afford (v) /əˈfɔrd/ có khả năng '=to allow someone to have something pleasant

or necessary Can you [afford] to take any time off work? Bạn có thể [đủ khả
năng] nghỉ làm không? "In passage: If we can do it here, in the most fragile
system on Earth, then that’s a real message of hope for lots of places, including
Africa, where there is drought and they just can’t afford to wait for rain."
arid (adj) /ˈɛrəd/ khô cằn '=very dry and without enough rain for plants
The desert is so [arid] that nothing can grow there. Sa mạc [khô cằn] đến nỗi
không có gì có thể phát triển ở đó. In passage: The arid valleys of southern Peru
are welcoming the return of a native plant
aspirational (adj) nhiều tham vọng '=showing that you want to have more
money and a higher social position than you now have "High-end smartphones have
become [aspirational] status symbols, especially among the young" "Điện thoại
thông minh cao cấp đã trở thành biểu tượng trạng thái [đầy khát vọng], đặc biệt là
trong giới trẻ" "In passage: ‘Increasingly aspirational communities think that if
you plant food trees in your home or street, it shows you are poor, and still need
to grow your own food,’ he says."
benefit (v) /ˈbɛnəfɪt/ giúp ích '=to be helped by something or to help someone
How can we [benefit] those who most need our help? Làm thế nào chúng ta có
thể [mang lại lợi ích] cho những người cần chúng ta giúp đỡ nhất? In passage:
He believes the extra woodland will also benefit the farms by reducing their water
usage through a lowering of evaporation and providing a refuge for bio-control
insects.
certified (adj) /ˈsərtəˌfaɪd/ được chứng nhận '=approved by an official
organization to do a particular job because you have successfully completed its
examination and proved that you have the necessary training and qualifications
She is [certified] to practice medicine. Cô ấy được [chứng nhận] để hành
nghề y. "In passage: Alberto Benevides, owner of Ica Valley’s only certified
organic farm, which Whaley helped set up, has been planting the tree for 13 years."
charcoal (n) /ˈʧɑrˌkoʊl/ than "'=a hard, black substance similar to coal that
can be used as fuel or, in the form of sticks, as something to draw with" I
prefer sketching in [charcoal] to pencil. Tôi thích phác thảo bằng [than củi] hơn
là bút chì. "In passage: Its leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies, while
its branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating, and its trunk was used
to build houses."
convince (v) /kənˈvɪns/ thuyết phục '=to persuade someone or make someone
certain I hope this will [convince] you to change your mind. Tôi hy vọng điều
này sẽ [thuyết phục] bạn thay đổi quyết định. "In passage: But even if Whaley can
convince the local people to fall in love with the huarango again, there is still
the threat of the larger farms."
corridor (n) /ˈkɔrɪdər/ đường hành lang "'=a long, narrow region between
two or more large cities, or an area along a busy road" The security forces
established [corridors] for humanitarian supplies Lực lượng an ninh thiết lập
[hành lang] tiếp tế nhân đạo "In passage: Some of these cut across the forests and
break up the corridors that allow the essential movement of mammals, birds and
pollen up and down the narrow forest strip."
counteract (v) /ˈkaʊntərˌækt/ làm mất tác dụng '=to reduce or remove the
effect of something unwanted by producing an opposite effect Drinking a lot of
water [counteracts] the dehydrating effects of hot weather.Uống nhiều nước [chống
lại] tác động mất nước của thời tiết nóng. "In passage: In the hope of
counteracting this, he’s persuading farmers to let him plant forest corridors on
their land."
diet (n) /daɪət/ chế độ ăn '=the food and drink usually eaten or drunk by a
person or group [Diet] varies between different countries in the world. [Chế
độ ăn uống] khác nhau giữa các quốc gia khác nhau trên thế giới. "In passage: He
believes the huarango was key to the ancient people’s diet and, because it could
reach deep water sources, it allowed local people to withstand years of drought
when their other crops failed."
ecosystem (n) /ˈikoʊˌsɪstəm/ hệ sinh thái '=all the living things in an area
and the way they affect each other and the environment Pollution can have
disastrous effects on the delicately balanced [ecosystem]. Ô nhiễm có thể có những
tác động tai hại đối với [hệ sinh thái] được cân bằng tinh vi. In passage: It is
also one of the most fragile ecosystems on Earth.
erosion (n) /ɪˈroʊʒən/ sự mài mòn "'=the fact of soil, stone, etc. being
gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or wind" "Wind and water
[erosion] remove the most valuable part of the soil, the organic-rich upper
horizon." "Gió và nước [xói mòn] lấy đi phần giá trị nhất của đất, chân trời phía
trên giàu chất hữu cơ." "In passage: Cutting down native woodland leads to erosion,
as there is nothing to keep the soil in place."
essential (adj) /ɛˈsɛnʃəl/ cần thiết '=necessary or needed Government support
will be [essential] if the project is to succeed. Sự hỗ trợ của chính phủ sẽ là
[cần thiết] nếu dự án thành công. "In passage: Some of these cut across the
forests and break up the corridors that allow the essential movement of mammals,
birds and pollen up and down the narrow forest strip."
expanse (n) /ɪkˈspæns/ sự mở rộng "'=a large, open area of land, water, or sky"
The Great Plains are a broad [expanse] of grassland. Great Plains là một
[vùng] đồng cỏ rộng lớn. In passage: It’s not like a rainforest that needs to
have this huge expanse.
exploit (v) /ˌɛkˈsplɔɪt/ tận dụng '=make full use of and derive benefit
from a resource We need to make sure that we [exploit] our resources as fully as
possible. Chúng tôi cần đảm bảo rằng chúng tôi [khai thác] tài nguyên của mình
một cách đầy đủ nhất có thể. "In passage: If you just have a few trees left, the
population can grow up quickly because it’s used to exploiting water when it
arrives."
fragile (adj) /ˈfræʤəl/ "mỏng manh, dễ vỡ" '=easily damaged or broken
Be careful with that vase - it's very [fragile]. Hãy cẩn thận với chiếc
bình đó - nó rất [dễ vỡ]. In passage: It is also one of the most fragile
ecosystems on Earth.
gradually (adv) /ˈgræʤuəli/ dần dần '=slowly over a period of time or a
distance The bank slopes [gradually] down to the river. Bờ dốc [dần] xuống sông.
In passage: But over the centuries huarango trees were gradually replaced
with crops.
grind (v) /graɪnd/ nghiền nát '=to make something into small pieces or a
powder by pressing between hard surfaces Shall I [grind] a little black pepper
over your salad? Tôi có nên [xay] một ít tiêu đen lên món salad của bạn không?
"In passage: The pods can be ground into flour to make cakes, and the seeds
roasted into a sweet, chocolatey ‘coffee’."
hardly (adv) /ˈhɑrdli/ hiếm khi '=only just; almost not "I [hardly] watch any
television, apart from news and current affairs." "Tôi [hầu như không] xem bất
kỳ truyền hình nào, ngoài tin tức và các vấn đề thời sự." "In passage: It hardly
ever rains there, and the only year-round source of water is located tens of metres
below the surface."
increasingly (adv) /ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋgli/ ngày càng gia tăng '=To an increasing
extent; more and more "[Increasingly], attention is paid to health" "[Càng
ngày], sức khỏe càng được chú ý" "In passage: ‘Increasingly aspirational
communities think that if you plant food trees in your home or street, it shows you
are poor, and still need to grow your own food,’ he says."
initially (adv) /ˌɪˈnɪʃəli/ ban đầu '=at the beginning The damage was far
more serious than [initially] believed. Thiệt hại nghiêm trọng hơn nhiều so với
dự đoán ban đầu. "In passage: The majority of the huarango forests in the valley
have already been cleared for fuel and agriculture – initially, these were
smallholdings, but now they’re huge farms producing crops for the international
market."
landscape (n) /ˈlænˌskeɪp/ phong cảnh "'=a large area of countryside,
especially in relation to its appearance" The [landscape] is dotted with the tents
of campers and hikers. [Cảnh quan] được rải rác với các lều trại của những người
cắm trại và đi bộ đường dài. "In passage: Dr David Beresford-Jones,
archaeobotanist at Cambridge University, has been studying the role of the huarango
tree in landscape change in the Lower Ica Valley in southern Peru."
native (adj) /ˈneɪtɪv/ bản địa "'=used to refer to plants and animals that
grow naturally in a place, and have not been brought there from somewhere else"
The horse is not [native] to America - it was introduced by the Spanish.
