Activity no.

1 Title: 100 Aviation Safety Terminologies

Submission Date: August 08, 2021

Grade:

1. Aviation Safety – refers to the efforts that are taken to ensure airplanes are free from factors that may
lead to injury or loss.
2. Safety Programme - it is an integrated set of regulations and activities aimed at improving safety.
3. Safety Management System - an organized approach to managing safety, including the necessary
organization structures, accountabilities, policies, and procedures.

4. ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) - its role is to provide procedures and guidance for the
safe conduct of international aircraft operation.
5. CAA (Civil Aviation Administrations) - is the state body responsible for implementing the legislative
and regulatory provisions for aviation safety.
6. State Safety Programme - an integrated set of regulations and activities aimed at improving safety.
7. High-consequence Indicators - safety performance indicators pertaining to the monitoring and
measurement of high-consequence occurrences, such as accidents or serious incidents.
8. Low-consequence Indicators - safety performance indicators pertaining to the monitoring and
measurement of lower-consequence occurrences, events, or activities such as incidents, non-
conformance findings or deviations.
9. Safety Performance - a State’s or service provider´s safety achievement as defined by its safety
performance targets and safety performance indicators.
10. Safety Performance Indicator - a data-based safety parameter used for monitoring and assessing safety
performance.
11. SARPs (Standards and Recommended Practices) – they include provisions for the implementation of
the processes known collectively as Safety Management Systems.
12. SMS (Safety Management System) – a comprehensive approach to safety designed to ensure that an
aviation operation is always moving toward better and safer practices. Comprises 4 ‘prongs’: safety
policy, safety risk management. safety assurance, and safety promotion.
13. FOQA (Flight Operations Quality Assurance) - essential to any SMS. FOQA involves collecting in-
flight data, analyzing it, reporting on it, and using it to make safety adjustments and improvements.
14. LOSA (Line Operations Safety Audits) - focuses on proactively preventing human error and the impacts
it could have on safety.
15. TEM (Threat and Error Management) - the system employed by LOSA to identify potential human-error
safety hazards and come up with solutions to eliminate them.
16. Safety Oversight - a function performed by a State to ensure that individuals and organizations
performing an aviation activity comply with safety-related national laws and regulations.
17. Pilot in Command – responsible for the operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time
18. Risk Management - improved safety is also a reflection of risk management. The risk management is
identifying the problems before they become a significant issue.
19. Safety Risk Management - is another key component of a safety management system. The term safety
risk management is meant to differentiate this function from the management of financial risk, legal risk,
economic risk and so forth.
20. Mitigation – measures to eliminate the potential hazard or to reduce the risk probability or severity
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Activity no. 1 Title: 100 Aviation Safety Terminologies

Submission Date: August 08, 2021

Grade:

21. Safety Assessment – the process pr action of performing hazard identification and risk analysis
22. Acceptable Level of Safety Performance (ALoSP) - the minimum level of safety performance of civil
aviation in a State, as defined in its state safety programme, or of a service provider, as defined in its
safety management system, expressed in terms of safety performance targets and safety performance
indicators.
23. Zero Accidents – to achieve an accident-free workplace.
24. Safety Assurance - it mirrors quality assurance but with focus solely on risk management and hazard
identification. Safety assurance requires continuous surveillance, recording of performance and
evaluating processes and practices.
25. Safety Communication - promotion through communication is essential for a mature and improving
SMS. Two-way communication is required for correct flow of information.
26. Emergency descent – circumstances that require the flight crew to initiate an immediate high-rate
descent to a specified altitude to ensure the continued safety of the aircraft and its occupants.

27. Acceptable Risk - the level of risk that individuals or groups are willing to accept given the benefits
gained. Each organization will have its own acceptable risk level, which is derived from its legal and
regulatory compliance responsibilities, its threat profile, and its business/organizational drivers and
impacts.

