong đêm. In passage: Parrots and birds of prey are often held chained up.
comrade (n) /ˈkɑmˌræd/ đồng loại (động vật) "'=a friend, especially one who you
have been involved in difficult or dangerous, usually military, activities with"
Many of his [comrades] were killed in the battle. Nhiều [đồng đội] của anh
ta đã thiệt mạng trong trận chiến. In passage: They then may live twice as long as
their well fed comrades.
constitute (v) /ˈkɑnstəˌtut/ "cấu thành, thiết lập" '=to form a group legally or
officially The committee was [constituted] in 1974 by an Act of Parliament. Ủy ban
được [thành lập] vào năm 1974 theo Đạo luật của Nghị viện. "In passage: It is
always the basic material which constitutes the object and which, in the natural
course of things, is worn down and becomes ‘older*."
consumption of (n) /kənˈsəmʃən əv/ tiêu thụ "'=the act of using energy, food or
materials; the amount used" Gas and oil [consumption] always increases in cold
weather. Khí đốt và dầu [tiêu thụ] luôn tăng khi thời tiết lạnh. In passage:
The metabolic rate of mice can be reduced by a very low consumption of food (hunger
diet).
critical (adj) /ˈkrɪtɪkəl/ "quan trọng, khẩn cấp" '=of the greatest importance
to the way things might happen The president's support is [critical] to this
project Sự ủng hộ của tổng thống là [quan trọng] đối với dự án này "In passage:
Each of us can develop his or her own ‘energy saving programme’ with a little self-
observation, critical self-control and, above all, logical consistency."
energetically (adv) /ˌɛnərˈʤɛtɪkli/ "mạnh mẽ, đầy năng lượng" '=with a lot
of energy Many community groups have [energetically] opposed the idea. Nhiều
nhóm cộng đồng đã phản đối ý tưởng này một cách mạnh mẽ. "In passage: That means
that they live life ‘energetically’ – more intensively, but not for as long."
equilibrium (n) /ˌikwəˈlɪbriəm/ Sự thăng bằng '=a state of balance Any
disturbance to the body's state of [equilibrium] can produce stress. Bất kỳ sự
xáo trộn nào đối với trạng thái [cân bằng] của cơ thể đều có thể tạo ra căng thẳng.
In passage: Destruction of old material and formation of new material are
thus in permanent dynamic equilibrium.
existent (adj) /ɛgˈzɪstənt/ "Có sẵn, hiện hữu" '=existing; real creatures
[existent] in nature sinh vật [tồn tại] trong tự nhiên "In passage: The reason
for this is easy to recognise: in nature, the existent organisms either adapt or
are regularly replaced by new types."
frugally (adv) /ˈfrugəli/ "Thanh đạm, đạm bạc" '=in a way that uses only as
much money or food as is necessary to live/eat [frugally] sống / ăn uống [đạm bạc]
"In passage: Animals which behave ‘frugally’ with energy become particularly
old, for example, crocodiles and tortoises."
hibernation (n) /ˌhaɪbərˈneɪʃən/ sự ngủ đông '=a state like deep sleep in which
some animals spend the winter Bears go into [hibernation] in the autumn. Những
chú gấu đi vào [ngủ đông] vào mùa thu. In passage: Animals which save energy by
hibernation or lethargy (e.g. bats or hedgehogs) live much longer than those which
are always active.
immortality (n) /ˌɪmɔrˈtælɪti/ sự bất tử '=the quality of being able to live
or last for ever He sees cloning as the first step to achieving [immortality].
Anh ta coi nhân bản là bước đầu tiên để đạt được [sự bất tử]. In passage:
Immortality would disturb this system – it needs room for new and better life
in captivity (n) /ɪn kæpˈtɪvəti/ "Tình trạng bị giam cầm, tình trạng bị câu
thúc" '=the state of being kept as a prisoner or in a space that you cannot escape
from He was held [in captivity] for three years. Anh ta bị giam trong ba năm.