Con ngựa không phải [bản địa] ở Mỹ - nó được giới thiệu bởi người Tây Ban
Nha. In passage: The arid valleys of southern Peru are welcoming the return of a
native plant
organic (adj) /ɔrˈgænɪk/ hữu cơ '=not using artificial chemicals in the
growing of plants and animals for food and other products Cheap [organic] food is
still difficult to come by. Thực phẩm giá rẻ [hữu cơ] vẫn khó có. "In passage:
Alberto Benevides, owner of Ica Valley’s only certified organic farm, which Whaley
helped set up, has been planting the tree for 13 years."
overcome (v) /ˈoʊvərˌkəm/ vượt qua '=to defeat or succeed in controlling or
dealing with something Eventually she managed to [overcome] her shyness in class.
Cuối cùng thì cô ấy cũng đã [vượt qua] được sự nhút nhát của mình trong lớp.
"In passage: In order to succeed, Whaley needs to get the local people on
board, and that has meant overcoming local prejudices."
persuade (v) /pərsˈweɪd/ thuyết phục '=to make someone do or believe something
by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to that person and making them
believe it "If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will [persuade] her."
"Nếu cô ấy không muốn đi, bạn không thể nói gì sẽ [thuyết phục] cô ấy."
"In passage: In the hope of counteracting this, he’s persuading farmers to
let him plant forest corridors on their land."
pioneering (adj) /ˌpaɪəˈnɪrɪŋ/ tiên phong '=using ideas and methods that have
never been used before The hospital developed a [pioneering] scheme to treat drug-
using criminals in the community. Bệnh viện đã phát triển một kế hoạch [tiên
phong] để điều trị tội phạm sử dụng ma túy trong cộng đồng."In passage: Of the
forests that were here 1,000 years ago, 99 per cent have already gone,’ says
botanist Oliver Whaley from Kew Gardens in London, who, together with ethnobotanist
Dr William Milliken, is running a pioneering project to protect and restore the
rapidly disappearing habitat."
population (n) /ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən/ dân số "'=all the people or animals of a
particular type or group who live in one country, area, or place" The dolphin
[population] has been decimated by tuna fishing. [Dân số] cá heo đã bị tiêu
diệt do đánh bắt cá ngừ. "In passage: If you just have a few trees left, the
population can grow up quickly because it’s used to exploiting water when it
arrives."
position (n) /pəˈzɪʃən/ vị trí "'=the place where something or someone
is, often in relation to other things" "Well, I've found our [position] on the
map if you want to see where we are." Tôi đã tìm thấy [vị trí] của chúng tôi
trên bản đồ nếu bạn muốn xem chúng tôi đang ở đâu. "In passage: ‘If we can
record biodiversity and see how it all works, then we’re in a good position to move
on from there."
prejudice (n) /ˈprɛʤədɪs/ định kiến "'=an unfair and unreasonable opinion or
feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge" He had to
battle against [prejudice] to get a job. Anh phải chiến đấu chống lại [định kiến]
để có được một công việc. "In passage: In order to succeed, Whaley needs to get
the local people on board, and that has meant overcoming local prejudices."
rapidly (adv) /ˈræpədli/ nhanh chóng '=in a fast or sudden way The
country's oil reserves are [rapidly] declining. Trữ lượng dầu của nước này đang
[nhanh chóng] giảm sút. In passage: But now it is disappearing rapidly.
refuge (n) /ˈrɛfjuʤ/ nơi trú ẩn "'=a place that gives protection or shelter
from danger, trouble, unhappiness, etc." The climbers slept in a mountain
[refuge]. Những người leo núi đã ngủ trong một ngọn núi [nơi ẩn náu].In passage:
He believes the extra woodland will also benefit the farms by reducing their water
usage through a lowering of evaporation and providing a refuge for bio-control
insects.
reinstate (v) /ˌriɪnˈsteɪt/ phục hồi "'=to give someone back their previous
job or position, or to cause something to exist again" "A month after being
unfairly dismissed, he was [reinstated] in his job." "Một tháng sau khi bị sa thải
một cách bất công, anh ta được [phục hồi] công việc của mình." "In passage: He
has already set up a huarango festival to reinstate a sense of pride in their eco-
heritage, and has helped local schoolchildren plant thousands of trees."
relatively (adv) /ˈrɛlətɪvli/ khá là '=in comparison with other similar
things or with what you expect A few states across the country have remained
in [relatively] good shape. Một số tiểu bang trên khắp đất nước vẫn ở trong tình
trạng [tương đối] tốt. "In passage: His farm is relatively small and doesn’t yet
provide him with enough to live on, but he hopes this will change."
remedy (n) /ˈrɛmədi/ phương thuốc '=a successful way of curing an illness
or dealing with a problem or difficulty You can buy most cold [remedies] over the
counter. Bạn có thể mua hầu hết các [biện pháp khắc phục] cảm lạnh tại quầy.
"In passage: Its leaves and bark were used for herbal remedies, while its
branches were used for charcoal for cooking and heating, and its trunk was used to
build houses."
restoration (n) /ˌrɛstərˈeɪʃən/ sự khôi phục "'=the act or process of
returning something to its earlier good condition or position, or to its owner"
[Restoration] work on the Sistine Chapel ceiling is now complete. Công
việc [trùng tu] trên trần nhà nguyện Sistine hiện đã hoàn tất. "In passage: ‘In
order to get people interested in habitat restoration, you need to plant a tree
that is useful to them,’ says Whaley."
resuscitation (n) /rɪˌsəsɪˈteɪʃən/ sự làm sống lại '=the act of bringing someone
or something back to life or waking them "The patient suffered a cardiac arrest
and died, despite an attempt at [resuscitation]." "Bệnh nhân bị ngừng tim và tử
vong, mặc dù đã cố gắng [hồi sức]." "In passage: ‘It’s a process of cultural
resuscitation,’ he says."
set up (phrase) /sɛt əp/ dựng lên '=to prepare or arrange something for use
We have a little area [set up] for serving food. Chúng tôi có một khu vực
nhỏ [được thiết lập] để phục vụ đồ ăn. "In passage: Alberto Benevides, owner of
Ica Valley’s only certified organic farm, which Whaley helped set up, has been
planting the tree for 13 years."
squeeze (v) /skwiz/ nằm giữa '=Manage to get into or through a narrow or
restricted space "Halle appeared beside the window, [squeezing] through between
Lisa and Rebecca." "Halle xuất hiện bên cạnh cửa sổ, [chen] qua giữa Lisa và
Rebecca." "In passage: The south coast of Peru is a narrow, 2,000-kilometre-long
strip of desert squeezed between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean."
stretch (v) /strɛʧ/ trải dài "'=to cause something to reach, often as far as
possible, in a particular direction" I tripped on a piece of wire that someone
had [stretched] across the path. Tôi vấp phải một đoạn dây mà ai đó đã [kéo]
ngang trên lối đi. "In passage: They stretch down 50-80 metres and, as well as
sucking up water for the tree, they bring it into the higher subsoil, creating a
water source for other plant life."
suck up (v) /sək əp/ hút '=Something that sucks a liquid or an object in a
particular direction pulls it with great force She was sitting on the grass
[sucking up] lemonade through a straw. Cô ấy đang ngồi trên cỏ [hút] nước chanh
qua ống hút. "In passage: They stretch down 50-80 metres and, as well as
sucking up water for the tree, they bring it into the higher subsoil, creating a
water source for other plant life."
sustainable (adj) /səˈsteɪnəbəl/ bền vững '=able to continue over a period of
time Solutions put in place now must be [sustainable]. Các giải pháp được đưa
ra hiện nay phải [bền vững]. "In passage: So, he has been working with local
families to attempt to create a sustainable income from the huarangos by turning
their products into foodstuffs."
vital (adj) /ˈvaɪtəl/ thiết yếu '=necessary for the success or continued
existence of something; extremely important A strong opposition is [vital] to a
healthy democracy. Một phe đối lập mạnh mẽ là [sống còn] đối với một nền dân
chủ lành mạnh. In passage: For centuries the huarango tree was vital to the
people of the neighbouring Middle Ica Valley too.
withstand (v) /wɪθˈstænd/ chống chịu "'=to be strong enough, or not be changed
by something, or to oppose a person or thing successfully" The building has to be
strong enough to [withstand] severe winds and storms. Tòa nhà phải đủ vững chắc để
[chịu được] gió và bão nghiêm trọng. "In passage: He believes the huarango was
key to the ancient people’s diet and, because it could reach deep water sources, it
allowed local people to withstand years of drought when their other crops failed."
year-round (adj) quanh năm '=during the whole of the year Joshua Tree
National Park is open [year-round]. Vườn quốc gia Joshua Tree mở cửa [quanh năm].
