07-05-2022

07-MAY-2022
 07-05-2022

The Hindu News Analysis – 7th May 2022 – Shankar IAS Academy
S. Page Number*
News Articles
No. C B D H T

1 Previous Year Question Discussion @beginning of the video

2 Untreated sewage, garbage choke Ambattur Lake 2 - - - -

3 ISRO’s unique goal for Venus mission 5 - 5 - 5

4 Retail portion of LIC’s IPO fully subscribed 12 18 12 14 12

5 Gotabaya declares Emergency yet again 1 1 1 1 1

6 Prelims Practice Questions

@ end of the video
7 Mains Practice Question
*C – Chennai; B – Bengaluru; D – Delhi; H – Hyderabad; T – Thiruvananthapuram
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Previous Year Question – Prelims 2019

Q. In the context of any country, which one
of the following would be considered as
part of its social capital?
(a) The proportion of literates in the
population.
(b) The stock of its buildings, other than
infrastructure and machines.
(c) The size of population in the
working age group.
(d) The level of mutual trust and
harmony in the society.

Human capital
Physical capital
• Economic value of worker’s experience & skills.
• Assets - building, machinery, and vehicles.
• Assets - education, training, intelligence, skills,
health etc.

• Population becomes human capital when there

is investment made in the form of education,
training and medical care.
 07-05-2022

Social Capital

• First used by L.J. Hanifan.

• Used it in the context of the community’s

involvement in the successful running of
schools.

• As a concept, it received entry in social

science literature in the 1980s.

• Consists of trust, mutual understanding,

shared values and behaviour that bind
together the members of a community and
make cooperative action possible.

Source: https://www.balancedachievement.com/

Previous Year Question – Prelims 2019

Q. In the context of any country, which one
of the following would be considered as
part of its social capital?
(a) The proportion of literates in the
population.
(b) The stock of its buildings, other than
infrastructure and machines.
(c) The size of population in the
working age group.
(d) The level of mutual trust and
harmony in the society.
 07-05-2022

Part A—Preliminary Examination

Paper I - (200 marks)
Current events of national and
international importance.
General issues on Environmental ecology,
Bio-diversity and Climate Change - that do
not require subject specialization.
Part B—Main Examination
PAPER-IV
General Studies‐ III: Technology, Economic
Development, Bio diversity, Environment,
Security and Disaster Management.
Conservation, environmental pollution and
degradation, environmental impact
Pg: 2 – Chennai assessment.
edition
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Introduction

• India - rich in water resources.

• Rivers & snow-capped peaks in the Himalayan

range - meet water requirements.

• Reasons for water resources depletion.

Rapid increase in the population.

Increasing demands of irrigation, domestic

and industrial consumption.

Sewage

• Wastewater containing both liquid & solid wastes.

• Produced by human activities from homes, industries,

hospitals, offices.

• Components

99% water.

Remaining - solid material,

ions and harmful bacteria.
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Wastewater generation

• Central Pollution Control Board Report

Sewage treatment plants in India - treat

only a little more than a third of the
sewage generated per day.

Generation - 72,368 MLD.

Installed capacity - 31,841 MLD.

2001 census

Generation - 29129 MLD sewage.

Causes

• Daily household activities.

Toilets, showers, clothes washers, dishwashers.

• Contaminants

Fecal matter, urine, soaps, detergents, food

particles, hair, rags, paper, toys.

• A person - 60 to 100 gallons of wastewater

every day.
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Treatment

• Continual process of removing the contaminants from the wastewater.

• Stages of STPs.

Primary, secondary and tertiary.

Primary

• Temporarily held in a settling tank.

• Heavier solids sink to the bottom.

• Lighter solids float to the surface.

• Equipped with mechanical scrapers

- collects sludge.

Secondary

• Degrade the biological content of the waste.

• Through aerobic biological processes.

• Reduces common biodegradable contaminants.

• Methods

Bio-filtration, Aeration,
Oxidation ponds.

Encourage the growth of

aerobic bacteria.
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Tertiary

• To raise the quality of the water to

domestic and industrial standards.

• Involves the removal of pathogens.

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Effects of wastewater
• Five states and Union Territories - 60
• Contamination and destruction of natural habitats.
per cent of the total installed
• Destruction of wildlife. treatment capacity.

• Carriers of diseases. Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar

Pradesh, Delhi and Karnataka.
• Deteriorate the quality of water.
• No installed STPs.
Regulation
Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman &
• 1974 the Water (Prevention and control of
Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep,
Pollution) Act.
Manipur, Meghalaya and Nagaland.
• Boards for the Prevention and Control of Water
• Chandigarh - first in terms of total
Pollution.
sewage generated to treated.
• Regulates the STPs and checks the standards of
the treated water.