In passage: Thus they are not able to ‘experience life’ and so they attain a
high life span in captivity.
in comparison to (idiom) /ɪn kəmˈpɛrəsən tɪ/ khi so sánh với '=when compared
with something else Last year's riots pale [in comparison to]ư this latest
outburst of violence. Cuộc bạo loạn năm ngoái nhạt nhòa [so với] đợt bạo lực mới
nhất này. In passage: In comparison to the life span this relationship is
‘inverted’: the larger the organism the lower its metabolic rate.
inevitable (adj) /ˌɪˈnɛvətəbəl/ không tránh khỏi '=that you cannot avoid or
prevent It was an [inevitable] consequence of the decision. Đó là một hệ quả
[tất yếu] của quyết định. "In passage: Thus ageing and death should not be seen
as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanisms for repair."
inexorable (adj) /ˌɪˈnɛksərəbəl/ không thể lay chuyển '=continuing without any
possibility of being stopped Aging is an [inexorable] process. Lão hóa là một quá
trình [không thể thay đổi được]. "In passage: Although the same law holds for a
living organism, the result of this law is not inexorable in the same way"
in the course of (idiom) /ɪn ðə kɔrs əv/ "trong khi, xảy ra trong khoảng thời gian
đó" '=after a period of time I assume they plan to have children [in the
course of] time. Tôi cho rằng họ dự định có con [trong một thời gian]."In passage:
It is always the basic material which constitutes the object and which, in the
natural course of things, is worn down and becomes ‘older*."
invert (v) /ˌɪnˈvərt/ lộn ngược '=to turn something upside down or change the
order of two things [Invert] the cake onto a wire rack and let it cool. [Lật
ngược] bánh lên giá đỡ bằng dây kẽm và để nguội. In passage: In comparison to
the life span this relationship is ‘inverted’: the larger the organism the lower
its metabolic rate.
lethargy (n) /ˈlɛθərʤi/ Trạng thái hôn mê; giấc ngủ lịm '=the state of not
having any energy or enthusiasm for doing things The report criticizes the
[lethargy] shown by employers when it comes to job creation. Báo cáo chỉ trích
sự [thờ ơ] của các nhà tuyển dụng khi đề cập đến việc tạo việc làm. In passage:
Animals which save energy by hibernation or lethargy (e.g. bats or hedgehogs) live
much longer than those which are always active.
metabolic (adj) /ˌmɛtəˈbɑlɪk/ thuộc sự trao đổi chất '=relating to metabolism
('= the chemical processes within the body required for life) Vitamins are
involved in all [metabolic] processes and are essential to life. Vitamin tham gia
vào tất cả các quá trình [trao đổi chất] và rất cần thiết cho sự sống. "In passage:
Like the life span, the metabolic rate has for different organisms a fixed
mathematical relationship to the body mass"
molecule (n) /ˈmɑləˌkjul/ phân tử '=a group of atoms that forms the
smallest unit that a substance can be divided into without a change in its chemical
nature A [molecule] of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen. Một [phân tử] nước bao gồm hai nguyên tử hydro và một nguyên tử oxy.
"In passage: Thus our bodies continuously exchange old substance for new,
just like a spring which more or less maintains its form and movement, but in which
the water molecules are always different."
mutation (n) /mjuˈteɪʃən/ sự đột biến "'=a permanent change in an organism, or
the changed organism itself" These plants carry the [mutation] for red flowers.
Những cây này mang [đột biến] cho hoa màu đỏ. In passage: Because of
changes in the genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in
the course of their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better
adaptation to the environmental conditions.
observation (n) /ˌɑbzərˈveɪʃən/ sự quan sát "'=the act of watching
somebody/something carefully for a period of time, especially to learn something"
Most information was collected by direct [observation] of the animals'
behaviour. Hầu hết thông tin được thu thập bằng cách [quan sát] trực tiếp hành vi
của các loài động vật. "In passage: A further argument against the simple wear and
tear theory is the observation that the time within which organisms age lies
between a few days (even a few hours for unicellular organisms) and several
thousand years, as with mammoth trees."
optimal (adj) /ˈɑptɪməl/ "Tốt nhất, tối ưu" '=the best or most effective
possible in a particular situation Different outsourcing levels may be considered
[optimal] at different times. Các mức độ thuê ngoài khác nhau có thể được coi là
[tối ưu] tại các thời điểm khác nhau. In passage: Because of changes in the
genetic material (mutations) these have new characteristics and in the course of
their individual lives they are tested for optimal or better adaptation to the
environmental conditions.