"In passage: It hardly ever rains there, and the only year-round source of
water is located tens of metres below the surface."

activate (v) /ˈæktəˌveɪt/ kích hoạt '=to cause something to start The alarm is
[activated] by the lightest pressure. Báo động được [kích hoạt] bởi áp suất nhẹ
nhất. "In passage: Researchers say that Silbo activates parts of the brain normally
associated with spoken language, suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible
in its ability to interpret sounds as language."
adapt (v) /əˈdæpt/ thích ứng "'=to change, or to change something, to suit
different conditions or uses" Many software companies have [adapted] popular
programs to the new operating system. Nhiều công ty phần mềm đã [điều chỉnh]
các chương trình phổ biến sang hệ điều hành mới. "In passage: It is also home
to the best known of the world’s whistle ‘languages’, a means of transmitting
information over long distances which is perfectly adapted to the extreme terrain
of the island."
adjust (v) /əˈʤəst/ điều chỉnh "'=to change something slightly, especially to
make it more correct, effective, or suitable" If the chair is too high you can
[adjust] it to suit you. "Nếu ghế quá cao, bạn có thể [điều chỉnh] nó cho phù
hợp với mình." "In passage: A whistler – or silbador – puts a finger in his or
her mouth to increase the whistle’s pitch, while the other hand can be cupped to
adjust the direction of the sound."
ambiguity (n) /ˌæmbɪˈgjuəti/ sự nhập nhằng '=the fact of something having more
than one possible meaning and therefore possibly causing confusion We wish to
remove any [ambiguity] concerning our demands. Chúng tôi muốn loại bỏ bất kỳ [sự
mơ hồ] nào liên quan đến yêu cầu của chúng tôi. "In passage: ‘There is much more
ambiguity in the whistled signal than in the spoken signal,’ explains lead
researcher Manuel Carreiras, psychology professor at the University of La Laguna on
the Canary island of Tenerife."
assistance (n) /əˈsɪstəns/ sự trợ giúp "'=help, especially money or resources
that are given to people, countries, etc. when they have experienced a difficult
situation" The grant was of great [assistance] to us in setting up the
organization. Khoản tài trợ này đã [hỗ trợ] rất nhiều cho chúng tôi trong việc
thành lập tổ chức. "In passage: In addition, locals are seeking assistance
from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO)."
associate (v) /əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt/ liên hệ đến '=to connect someone or something in your
mind with someone or something else Most people [associate] this brand with good
quality. Hầu hết mọi người [liên kết] thương hiệu này với chất lượng tốt. "In
passage: Researchers say that Silbo activates parts of the brain normally
associated with spoken language, suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible
in its ability to interpret sounds as language."
associate (v) /əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt/ liên hệ đến '=to connect someone or something in your
mind with someone or something else Most people [associate] this brand with good
quality. Hầu hết mọi người [liên kết] thương hiệu này với chất lượng tốt. "In
passage: Results showed the left temporal lobe of the brain, which is usually
associated with spoken language, was engaged during the processing of Silbo."
authorities (n) /əˈθɔrətiz/ nhà chức trách "'=the group of people with
official legal power to make decisions or make people obey the laws in a particular
area, such as the police or a local government department" I'm going to report
these potholes to the [authorities]. Tôi sẽ báo cáo những ổ gà này cho [chính
quyền]. "In passage: With dwindling numbers of Gomera islanders still fluent in
the language, Canaries’ authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its
survival."
available (adj) /əˈveɪləbəl/ có sẵn '=able to be bought or used Is this
dress [available] in a larger size? Có chiếc váy này [có sẵn] với kích thước lớn
hơn không? "In passage: But with modern communication technology now widely
available, researchers say whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with
extinction."
awareness (n) /əˈwɛrnəs/ nhận thức "'=knowledge that something exists, or
understanding of a situation or subject at the present time based on information or
experience" Public [awareness] of the problem will make politicians take it
seriously. [Nhận thức] của công chúng về vấn đề sẽ khiến các chính trị gia nghiêm
túc xem xét nó. "In passage: Because whistled ‘words’ can be hard to distinguish,
silbadores rely on repetition, as well as awareness of context, to make themselves
understood."
capacity (n) /kəˈpæsɪti/ khả năng '=the total amount that can be contained
or produced "The stadium has a seating [capacity] of 50,000." Sân vận động có
[sức chứa] 50.000 chỗ ngồi. "In passage: ‘Our results provide more evidence about
the flexibility of human capacity for language in a variety of forms,’ Corina
says."
command (n) /kəˈmænd/ mệnh lệnh '=an order He hated being in the army because
he had to obey [commands]. Anh ghét ở trong quân đội vì anh phải tuân theo [mệnh
lệnh]. "In passage: ‘In daily life they use whistles to communicate short
commands, but any Spanish sentence could be whistled.’"
communicate (v) /kəmˈjunəˌkeɪt/ giao tiếp "'=to share information with others
by speaking, writing, moving your body, or using other signals" We can now
[communicate] instantly with people on the other side of the world. "Giờ đây,
chúng tôi có thể [giao tiếp] ngay lập tức với những người ở bên kia thế giới."
"In passage: The silbadores of Gomera are traditionally shepherds and other
isolated mountain folk, and their novel means of staying in touch allows them to
communicate over distances of up to 10 kilometres."
conquer (v) /ˈkɑŋkər/ chinh phục "'=to take control or possession of foreign
land, or a group of people, by force" The Spanish [conquered] the New World in
the 16th century. Người Tây Ban Nha [chinh phục] Tân Thế giới vào thế kỷ 16. "In
passage: Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, but that
indigenous Canary Islanders, who were of North African origin, already had a
whistled language when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century."
declare (v) /dɪˈklɛr/ tuyên bố "'=to announce something clearly, firmly,
publicly, or officially" They [declared] their support for the proposal Họ
[tuyên bố] ủng hộ đề xuất "In passage: ‘The local authorities are trying to get
an award from the organisation to declare [Silbo Gomero] as something that should
be preserved for humanity,’ Carreiras adds."
dedicated (adj) /ˈdɛdəkeɪtəd/ dành cho '=designed to be used for one
particular purpose "We have one TV channel completely [dedicated to] news, and
another dedicated to sport." Chúng tôi có một kênh truyền hình hoàn toàn [dành
riêng cho] tin tức và một kênh khác dành riêng cho thể thao. "In passage:
‘Science has developed the idea of brain areas that are dedicated to language, and
we are starting to understand the scope of signals that can be recognised as
language,’ says David Corina, co-author of a recent study and associate professor
of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle."
distinguish (v) /dɪˈstɪŋgwɪʃ/ phân biệt "'=to notice or understand the
difference between two things, or to make one person or thing seem different from
another" I sometimes have difficulty [distinguishing] Spanish from Portuguese.
Đôi khi tôi gặp khó khăn [phân biệt] tiếng Tây Ban Nha với tiếng Bồ Đào Nha.
"In passage: Because whistled ‘words’ can be hard to distinguish, silbadores
rely on repetition, as well as awareness of context, to make themselves
understood."
dwindling (adj) /dˈwɪndəlɪŋ/ thu nhỏ dần "'=gradually becoming smaller in size or
amount, or fewer in number" We are dealing with [dwindling] resources and aging
buildings. Chúng tôi đang đối phó với các nguồn tài nguyên [đang cạn kiệt] và các
tòa nhà cũ kỹ. "In passage: With dwindling numbers of Gomera islanders still
fluent in the language, Canaries’ authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its
survival."
evidence (n) /ˈɛvədəns/ bằng chứng '=one or more reasons for believing that
something is or is not true The police have found no [evidence] of a terrorist
link with the murder. Cảnh sát không tìm thấy [bằng chứng] nào về mối liên hệ
giữa khủng bố với vụ giết người. "In passage: ‘Our results provide more evidence
about the flexibility of human capacity for language in a variety of forms,’ Corina
says."
extinction (n) /ɪkˈstɪŋʃən/ sự tuyệt chủng '=a situation in which something no
longer exists The [extinction] of the dinosaurs occurred millions of years ago.