28. Acceptable Level of Safety Performance - the minimum level of safety performance of civil aviation
in a State, as defined in its State Safety Program, or of a service provider, as defined in its Safety
Management System, expressed in terms of safety performance targets and safety performance
indicators.
29. Alert Level - an established level or criteria value outside of the normal operating range or out-of-
control region that triggers a warning that an adjustment or evaluation is needed.
30. Cabin Crew - the airline staff members responsible for the safety and comfort of passengers during
flight, typically the flight attendants.
31. Distress - an internationally recognized signal for danger and need for immediate assistance.
32. ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service) - a continuous broadcast of pre-recorded aviation
information available to pilots around specific terminals. The information is constantly updated and
designed for mass spreading of relevant information, which is particularly useful at busy airports.
33. KCAS (Knots Calibrated Airspeed) - indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and position error.
34. Pilot in Command (PIC) - the designated individual that is responsible for safe aircraft operations during
flight.
35. QAR (Quick Access Recorder) - an airborne flight recorder that provides quick and easy access to raw
flight data through a USB or cellular network.
36. Throttle - a device that controls the amount of power outputted by the engine.
37. Wind Shear - an abrupt change in horizontal or vertical wind direction.
38. Weight-Shift-Control - a method used by pilots to steer a hang glider or paraglider whereby they push a
control bar attached to the wing structure.
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Activity no. 1 Title: 100 Aviation Safety Terminologies

Submission Date: August 08, 2021

Grade:

39. Very High Frequency (VHF) Omni-Directional Range (VOR) – a short-range radio aircraft navigation
system that allows equipped aircraft to receive directional information through radio signals from
ground-based beacons.
40. Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) - a device that provides the feet per minute (fpm) rate at which an aircraft
is climb or descending.
41. Upwind Leg - the flight path in an airport pattern that runs parallel to the runway landing direction,
along the same direction the aircraft will be landing.
42. Soft Field - a runway that is not paved and made of elements such as dirt or grass.
43. Best Practice - a method or technique that has consistently shown results superior to those achieved
with other means, and that is used as a benchmark.
44. Base Leg - the flight path in an airport pattern that runs in the runway landing direction.
45. Bleed Air - hot compressed air produced during the compressor stage of aircraft engine operation.
46. Calibrated Airspeed – the indicated airspeed corrected for position and instrument error.
47. Cargo - goods carried on an aircraft.
48. EASA - European Aviation Safety Agency
49. Empennage - Another phrase for the tail of an aircraft, which provides stability during flight. Learn
more about the parts of an airplane.
50. FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) - the governing body of civil aviation in the United States.
51. Aviation Quality - determining gaps based on noncompliance with either the regulatory requirements or
organizational requirements.
52. Management’s Special Responsibility for Safety - adequate resources, including sufficient time, to fulfill
assigned tasks safely and efficiently.
53. Probability – likelihood that a situation might occur.
54. ALARP (As Low as Reasonably Practice) - means that any further risk reduction is either impracticable
or grossly outweighed by the cost.
55. Accountable Executive – a single, identifiable person having responsibility for the effective and efficient
performance of the State’s SSP or of the service provider’s SMS.
56. Change Management - a formal process to manage changes within an organization in a systematic
manner, so that changes which may impact identified hazards and risk mitigation strategies are
accounted for before the implementation of such changes.
57. Defences - Specific mitigating actions, preventive controls or recovery measures put in place to prevent
the realization of a hazard or its escalation into an undesirable consequence.
58. Risk Mitigation - the process of incorporating defences or preventive controls to lower the severity
and/or likelihood of a hazard’s projected consequence.
59. Active failures - actions or inactions, including errors and violations, which have an immediate adverse
effect.
60. Quality and Safety - are both fundamental for a corporation to achieve its corporate goals.
61. Total Quality Management - for efficiency and profitability, airlines can benefit from an advanced form
of quality management, total quality management (TQM).
62. Quality Auditing - effective audits should ensure that we deliver “real” audits which identify any gaps in
regulatory or organisational compliance.
63. Consequence – potential outcome of the hazard.
64. Hazards - can also be identified from the review or study of investigation reports, especially those

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Activity no. 1 Title: 100 Aviation Safety Terminologies