organism (n) /ˈɔrgəˌnɪzəm/ sinh vật "'=a single living plant, animal, virus,
etc." Amoebae and bacteria are single-celled [organisms]. Amip và vi khuẩn là
những [sinh vật] đơn bào. In passage: This leads to the result that at some
time or other the object stops working and is unusable (‘death’ in the biological
sense). But are the wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects and the
death of living organisms really similar or comparable?
parameter (n) /pərˈæmətər/ thông số '=a set of facts or a fixed limit that
establishes or limits how something can or must happen or be done The
researchers must keep within the [parameters] of the experiment. Các nhà nghiên cứu
phải tuân theo [các thông số] của thử nghiệm. "In passage: There are striking
differences in life span between different species, but within one species the
parameter is relatively constant."
propose (v) /prəˈpoʊz/ nêu ra/ đề xuất "'=to suggest a plan, an idea, etc. for
people to think about and decide on" The Board of Directors is [proposing] an
amendment to Article I. Hội đồng quản trị đang [đề xuất] sửa đổi Điều I. "In
passage: If a life span is a genetically determined biological characteristic, it
is logically necessary to propose the existence of an internal clock, which in some
way measures and controls the ageing process and which finally determines death as
the last step in a fixed programme"
restrict (v) /riˈstrɪkt/ giới hạn "'=to limit the movements or actions of
someone, or to limit something and reduce its size or prevent it from increasing"
The government has [restricted] freedom of movement into and out of the
country. Chính phủ đã [hạn chế] quyền tự do đi lại trong và ngoài nước. In
passage: Our life span is restricted.
sparing (adj) /ˈspɛrɪŋ/ "tiết kiệm, tằn tiện" '=careful to use or give only
a little of something Doctors now advise only [sparing] use of such creams. Các
bác sĩ hiện chỉ khuyên [hạn chế] sử dụng các loại kem như vậy. In passage: It
follows from the above that sparing use of energy reserves should tend to extend
life.
static (adj) /ˈstætɪk/ tĩnhm không thay đổi "'=staying in one place without
moving, or not changing for a long time" Oil prices have remained [static] for the
last few months. Giá dầu vẫn [tĩnh] trong vài tháng qua. "In passage: Our ‘dead’
products are ‘static’, closed systems"
striking (adj) /ˈstraɪkɪŋ/ "Nổi bật, đập vào mắt, thu hút sự chú ý, thu hút sự
quan tâm; đáng chú ý, gây ấn tượng" "'=very unusual or easily noticed, and
therefore attracting a lot of attention" The library is a [striking]example of
modern architecture. Thư viện là một ví dụ [nổi bật] của kiến trúc hiện đại.
"In passage: There are striking differences in life span between different
species, but within one species the parameter is relatively constant."
subjected to (adj) /səˈbʤɛktɪd tɪ/ "Chinh phục, khuất phục (một nước, một
người...)" "'=to bring a country or group of people under your control, especially
by using force" The Roman Empire [subjected most of Europe to] its rule. Đế chế
La Mã [đặt hầu hết châu Âu vào] sự cai trị của nó. "In passage: However, in this
statement we think of artificially produced, technical objects, products which are
subjected to natural wear and tear during use."
thermodynamics (n) nhiệt động lực học "'=the area of physics connected
with the action of heat and other types of energy, and the relationship between
them" Is the 3rd law of [thermodynamics] valid even for objects smaller than atoms?
Định luật thứ 3 của [nhiệt động lực học] có giá trị ngay cả đối với các vật
thể nhỏ hơn nguyên tử không? In passage: Ageing in this case must occur according
to the laws of physical chemistry and of thermodynamics
unicellular (adj) /ˌjunɪˈsɛljələr/ đơn bào '=(of a living thing) consisting of
only one cell [unicellular] organisms [Sinh vật đơn bào "In passage: A further
argument against the simple wear and tear theory is the observation that the time
within which organisms age lies between a few days (even a few hours for
unicellular organisms) and several thousand years, as with mammoth trees."