Sự tuyệt chủng của loài khủng long đã xảy ra hàng triệu năm trước. "In
passage: But with modern communication technology now widely available, researchers
say whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with extinction."
extreme (adj) /ɪkˈstrim/ khắc nghiệt '=Very severe or serious "‘It is
argued that these punishments are [extreme], severe and merciless.’" "Người ta
cho rằng những hình phạt này là [cực đoan], nghiêm khắc và tàn nhẫn." "In passage:
It is also home to the best known of the world’s whistle ‘languages’, a means of
transmitting information over long distances which is perfectly adapted to the
extreme terrain of the island."
flexible (adj) /ˈflɛksəbəl/ linh hoạt '=able to change or be changed easily
according to the situation My schedule is [flexible] - I could arrange to meet
with you any day next week. Lịch trình của tôi [linh hoạt] - Tôi có thể sắp xếp
để gặp bạn vào bất kỳ ngày nào trong tuần tới. "In passage: Researchers say that
Silbo activates parts of the brain normally associated with spoken language,
suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible in its ability to interpret sounds
as language."
fluent (adj) /fluənt/ thông thạo "'=When a person is fluent, they can speak a
language easily, well, and quickly" She was born in Italy but her English is
[fluent] and idiomatic. Cô sinh ra ở Ý nhưng tiếng Anh của cô [trôi chảy] và thành
ngữ. "In passage: With dwindling numbers of Gomera islanders still fluent in the
language, Canaries’ authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its survival."
frequency (n) /ˈfrikwənsi/ tần số "'=the number of times that a wave,
especially a light, sound, or radio wave, is produced within a particular period,
especially one second" The human ear cannot hear very high-[frequency] sounds.
Tai người không thể nghe được những âm thanh có [tần số] quá cao. "In
passage: Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual words recoded into
whistles which have high- and low-frequency tones."
hemisphere (n) /ˈhɛmɪsˌfɪr/ bán cầu não '=one of the two halves of the brain
The left [hemisphere] plays a dominant role in the comprehension of language
[Bán cầu] trái đóng vai trò chủ đạo trong việc lĩnh hội ngôn ngữ "In passage:
‘These data suggest that left-hemisphere language regions are uniquely adapted for
communicative purposes, independent of the modality of signal."
humanity (n) /juˈmænɪti/ nhân loại '=people in general The massacre was a
crime against [humanity]. Vụ thảm sát là một tội ác chống lại [loài người].
"In passage: ‘The local authorities are trying to get an award from the
organisation to declare [Silbo Gomero] as something that should be preserved for
humanity,’ Carreiras adds."
independent (adj) /ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt/ độc lập "'=not influenced or controlled in
any way by other people, events, or things" It's hard to obtain truly
[independent] financial advice. Thật khó để có được lời khuyên tài chính [độc
lập] thực sự. "In passage: ‘These data suggest that left-hemisphere language
regions are uniquely adapted for communicative purposes, independent of the
modality of signal."
indigenous (adj) /ˌɪnˈdɪʤənəs/ bản xứ "'=used to refer to, or relating
to, the people who originally lived in a place, rather than people who moved there
from somewhere else" "He studied Mixtec, an [indigenous] language of Mexico."
"Anh học tiếng Mixtec, một ngôn ngữ [bản địa] của Mexico." "In passage:
Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, but that indigenous
Canary Islanders, who were of North African origin, already had a whistled language
when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century."
interpret (v) /ˌɪnˈtərprət/ diễn giải '=to decide what the intended meaning of
something is How do you [interpret] this passage of the poem? Bạn [diễn
giải] đoạn thơ này như thế nào? "In passage: Researchers say that Silbo
activates parts of the brain normally associated with spoken language, suggesting
that the brain is remarkably flexible in its ability to interpret sounds as
language."
in use (phrase) /ɪn juz/ đang được sử dụng '=being used Is the washing
machine [in use] right now? Máy giặt [đang được sử dụng] ngay bây giờ phải không?
"In passage: There are thought to be as many as 70 whistled languages still
in use, though only 12 have been described and studied scientifically."
isolated (adj) /ˈaɪsəˌleɪtɪd/ cô lập '=not near to other places You
have brought the resources of the modern world to that [isolated] village. Bạn đã
mang tài nguyên của thế giới hiện đại đến ngôi làng [bị cô lập] đó. "In passage:
The silbadores of Gomera are traditionally shepherds and other isolated mountain
folk, and their novel means of staying in touch allows them to communicate over
distances of up to 10 kilometres."
means (n) /minz/ phương tiện '=a method or way of doing something They had no
[means] of communication. Họ không có [phương tiện] giao tiếp. "In passage:
It is also home to the best known of the world’s whistle ‘languages’, a means of
transmitting information over long distances which is perfectly adapted to the
extreme terrain of the island."
modality (n) /məˈdæləti/ phương thức '=a particular way of doing or
experiencing something A variety of [modalities] of communication can be used to
transmit health warnings to the public Nhiều [phương thức] giao tiếp có thể được
sử dụng để truyền cảnh báo sức khỏe tới công chúng "In passage: ‘These data
suggest that left-hemisphere language regions are uniquely adapted for
communicative purposes, independent of the modality of signal."
mountainous (adj) /ˈmaʊntənəs/ có nhiều núi '=having a lot of mountains
"In general, [mountainous] regions with their steep slopes and deep valleys
are eroded fastest." "Nhìn chung, các vùng [miền núi] có độ dốc lớn và thung
lũng sâu bị xói mòn nhanh nhất." "In passage: This small volcanic island is
mountainous, with steep rocky slopes and deep, wooded ravines, rising to 1,487
metres at its highest peak."
multiple (adj) /ˈməltəpəl/ nhiều "'=very many of the same type, or of different
types" The young man died of [multiple] burns. Người thanh niên chết vì
[nhiều] vết bỏng. "In passage: They had nothing to grab onto, so multiple areas of
their brains were activated."
needs (n) /nidz/ nhu cầu '=the things that a person must have in order to have
a satisfactory life Housing and education are basic [needs]. Nhà ở và giáo dục
là những [nhu cầu] cơ bản. In passage: Whistled languages are quite clearly
defined and represent an original adaptation of the spoken language for the needs
of isolated human groups.
novel (n) /ˈnɑvəl/ tiểu thuyết '=a long printed story about imaginary
characters and events Have you read any of Jane Austen's [novels]? Bạn đã đọc
[tiểu thuyết] nào của Jane Austen chưa? "In passage: The silbadores of Gomera are
traditionally shepherds and other isolated mountain folk, and their novel means of
staying in touch allows them to communicate over distances of up to 10 kilometres."
obscure (adj) /əbˈskjʊr/ "chưa rõ, bí mật" '=not known to many people
"Official policy has changed, for reasons that remain [obscure]." "Chính
sách chính thức đã thay đổi, vì những lý do vẫn còn [mù mờ]." "In passage:
Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, but that indigenous
Canary Islanders, who were of North African origin, already had a whistled language
when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century."
observe (v) /əbˈzərv/ quan sát "'=to watch carefully the way something happens
or the way someone does something, especially in order to learn more about it"
"The role of scientists is to [observe] and describe the world, not to try to
control it." "Vai trò của các nhà khoa học là [quan sát] và mô tả thế giới,
không phải cố gắng kiểm soát nó." "In passage: When the experiments were repeated
with non-whistlers, however, activation was observed in all areas of the brain."
occurr (v) xảy ra '=(especially of accidents and other unexpected events) to
happen An accident involving over ten vehicles has [occurred] in the east-
bound lane. Một vụ tai nạn liên quan đến hơn mười phương tiện đã [xảy ra] trên làn
đường phía đông. In passage: Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have
occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital.
origin (n) /ˈɔrəʤən/ nguồn gốc '=the beginning or cause of something It's a
book about the [origin] of the universe. Đó là một cuốn sách về [nguồn gốc] của vũ
trụ. "In passage: Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain obscure, but
that indigenous Canary Islanders, who were of North African origin, already had a
whistled language when Spain conquered the volcanic islands in the 15th century."
perfectly (adv) /ˈpərfəktli/ 1 cách hoàn hảo '=in a perfect way "The jacket
fits [perfectly], the skirt not so well." "Chiếc áo khoác vừa vặn [hoàn hảo], chiếc
váy không quá vừa vặn." "In passage: It is also home to the best known of the
world’s whistle ‘languages’, a means of transmitting information over long
distances which is perfectly adapted to the extreme terrain of the island."
preserve (v) /prɪˈzərv/ bảo tồn "'=to keep something as it is, especially
in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed" We want to
[preserve] the character of the town while improving the facilities. Chúng tôi
muốn [bảo tồn] nét đặc trưng của thị trấn trong khi cải thiện cơ sở vật chất.