Benefits of wastewater treatment

• Central Public Health and Environmental

Engineering Organisation. Tamil Nadu (25 per cent)

Horticulture, irrigation, washing activities, Madhya Pradesh (20 per cent)

fire-fighting, industrial cooling, toilet Andhra Pradesh (5 per cent)

flushing and gardening.
• Decrease the water demand from aquatic
• Proportion of the reuse of treated sewage. sources.

Haryana (80 per cent) • Help in conserving natural water resources.

Puducherry (55 per cent)

Delhi (50 per cent)

Chandigarh (35 per cent)

 07-05-2022

Practice Question – Mains

GS – III
Q. In India, water pollution comes from
three main sources - domestic and
industrial sewage, chemical effluents and
run-off from agriculture. In this context
discuss the method and need to treat
sewage.
(150 Words, 10 Marks)

Pg: 5 – C, B, T
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Planet

• Some celestial bodies do not

have their own heat and light.

• Lit by the light of the stars.

• Greek word “Planetai” -

‘wanderers’.

• Earth - a planet.

• Gets heat and light from the

sun - our nearest star.

Venus

• Second planet from the Sun.

• Earth’s closest planetary neighbour.

• Terrestrial (or rocky) planet.

• Venus surface - rusty coloured.

Intensely crunched mountains & thousands

of large volcanoes.

• Scientist’s belief - some volcanoes are still

active.

• Earth’s twin.

Similar in size and density.

Not identical twins.

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• Mercury is closer to the Sun.

• Venus - hottest planet in our solar system.

• Reason

Thick, toxic atmosphere filled with CO2.

Shrouded in thick, yellowish clouds of Sulphuric

acid.

Traps heat - causes strong greenhouse effect.

Surface temperatures - 900 degrees

Fahrenheit (475 degrees Celsius).

• Rotates on its axis backward.

Sun rises in west and sets in east.

Opposite to what we experience on Earth.

ISRO’s Venus mission • Major focus

• To explore the brightest planet in solar Investigation of surface processes, shallow

system. subsurface stratigraphy, active volcanic

hotspots and lava flows.
• ISRO announced project Venus.
Structure, composition, and dynamics of
• Launch by December 2024.
the atmosphere.
• Objective
Solar wind interaction with the ionosphere
To study the Venusian atmosphere. of Venus.

Toxic and corrosive in nature.

Clouds of sulphuric acid cover the planet.

• Spacecraft can be placed in the Venus

orbit with least Propellant.

Close proximity with the earth.

 07-05-2022

Practice Question – Prelims

Q. Consider the following pairs:
MISSION COUNTRY
1. Venus Express - Russia
2. Venera - Europe
3. Shukrayaan - India
Which of the above pairs is/are
incorrect? Choose the correct answer
with the codes given below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1, 2 and 3 only
d) None of the Above

Pg: 12 – C, T, D;
Pg: 18 – B;
Pg: 14 – H;
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Public Issue
• Issuer - entity making an issue.

Initial Public Offering (IPO) • Offer of shares or convertible securities to

new investors for becoming a shareholder of
• Type of Public Issue. the issuer.

• Unlisted company offering fresh shares or • Investors:

convertible securities or existing shares or Retail individual Investor (RIIs) - bids

for securities for a value of Rs. 2 lakhs
convertible securities or both for sale - for
maximum.
the first time to the public.
Non‐Institutional Investors (NIIs)
• Outcome - Company goes public.
Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) -
SCBs, public financial institutions, mutual
fund houses and FPIs.
• classification - Initial public offer (IPO) and
Further public offer (FPO).

• Intermediaries - Merchant Banker, Bankers to the

• Purpose:
Issue, Underwriters, and Registrars to the Issue
(RTI) etc. Way for listing and trading of the
issuer’s shares/convertible securities
RTI - processing of application forms, allotment
on the Stock Exchanges.
of securities etc.
Raising fresh capital for operations.

Further public offer (FPO) or

Follow on offer
Already listed company makes either a
fresh issue of shares/convertible
securities to the public or an offer for
sale to the public.
 07-05-2022

• Process involved:
• Benefits:
Prepare an offer document.
Quick and good money.
Offer document - contains relevant information
Access to investment from the about the company - promoters, projects, financial
public. details, objects of raising the money, terms of the
issue, etc.
Largest source of funds with
long or indefinite maturity. Purpose - for inviting subscription to the issue.

Exit strategy for the company’s Called a Prospectus in case of a public issue.
founders and early investors.
Need - investors to make an informed decision.
Increases company’s exposure,
Fixing prices - issuer in consultation with the
prestige, and public image.
merchant banker.

No role of SEBI.

Issue types based on pricing

• Fixed Price issue - issuer at the outset
decides the price and mentions in Offer Issuer advertises the I PO in English,
Document. Hindi and regional language news papers.