Submission Date: August 08, 2021

Grade:

hazards which are deemed to be indirect contributing factors and which may not have been adequately
addressed by corrective actions resulting from the investigation process.
65. Reactive - this methodology involves analysis of past outcomes or events. Hazards are identified
through investigation of safety occurrences.
66. Proactive - this methodology involves analysis of existing or real-time situations, which is the primary
job of the safety assurance function with its audits, evaluations, employee reporting, and associated
analysis and assessment processes.
67. Predictive - this methodology involves data gathering in order to identify possible negative future
outcomes or events, analysing system processes and the environment to identify potential future hazards
and initiating mitigating actions.
68. Safety Risk Probability - the process of controlling safety risks starts by assessing the probability that
the consequences of hazards will materialize during aviation activities performed by the organization.
69. Safety Risk Tolerability - can be used to derive a safety risk index. The index created through the
methodology described above consists of an alphanumeric designator, indicating the combined results of
the probability and severity assessments.
70. Slip - is an action which is not carried out as planned and will therefore always be observable.
71. Severity - the possible consequences of a situation of danger taking as reference the worse foreseeable
situation.
72. Risk Index - the combined value of risk probability and severity.
73. Yoke – the aircraft control devices used by pilot for changes in attitude, as well as pitch and roll
movement.
74. Visual Flight Rules (VFR) - regulations that define aircraft operations when pilots are able to operate
using visual references.
75. Tail - the rear aircraft structure that provides aerodynamic stability.
76. Runway End Safety Area (RESA) - a surface located beyond the runway designated as a place for
aircraft to enter in an attempt to minimize risk during unplanned occurrences, such as an overshoot.
77. Operating Limitations - restrictions defined by an aircraft manufacturer including airspeed, weight, etc.
78. ILS (Instrument Landing System) - a system that uses radio waves to assist landings in IFR conditions.
79. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) - regulations that define aircraft operations when pilots are not able to
operate using visual references.
80. Instrument Landing System (ILS) - a ground-based system that provides directional information for
aircraft attempting to land in low visibility situations.
81. Fixed Base Operator (FBO) - an organization at an airport that offers aviation services, such as
hangar, parking, and tie-down space; airplane maintenance and rentals; and fuel.
82. Cross-Country Flight (XC) – a cross-country flight requires special flight planning. This is required by
the FAA to earn your PPL. A pilot must land at an airport other than the place of departure. Three full-
stop landings are required.
83. Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) - a navigational instrument that displays the lateral course
deviation. When the aircraft is flying left of the selected course, the needle deflects proportionally to
the right.
84. Controlled Airspace - designated airspace within which Air Traffic Control provides aircraft movement
instructions and regulations.
85. Airplane - a power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic
reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight.
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Activity no. 1 Title: 100 Aviation Safety Terminologies

Submission Date: August 08, 2021

Grade:

86. ATC (Air Traffic Control) - a ground-based service that ensures safety of air traffic by directing aircraft
in the area during take-off, landing, and while flying in the designated airspace.
87. Avionics Master Switch - a single switch that controls the electrical power for an aircraft’s electronic
communication and navigation instruments.
88. Rudder- an aircraft surface used to control the yaw movement. Learn more about the parts of an
airplane.
89. Sideslip- an aircraft movement that typically aligns with the lateral force of the wind and results in a
sideways flow.
90. Short Field – a runway that is shorter in length and requires aircraft to minimize the amount of
runway used when taking off or landing.
91. Cockpit - the cockpit of a plane is located at the front. It contains the instrument panel and pilot
seats. Learn more about the parts of an airplane.
92. Ferry Flight - a flight intended to return an aircraft to base; deliver a new aircraft from the
manufacturer to the purchaser; move an aircraft from one operations base to another; or moving an
aircraft for the purpose of maintenance.
93. AIM (Aeronautical Information Manual) – official guide published by the FAA to instruct pilots on how
to operate inside the U.S. National Airspace System with regard to flight information, ATC, etc.
94. POH (Pilot’s Operating Handbook) – an aircraft flight manual containing pertinent safety information.
95. Aeronautical Decision-Making – training and planning to make the best and safest decisions to mitigate
risk.
96. ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) – a navigation system that identifies the relative bearing of an
aircraft based on a radio beacon transmitting in the MF or LF bandwidth.
97. Aileron – the movable, hinged flight control surfaces that are used in pairs with opposite motions to
control the roll of an aircraft. Learn more about the parts of an airplane.
98. Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) – The airspace over both water and land within which the
identification, location, and control of civil aircraft is required in the interest of national security.
99. Altimeter – An instrument that measures an object’s altitude above a fixed surface.
100. CofA – Certificate of Airworthiness

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