"In passage: ‘The local authorities are trying to get an award from the
organisation to declare [Silbo Gomero] as something that should be preserved for
humanity,’ Carreiras adds."
processing (n) /ˈprɑsɛsɪŋ/ xử lý '=the act of dealing with documents or people
in an official way There was a delay in the [processing] of passport
applications. Đã có sự chậm trễ trong việc [xử lý] đơn xin cấp hộ chiếu. "In
passage: This ‘language’, known as ‘Silbo’ or ‘Silbo Gomero’ – from the Spanish
word for ‘whistle’ – is now shedding light on the language-processing abilities of
the human brain, according to scientists."
rapid (adj) /ˈræpɪd/ nhanh chóng '=fast or sudden The 1990s were a period of
[rapid] change Những năm 1990 là thời kỳ thay đổi [nhanh chóng] In passage:
Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have occurred on the island and
rapid communication across large areas has been vital.
recognise (v) /ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz/ nhận biết '=to know someone or something because
you have seen or heard him or her or experienced it before Doctors are trained to
[recognize] the symptoms of different diseases. Các bác sĩ được đào tạo để [nhận
biết] các triệu chứng của các bệnh khác nhau. "In passage: ‘Science has developed
the idea of brain areas that are dedicated to language, and we are starting to
understand the scope of signals that can be recognised as language,’ says David
Corina, co-author of a recent study and associate professor of psychology at the
University of Washington in Seattle."
remarkably (adv) /rɪˈmɑrkəbli/ 1 cách vượt trội '=used for emphasizing how
surprising or unusual something is Elizabeth is [remarkably] well-informed.
Elizabeth [đáng kể] được thông tin đầy đủ. "In passage: Researchers say
that Silbo activates parts of the brain normally associated with spoken language,
suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible in its ability to interpret sounds
as language."
repetition (n) /ˌrɛpəˈtɪʃən/ sự lặp lại '=the act of doing or saying something
again His books are full of [repetition]. Sách của anh ấy chứa đầy [sự lặp lại].
"In passage: Because whistled ‘words’ can be hard to distinguish, silbadores
rely on repetition, as well as awareness of context, to make themselves
understood."
represent (v) /ˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt/ đại diện '=to be a sign or symbol of something
To many people the White House [represents] the identity of the United
States. "Đối với nhiều người, Nhà Trắng [đại diện cho] bản sắc của Hoa Kỳ."
In passage: Whistled languages are quite clearly defined and represent an
original adaptation of the spoken language for the needs of isolated human groups.
researcher (n) /ˈrisərʧər/ nhà nghiên cứu "'=someone who studies a subject,
especially in order to discover new information or reach a new understanding"
She's a [researcher] on a women's magazine. Cô ấy là [nhà nghiên cứu]
trên tạp chí phụ nữ. "In passage: This form of communication is an adaptation
found among cultures where people are often isolated from each other, according to
Julien Meyer, a researcher at the Institute of Human Sciences in Lyon, France."
scope (n) /skoʊp/ phạm vi "'=the range of a subject covered by a book,
programme, discussion, class, etc." Oil painting does not come within the [scope]
of a course of this kind. Tranh sơn dầu không nằm trong [phạm vi] của loại
tranh này. "In passage: ‘Science has developed the idea of brain areas that are
dedicated to language, and we are starting to understand the scope of signals that
can be recognised as language,’ says David Corina, co-author of a recent study and
associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle."
shed light on (collocation) /ʃɛd laɪt ɔn/ làm sáng tỏ '=to provide information
about something or to make something easier to understand Tracking technologies
have [shed light on] the birds' social nature. Các công nghệ theo dõi đã [làm sáng
tỏ] bản chất xã hội của loài chim. "In passage: This ‘language’, known as ‘Silbo’
or ‘Silbo Gomero’ – from the Spanish word for ‘whistle’ – is now shedding light on
the language-processing abilities of the human brain, according to scientists."
shepherd (n) /ˈʃɛpərd/ người chăn cừu '=a person whose job is to take care of
sheep and move them from one place to another "Abel was a [shepherd] and brought
a sheep, the best of his flock." "Abel là một [người chăn cừu] và mang theo một
con cừu, con tốt nhất trong bầy của mình." "In passage: The silbadores of
Gomera are traditionally shepherds and other isolated mountain folk, and their
novel means of staying in touch allows them to communicate over distances of up to
10 kilometres."
situate (v) /ˈsɪʧuˌeɪt/ nằm ở (vị trí) '=to put something in a particular
position The restaurant is [situated] near the Hudson River. Nhà hàng [nằm] gần
sông Hudson. In passage: La Gomera is one of the Canary Islands situated in
the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of Africa.
stay in touch (collocation) /steɪ ɪn təʧ/ giữ liên lạc '=To maintain
contact with another person Many have chosen to [stay in touch] with our drug
counsellors Nhiều người đã chọn [giữ liên lạc] với nhân viên tư vấn thuốc của chúng
tôi "In passage: The silbadores of Gomera are traditionally shepherds and other
isolated mountain folk, and their novel means of staying in touch allows them to
communicate over distances of up to 10 kilometres."
substitute (n) /ˈsəbstəˌtut/ sự thay thế '=a thing or person that is used instead
of another thing or person Tofu can be used as a meat [substitute] in vegetarian
recipes. Đậu phụ có thể được sử dụng như một loại thịt [thay thế] trong các công
thức nấu ăn chay. "In passage: Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual
words recoded into whistles which have high- and low-frequency tones."
survive (v) /sərˈvaɪv/ "sống sót, tồn tại" "'=to continue to live or exist,
especially after coming close to dying or being destroyed or after being in a
difficult or threatening situation" The baby was born with a heart problem and only
[survived] for a few hours. Em bé được sinh ra với một vấn đề về tim và chỉ [sống
sót] được vài giờ. "In passage: Whistled languages survive today in Papua New
Guinea, Mexico, Vietnam, Guyana, China, Nepal, Senegal, and a few mountainous
pockets in southern Europe."
take steps to (collocation) /teɪk stɛps tɪ/ có động thái '=To do what is
necessary to prepare for or begin doing something We're currently [taking
steps] to secure funding for the project Chúng tôi hiện đang [thực hiện các bước]
để đảm bảo tài trợ cho dự án "In passage: With dwindling numbers of Gomera
islanders still fluent in the language, Canaries’ authorities are taking steps to
try to ensure its survival."
threaten (v) /θˈrɛtən/ đe dọa '=to be likely to cause harm or damage to
something or someone Changing patterns of agriculture are [threatening] the
countryside. Thay đổi mô hình nông nghiệp đang [đe dọa] nông thôn."In passage:
But with modern communication technology now widely available, researchers say
whistled languages like Silbo are threatened with extinction."
transmit (v) /trænzˈmɪt/ truyền phát "'=to broadcast something, or to send out
or carry signals or messages using radio, television, etc."The information is
[transmitted] electronically to the central computer. Thông tin được [truyền] điện
tử đến máy tính trung tâm. "In passage: It is also home to the best known of the
world’s whistle ‘languages’, a means of transmitting information over long
distances which is perfectly adapted to the extreme terrain of the island."
uniquely (adv) /juˈnikli/ 1 cách độc nhất '=in a way that is unusual or
special in some way Antarctica is [uniquely] suited for many types of research.