• Book Built issue - price discovered on the Issue open to public for subscription.
basis of demand received from prospective
investors at various price levels.
Involves pre-defined range of price.
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The Issuer Company shall meet the following requirements:

(a) Net Tangible Assets of at least Rs. 3 crores in each of the
Eligibility of Issuer preceding three full years of which not more than 50% are
held in monetary assets. However, the limit of fifty percent
• Entry Norms laid down by SEBI.
on monetary assets shall not be applicable in case the public
Profitability route: offer is made entirely through offer for sale.
(b) Minimum of Rs. 15 crores as average pre-tax operating
Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIB) profit in at least three of the immediately preceding five
route: years.
(c) Net worth of at least Rs. 1 crore in each of the preceding
Companies that does not satisfy
three full years.
Profitability route norms. (d) If the company has changed its name within the last one
year, at least 50% revenue for the preceding 1 year should
Issue through book building.
be from the activity suggested by the new name.
(e) The aggregate of the proposed issue and all previous issues
made in the same financial year in terms of issue size does
not exceed five times its pre-issue net worth as per the
audited balance sheet of the preceding financial year

Allotment to Investors

% of Net offer to the public

Pricing Type/Entry route Retail individual Non‐Institutional Qualified Institutional
Other remarks
Investor (RIIs) Investors (NIIs) Buyers (QIBs)

Profitability
Not less than 35% Not less than 15% Not more than 50% -
route
Book Built
issue
Qualified
Institutional Not more than 10% Not more than 15% at least 75% -
Buyers route

Balance allotted to
a) Individual
applicants other
than RIIs
Fixed price issue Minimum 50% - - b) Other investors
including
corporate
bodies/
institutions.

News
• Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) IPO:
India’s biggest-ever IPO.
Govt. aiming to divest its 3.5% stake in
the LIC and raise around Rs. 21,000 crore.
Book-built issue - profitability route.
Price band - ₹902-949.
RII portion fully subscribed.
Pg: 1 – C, T, B, D, H
07-05-2022
Practice Question – Prelims
Q. Which of the following statements best
describes an Initial Public Offering?
a) A listed company makes a fresh issue
of shares to the public.
b) Issue of convertible securities to
existing investors for becoming a
shareholder of the issuer.
c) Stock of unlisted government-owned
company is offered to the public in the
primary market for the first time.
d) Both (b) and (c).
 07-05-2022

Types of Emergency Art 352

• National emergency - Art 352. • Proclamation - by President.

War, external aggressions, or armed • If he is satisfied that the security of India

rebellion. or of any part of the territory is threatened.

• State emergency - Art 356. • Union Cabinet should communicate in writing.

Failure of constitutional machinery in • Should be approved by both the Houses of the

states. Parliament within one month.

President’s Rule. • After approval - last for 6 months.

• Financial emergency - Art 360. • President - shall revoke.

• Art 355 - duty of Union to protect the states

Threat to the financial constancy or
from external aggression and internal
credibility of India.
disturbance.

Practice Question – Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements with
reference to National Emergency
1. Art 356 deals with the Proclamation
of National Emergency.
2. The Proclamation of emergency
ceases to exist if it is not approved by
both the houses of the Parliament
within 6 months.
Which of the above statements is/are
incorrect ?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
 07-05-2022

Practice Question – Prelims

Q1. Which of the following statements best
describes an Initial Public Offering?
a) A listed company makes a fresh issue
of shares to the public.
b) Issue of convertible securities to
existing investors for becoming a
shareholder of the issuer.
c) Stock of unlisted government-owned
company is offered to the public in the
primary market for the first time.
d) Both (b) and (c).
 07-05-2022

Practice Question – Prelims

Q2. Consider the following pairs:
MISSION COUNTRY
1. Venus Express - Russia
2. Venera - Europe
3. Shukrayaan - India
Which of the above pairs is/are
incorrect? Choose the correct answer
with the codes given below:
a) 1 and 2 only
b) 2 and 3 only
c) 1, 2 and 3 only
d) None of the Above

Quiz Question – Prelims

Q. Consider the following statements with
reference to National Emergency
1. Art 356 deals with the Proclamation
of National Emergency.
2. The Proclamation of emergency
ceases to exist if it is not approved by
both the houses of the Parliament
within 6 months.
Which of the above statements is/are
incorrect ?
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
 07-05-2022

Practice Question – Prelims

Q1. Option (c) - Stock of unlisted government-owned company is offered to the
public in the primary market for the first time.

Q2. Option (a) - 1 and 2 only

Practice Question – Mains

GS – III
Q. In India, water pollution comes from
three main sources - domestic and
industrial sewage, chemical effluents and
run-off from agriculture. In this context
discuss the method and need to treat
sewage.
(150 Words, 10 Marks)