Nam Cực là [duy nhất] thích hợp cho nhiều loại hình nghiên cứu. "In passage:
‘These data suggest that left-hemisphere language regions are uniquely adapted for
communicative purposes, independent of the modality of signal."
vital (adj) /ˈvaɪtəl/ thiết yếu '=necessary for the success or continued
existence of something; extremely important A strong opposition is [vital] to a
healthy democracy. Một phe đối lập mạnh mẽ là [sống còn] đối với một nền dân
chủ lành mạnh. In passage: Silbo has proved particularly useful when fires have
occurred on the island and rapid communication across large areas has been vital.

accordance (n) /əˈkɔrdəns/ theo sự đồng ý với "'=following or obeying a

rule, law, wish, etc." "In [accordance] with her wishes, she was buried in
France." "Theo nguyện vọng của cô, cô được chôn cất tại Pháp." In passage: My
views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with
moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits.
admirable (adj) /ˈædmərəbəl/ đáng ngưỡng mộ '=deserving respect or approval
The police did an [admirable] job in keeping the fans calm.Cảnh sát đã làm
một công việc [đáng ngưỡng mộ] trong việc giữ bình tĩnh cho người hâm mộ. "In
passage: My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong,
admirable or selfish, a good guy or a bad guy."
ashamed (adj) /əˈʃeɪmd/ xấu hổ '=feeling guilty or embarrassed about
something you have done or about a quality in your character He was [ashamed]
to admit to his mistake. Anh ta [xấu hổ] khi thừa nhận sai lầm của mình. In
passage: The public may also make their opinion felt by preferring to buy
sustainably harvested products; by making employees of companies with poor track
records feel ashamed of their company and complain to their own management; by
preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good
environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce
laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices.
associate (v) /əˈsoʊʃiˌeɪt/ liên quan đến '=to connect someone or something
in your mind with someone or something else Most people [associate] this brand
with good quality. Hầu hết mọi người [liên kết] thương hiệu này với chất lượng
tốt. "In passage: For instance, after the US public became concerned about the
spread of a disease known as BSE, which was transmitted to humans through infected
meat, the US government’s Food and Drug Administration introduced rules demanding
that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease
spreading."
attitude (n) /ˈætəˌtud/ thái độ "'=a feeling or opinion about something
or someone, or a way of behaving that is caused by this" It's often very
difficult to change people's [attitudes]. Thường rất khó thay đổi [thái độ] của mọi
người. "In passage: I predict that in the future, just as in the past, changes
in public attitudes will be essential for changes in businesses’ environmental
practices."
blame (v) /bleɪm/ đổ lỗi '=to say or think that someone or something did
something wrong or is responsible for something bad happening Hugh [blames] his
mother for his lack of confidence. Hugh [đổ lỗi] cho mẹ anh vì sự thiếu tự tin của
anh. In passage: It is easy for the rest of us to blame a business for helping
itself by hurting other people.
breach (n) /briʧ/ sự vi phạm "'=an act of breaking a law, promise,
agreement, or relationship" He was sued for [breach] of contract. Anh ta đã bị
kiện vì [vi phạm] hợp đồng. In passage: US laws make a company’s directors
legally liable for something termed ‘breach of fiduciary responsibility’ if they
knowingly manage a company in a way that reduces profits.
circumstance (n) /ˈsərkəmˌstæns/ trường hợp '=a fact or event that makes a
situation the way it is Obviously we can't deal with the problem until we know all
the [circumstances]. Rõ ràng là chúng ta không thể đối phó với vấn đề cho đến
khi chúng ta biết tất cả [hoàn cảnh]. "In passage: Depending on the
circumstances, a business may maximize the amount of money it makes, at least in
the short term, by damaging the environment and hurting people."
claim (v) /kleɪm/ cho là "'=to say that something is true or is a fact,
although you cannot prove it and other people might not believe it" "He [claims]
to have met the president, but I don't believe him." "Anh ấy [tuyên bố] đã gặp
tổng thống, nhưng tôi không tin anh ấy." "In passage: But for five years the meat
packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to
obey."
complex (adj) /ˈkɑmplɛks/ phức tạp '=difficult to understand or find an
answer to because of having many different parts The film's plot was so
[complex] that I couldn't follow it. Cốt truyện của bộ phim [phức tạp] đến mức
tôi không thể theo dõi được. "In passage: But I think we have to recognize that,
throughout human history, in all politically complex human societies, government
regulation has arisen precisely because it was found that not only did moral
principles need to be made explicit, they also needed to be enforced."
comply (v) /kəmˈplaɪ/ tuân theo "'=to act according to an order, set of rules,
or request" There are serious penalties for failure to [comply] with the
regulations. Có những hình phạt nghiêm trọng nếu không [tuân thủ] các quy
định. "In passage: However, when a major fast-food company then made the same
demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers plummeted, the meat industry
complied within weeks."
corrupt (adj) /kərəpt/ (hệ thống) mục nát "'=dishonestly using your position
or power to get an advantage, especially for money" The whole system was
[corrupt] - every official she approached wanted money before helping her. Toàn
bộ hệ thống đã [tham nhũng] - mọi quan chức mà cô ấy tiếp cận đều muốn có tiền
trước khi giúp đỡ cô ấy. "In passage: That is still the case today for
fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas, and for international logging
companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land in places with corrupt
officials and unsophisticated landowners."
court (n) /kɔrt/ tòa án "'=a place where trials and other legal cases happen,
or the people present in such a place, especially the officials and those deciding
if someone is guilty" Please describe to the [court] exactly what you saw. Vui
lòng mô tả cho [tòa án] chính xác những gì bạn đã thấy. "In passage: The car
manufacturer Henry Ford was in fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for
raising the minimum wage of his workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that,
while Ford’s humanitarian sentiments about his employees were nice, his business
existed to make profits for its stockholders."
declare (v) /dɪˈklɛr/ tuyên bố "'=to announce something clearly, firmly,
publicly, or officially" They [declared] their support for the proposal Họ
[tuyên bố] ủng hộ đề xuất "In passage: The car manufacturer Henry Ford was in
fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for raising the minimum wage of his
workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that, while Ford’s humanitarian
sentiments about his employees were nice, his business existed to make profits for
its stockholders."
effective (adj) /ˈifɛktɪv/ có hiệu lực '=successful or achieving the results
that you want có hiệu quả có hiệu quả "In passage: When government regulation
is effective, and when the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean
big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if
government regulation is ineffective and if the public doesn’t care."
empowering (adj) /ɪmˈpaʊərɪŋ/ tiếp thêm sức mạnh '=Something that is
empowering makes you more confident and makes you feel that you are in control of
your life "For me, learning to drive was an [empowering] experience.""Đối với
tôi, học lái xe là một trải nghiệm [trao quyền]." "In passage: To me, the
conclusion that the public has the ultimate responsibility for the behavior of even
the biggest businesses is empowering and hopeful, rather than disappointing."
enforce (v) /ɛnˈfɔrs/ thi hành "'=to make people obey a law, or to make a
particular situation happen or be accepted" The new teacher had failed to
[enforce] any sort of discipline. Giáo viên mới đã không [thực thi] bất kỳ hình
thức kỷ luật nào. In passage: The public may also make their opinion felt by
preferring to buy sustainably harvested products; by making employees of companies
with poor track records feel ashamed of their company and complain to their own
management; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to
businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their
governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental
practices.
essential (adj) /ɛˈsɛnʃəl/ cần thiết '=necessary or needed Government support
will be [essential] if the project is to succeed. Sự hỗ trợ của chính phủ sẽ là
[cần thiết] nếu dự án thành công. "In passage: I predict that in the future, just
as in the past, changes in public attitudes will be essential for changes in
businesses’ environmental practices."
exert (v) /ɪgˈzərt/ áp dụng "'=to use something such as authority, power,
influence, etc. in order to make something happen" If you were to [exert] your
influence they might change their decision. "Nếu bạn [phát huy] ảnh hưởng của
mình, họ có thể thay đổi quyết định của mình." "In passage: In turn, big
businesses can exert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or
government pressure."
expect (v) /ɪkˈspɛkt/ mong đợi "'=to think or believe something will happen,
or someone will arrive" We are [expecting] a lot of applicants for the job. Chúng
tôi đang [mong đợi] rất nhiều người nộp đơn cho công việc. "In passage: In the
past, businesses have changed when the public came to expect and require different
behavior, to reward businesses for behavior that the public wanted, and to make
things difficult for businesses practicing behaviors that the public didn’t want."
fishery (n) /ˈfɪʃəri/ ngư trường "'=the activity of growing fish for food, or
catching fish to sell" Federal [fishery] regulators this week set the 2005 catch
limit at nearly 3.3 billion pounds. "Các cơ quan quản lý [nghề cá] của liên bang
trong tuần này đã đặt giới hạn đánh bắt năm 2005 là gần 3,3 tỷ bảng Anh." "In
passage: That is still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without
quotas, and for international logging companies with short-term leases on tropical
rainforest land in places with corrupt officials and unsophisticated landowners."
fundamental (adj) /ˌfəndəˈmɛnəl/ cơ bản "'=forming the base, from which
everything else develops" It's one of the [fundamental] differences between men
and women. Đó là một trong những khác biệt [cơ bản] giữa nam và nữ. In passage:
The environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that
for many of us offend our sense of justice.
humanitarian (n) /ˌjuˌmænəˈtɛriən/ người theo chủ nghĩa nhân đạo '=(a person who
is) involved in or connected with improving people's lives and reducing suffering
The prisoner has been released for [humanitarian] reasons. Tù nhân đã được
thả vì lý do [nhân đạo]. "In passage: The car manufacturer Henry Ford was in
fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for raising the minimum wage of his
workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that, while Ford’s humanitarian
sentiments about his employees were nice, his business existed to make profits for
its stockholders."
identify (v) /aɪˈdɛntəˌfaɪ/ "xác nhận, nhận biết" '=to recognize someone or
something and say or prove who or what that person or thing is Even the smallest
baby can [identify] its mother by her voice. Ngay cả em bé nhỏ nhất cũng có thể
[nhận dạng] mẹ của nó bằng giọng nói của mình. "In passage: The public’s task is
therefore to identify which links in the supply chain are sensitive to public
pressure: for instance, fast-food chains or jewelry stores, but not meat packers or
gold miners."
infected (adj) /ˌɪnˈfɛktɪd/ bị nhiễm bệnh '=containing bacteria or other
things that can cause disease Rabies results from a bite by an [infected] dog Bệnh
dại do bị một con chó [nhiễm bệnh] cắn "In passage: For instance, after the US
public became concerned about the spread of a disease known as BSE, which was
transmitted to humans through infected meat, the US government’s Food and Drug
Administration introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices
associated with the risk of the disease spreading."
justice (n) /ˈʤəstɪs/ công lý '=fairness in the way people are dealt with
There's no [justice] in the world when people can be made to suffer like
that. Không có [công lý] nào trên thế giới khi mọi người có thể bị bắt phải chịu
đựng như vậy. In passage: The environmental practices of big businesses are
shaped by a fundamental fact that for many of us offend our sense of justice.
landowner (n) /ˈlænˌdoʊnər/ chủ đất "'=someone who owns land, especially a
large amount of land" Many large [landowners] in the UK have decided to work with
energy companies to harness the power of the wind. Nhiều [chủ đất] lớn ở Anh đã
quyết định làm việc với các công ty năng lượng để khai thác sức mạnh của gió.
"In passage: That is still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged
fishery without quotas, and for international logging companies with short-term
leases on tropical rainforest land in places with corrupt officials and
unsophisticated landowners."
lease (n) /lis/ hợp đồng cho thuê "'=an agreement to pay money in order to use
land, a building, a vehicle, or a piece of equipment for a particular period of
time" The company signed a [lease] for the property in December. Công ty đã ký hợp
đồng [cho thuê] tài sản vào tháng 12. "In passage: That is still the case today
for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas, and for international logging
companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land in places with corrupt
officials and unsophisticated landowners."
legal (adj) /ˈligəl/ hợp pháp '=allowed by the law Is abortion [legal] in
your country? Phá thai có [hợp pháp] ở quốc gia của bạn không? "In passage:
It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies,
and that publicly owned companies with shareholders are under obligation to those
shareholders to maximize profits, provided that they do so by legal means."
liable (adj) /ˈlaɪəbəl/ có trách nhiệm pháp lý '=having (legal)
responsibility for something or someone The law holds parents [liable] if a child
does not attend school. Luật pháp quy định cha mẹ [phải chịu trách nhiệm pháp lý]
nếu một đứa trẻ không đi học. In passage: US laws make a company’s directors
legally liable for something termed ‘breach of fiduciary responsibility’ if they
knowingly manage a company in a way that reduces profits.
logging (n) /ˈlɔgɪŋ/ khai thác gỗ '=the activity of cutting down trees in
order to use their wood The rule changes will allow [logging] of the last old-
growth trees in many of the northwest forests. Những thay đổi về quy tắc sẽ cho
phép [khai thác] những cây già cuối cùng ở nhiều khu rừng phía tây bắc. "In
passage: That is still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without
quotas, and for international logging companies with short-term leases on tropical
rainforest land in places with corrupt officials and unsophisticated landowners."
manufacturer (n) /ˌmænjəˈfækʧərər/ nhà sản xuất '=a company that produces
goods in large numbers Germany is a major [manufacturer] of motor cars. Đức là
một [nhà sản xuất] ô tô có động cơ lớn. "In passage: The car manufacturer Henry
Ford was in fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for raising the minimum
wage of his workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that, while Ford’s
humanitarian sentiments about his employees were nice, his business existed to make
profits for its stockholders."
maximize (v) /ˈmæksəˌmaɪz/ tối đa hóa "'=to make something as great in amount,
size, or importance as possible" Some airlines have cancelled less popular
routes in an effort to [maximize] profits. Một số hãng hàng không đã hủy các
đường bay ít phổ biến hơn trong nỗ lực [tối đa hóa] lợi nhuận. "In passage:
Depending on the circumstances, a business may maximize the amount of money it
makes, at least in the short term, by damaging the environment and hurting people."
moral (adj) /ˈmɔrəl/ thuộc về đạo đức "'=relating to the standards of good or
bad behaviour, fairness, honesty, etc. that each person believes in, rather than to
laws" It's her [moral] obligation to tell the police what she knows. Nghĩa vụ
[đạo đức] của cô ấy là phải báo cảnh sát những gì cô ấy biết. In passage: My
views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with
moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits.
necessity (n) /nəˈsɛsɪti/ sự cần thiết '=the need for something "You
can come early if you want to, but there's no [necessity] for it." "Bạn có thể
đến sớm nếu bạn muốn, nhưng không cần thiết." "In passage: I also believe that
the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the
added costs, if any, of sound environmental practices."
obligation (n) /ˌɑbləˈgeɪʃən/ nghĩa vụ '=something that you must do It's
her moral [obligation] to tell the police what she knows. Đó là [nghĩa vụ] đạo đức
của cô ấy để báo cảnh sát những gì cô ấy biết. "In passage: It ignores the fact
that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies, and that publicly
owned companies with shareholders are under obligation to those shareholders to
maximize profits, provided that they do so by legal means."
offend (v) /əˈfɛnd/ xúc phạm "'=to cause to be upset or to hurt the feelings
of someone, esp. by being rude or showing a lack of respect" I think she was
[offended] that she wasn’t invited to the party. Tôi nghĩ rằng cô ấy [bị xúc
phạm] vì cô ấy không được mời đến bữa tiệc. In passage: The environmental
practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that for many of us
offend our sense of justice.
official (n) /əˈfɪʃəl/ chính quyền '=a person who has a position of responsibility
in an organization The information was given by a Vatican [official]. Thông
tin được đưa ra bởi một [quan chức] của Vatican. "In passage: That is still
the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas, and for
international logging companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land
in places with corrupt officials and unsophisticated landowners."
out-compete (v) đánh bại '=to be more successful than someone or something
Two commodities have been able to [outcompete] all other goods. Hai hàng hóa
có thể [cạnh tranh] với tất cả các hàng hóa khác. "In passage: When government
regulation is effective, and when the public is environmentally aware,
environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is
likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective and if the public doesn’t
care."
outrage (v) /ˈaʊˌtreɪʤ/ nổi giận "'=to cause someone to feel very angry,
shocked, or upset" Local people were [outraged] at the bombing. Người dân
địa phương đã [phẫn nộ] trước vụ đánh bom. In passage: Some readers may be
disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business
practices harming the public on the public itself.
plummet (v) /ˈpləmət/ tụt dốc '=to fall very quickly and suddenly House prices
have [plummeted] in recent months. Giá nhà đã [giảm mạnh] trong những tháng gần
đây. "In passage: However, when a major fast-food company then made the same
demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers plummeted, the meat industry
complied within weeks."
policy (n) /ˈpɑləsi/ chính sách "'=a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in
particular situations that has been agreed to officially by a group of people, a
business organization, a government, or a political party" What is your party's
[policy] on immigration? [Chính sách] nhập cư của đảng bạn là gì? In passage:
Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public
for creating the condition that let a business profit through destructive
environmental policies.
precisely (adv) /prɪˈsaɪsli/ 1 cách chính xác '=exactly The fireworks begin at
eight o'clock [precisely]. Pháo hoa bắt đầu lúc tám giờ [chính xác]. "In passage:
But I think we have to recognize that, throughout human history, in all politically
complex human societies, government regulation has arisen precisely because it was
found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit, they also needed
to be enforced."
predict (v) /prɪˈdɪkt/ dự đoán "'=to say that an event or action will happen
in the future, especially as a result of knowledge or experience" It's still
not possible to accurately [predict] the occurrence of earthquakes. Vẫn không
thể [dự đoán] chính xác sự xuất hiện của các trận động đất."In passage: I predict
that in the future, just as in the past, changes in public attitudes will be
essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices."
press (v) /prɛs/ tạo áp lực '=to try hard to persuade someone to do something
The committee [pressed] him to reveal more information. Ủy ban [đã ép] anh
ta tiết lộ thêm thông tin. In passage: The public may also make their opinion
felt by preferring to buy sustainably harvested products; by making employees of
companies with poor track records feel ashamed of their company and complain to
their own management; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts
to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their
governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental
practices.
profit (n) /ˈprɑfɪt/ lợi nhuận '=money that is earned in trade or business
after paying the costs of producing and selling goods and services Company
[profits] are down from last year's figures. [Lợi nhuận] của công ty giảm so với
số liệu của năm ngoái. "In passage: It ignores the fact that businesses are not
charities but profit-making companies, and that publicly owned companies with
shareholders are under obligation to those shareholders to maximize profits,
provided that they do so by legal means."
quota (n) /kˈwoʊtə/ chỉ tiêu "'=a fixed, limited amount or number that is
officially allowed" The country now has a [quota] on immigration. Quốc gia này
hiện có [hạn ngạch] nhập cư. "In passage: That is still the case today for
fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas, and for international logging
companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land in places with corrupt
officials and unsophisticated landowners."
regulation (n) /ˌrɛgjəˈleɪʃən/ quy định '=an official rule or the act of
controlling something The correct procedure is laid down in the rules and
[regulations]. Quy trình đúng được trình bày trong các quy tắc và [quy định].
"In passage: When government regulation is effective, and when the public is
environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty
ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective
and if the public doesn’t care."
reverse (n) /rɪˈvərs/ điều ngược lại '=the opposite of what has been suggested
"Whatever official news broadcasts claimed, he believed the [reverse]."
"Bất cứ điều gì các chương trình phát sóng tin tức chính thức tuyên bố, ông
đều tin vào [điều ngược lại]." "In passage: When government regulation is
effective, and when the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean big
businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if
government regulation is ineffective and if the public doesn’t care."
selfish (adj) /ˈsɛlfɪʃ/ ích kỷ '=caring only about what you want or need
without any thought for the needs or wishes of other peopleThe judge told him: Your
attitude shows a [selfish] disregard for others. Thẩm phán nói với anh ta:
Thái độ của bạn thể hiện sự coi thường [ích kỷ] đối với người khác. "In passage:
My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or
selfish, a good guy or a bad guy."
sensitive (adj) /ˈsɛnsɪtɪv/ nhạy cảm "'=easily influenced, changed, or
damaged, especially by a physical activity or effect" Some people's teeth are
highly [sensitive] to cold. Răng của một số người rất [nhạy cảm] với lạnh. "In
passage: The public’s task is therefore to identify which links in the supply chain
are sensitive to public pressure: for instance, fast-food chains or jewelry stores,
but not meat packers or gold miners."
sentiment (n) /ˈsɛnəmənt/ cảm nghĩ "'=a general feeling, attitude, or
opinion about something" "Writers learn that [sentiments] and ideas must serve
the story, and not the other way around" Các nhà văn học được rằng [tình cảm] và ý
tưởng phải phục vụ cho câu chuyện chứ không phải ngược lại "In passage: The car
manufacturer Henry Ford was in fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for
raising the minimum wage of his workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that,
while Ford’s humanitarian sentiments about his employees were nice, his business
existed to make profits for its stockholders."
shareholder (n) /ˈʃɛˌrhoʊldər/ cổ đông '=a person who owns shares in a
company and therefore gets part of the company's profits and the right to vote on
how the company is controlled [Shareholders] will be voting on the proposed merger
of the companies next week. [Cổ đông] sẽ biểu quyết về đề xuất sáp nhập các công
ty vào tuần tới. "In passage: It ignores the fact that businesses are not
charities but profit-making companies, and that publicly owned companies with
shareholders are under obligation to those shareholders to maximize profits,
provided that they do so by legal means."
sue (v) /su/ kiện cáo "'=to take legal action against a person or
organization, especially by making a legal claim for money because of some harm
that they have caused you" He was so furious about the accusations in the letter
that he threatened to [sue]. Anh ấy đã rất tức giận về những lời buộc tội trong
bức thư đến nỗi anh ấy đã đe dọa sẽ [kiện]. "In passage: The car manufacturer
Henry Ford was in fact successfully sued by shareholders in 1919 for raising the
minimum wage of his workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that, while Ford’s
humanitarian sentiments about his employees were nice, his business existed to make
profits for its stockholders."
track record (phrase) /træk ˈrɛkərd/ thành tích "'=the past achievements or
performance of a person, organization, or product" He has an excellent [track
record] as an author Anh ấy có một [thành tích] xuất sắc với tư cách là một tác
giả In passage: The public may also make their opinion felt by preferring to buy
sustainably harvested products; by making employees of companies with poor track
records feel ashamed of their company and complain to their own management; by
preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good
environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce
laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices.
transmit (v) /trænzˈmɪt/ lây truyền '=to pass a disease from one person or
animal to another Some diseases are [transmitted] from one generation to the next.
Một số bệnh được [truyền] từ thế hệ này sang thế hệ khác. "In passage: For
instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease known
as BSE, which was transmitted to humans through infected meat, the US government’s
Food and Drug Administration introduced rules demanding that the meat industry
abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading."
ultimate (adj) /ˈəltəmət/ "cuối cùng, chủ yếu" "'=most extreme or important
because either the original or final, or the best or worst"My manager will make the
[ultimate] decision about who to employ. Người quản lý của tôi sẽ đưa ra quyết
định [cuối cùng] về việc tuyển dụng ai. In passage: Our blaming of businesses
also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the condition
that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies.
unlikely (adj) /ənˈlaɪkli/ không có khả năng '=not probable or likely to happen
It's pretty [unlikely] that they'll turn up now - it's nearly ten o'clock.
Khá [không chắc] rằng họ sẽ xuất hiện bây giờ - đã gần mười giờ. In passage:
But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change.
unmanaged (adj) /ənˈmænɪʤd/ thiếu kiểm soát '=Not controlled or regulated "In
the case of an [unmanaged] 200% short fund in the same time period, the gain was
246%.’" "Trong trường hợp quỹ ngắn hạn [không được quản lý] 200% trong cùng một
khoảng thời gian, lợi nhuận là 246%. '" "In passage: That is still the case today
for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas, and for international logging
companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest land in places with corrupt
officials and unsophisticated landowners."
unsophisticated (adj) /ˌənsəˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtɪd/ thiếu tinh tế "'=not
complicated, not educated, or without a good understanding of culture" "He’s an
[unsophisticated] man, but he has been very successful in business." "Anh ấy là
một người đàn ông [không phức tạp], nhưng anh ấy đã rất thành công trong kinh
doanh." "In passage: That is still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged
fishery without quotas, and for international logging companies with short-term
leases on tropical rainforest land in places with corrupt officials and
unsophisticated landowners."