Complex Analysis

Mathematics Departement

SOLUTION
1. Reduce each of these quantities to a real number:
1+2 i 2−i
(a) + ;
3−4 i 5
5i
(b) ;
( 1−i )( 2−i )( 3−i )
(c) ( i−i )4 .

Solution:
Part (a)
1+2 i 2−i 1+2 i 3+ 4 i 2−i −5 i
+ = . + .
3−4 i 5 3−4 i 3+ 4 i 5 −5 i
(1+2 i ) (3+ 4 i ) −10 i+5 i2
¿ 2
+ 2
9−16 i −25 i

¿ ( 25 )
3+ 4 i+6 i+ 8 i2 −10 i−5
+
25
3+10i−8−10 i−5
¿
25
10
¿−
25
2
¿−
5
Part (b)
5i 5i
=
( 1−i )( 2−i )( 3−i ) ( 2−i−2i+i 2 ) (3−i )
5i
¿
( 2−3 i−1 ) (3−i )
5i
¿
(1−3 i )( 3−i)
5i
¿ 2 2
3−i−9i +3 i
5i
¿
3−10 i−3
5i
¿
−10i
1
¿−
2
Part (c)
( i−i )4 =( 1−i )( 1−i )( 1−i ) ( 1−i )
¿ ( 1−2i+i 2 )( 1−2i+i 2 )
¿ (−2 i )(−2 i )
2
¿ 4 i =−¿4

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2. Show that
1
=z ( z ≠ 0 )
1 .
z

Solution:
1 1
=
1 1
z x+ iy
1
¿
1 x−iy
.
x +iy x−iy
1
¿ x −iy
2 2 2
x −i y
1
¿
x−iy
2 2
x +y
1 1
¿ .
1 x−iy
2 2
x +y
1 x+iy
¿ ( x 2+ y 2 ) . .
x−iy x+iy
x +iy
¿ ( x + y ). 2 2 2
2 2

x −i y
x +iy
¿ ( x + y ). 2 2
2 2

x +y
¿ x+ iy
¿z
3. Use the associative and commutative laws for multiplication to show that
( z 1 z 2 ) ( z 3 z 4 )=( z 1 z 3 ) ( z 2 z 4 )

Solution:
Use the associative law for multiplication first.
( z 1 z 2 ) ( z 3 z 4 )=z 1 ( z 2 z 3 ) z 4
Use the commutative law for multiplication next.
¿ z 1 ( z 3 z2 ) z 4
Use the associative law for multiplication once again.
¿ ( z1 z3 ) ( z2 z4 )
4. Prove that if z 1 z 2 z 3 =0, then at least one of the three factors is zero.
Suggestion: Write ( z 1 z 2 ) z 3=0 and use a similar result (Sec. 3) involving two
factors.

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Solution:
Suppose that
z 1 z 2 z 3 =0
Use the associative law for multiplication.
( z 1 z 2 ) z 3=0
Use the fact that if a product of two complex numbers is zero, then so is at least one of
the factors.
z 1 z 2=0 or z 3=0
Use this fact once more.
z 1=0 or z 2=0 or z 3=0 .
Therefore, if z 1 z 2 z 3 =0, then at least one of the three factors is zero.
z1
5. Derive expression (6), Sec. 3, for the quotient by the method described just after it.
z2

Solution:
Let z 1=x 1+ i y 1 and z 2=x 2+ i y 2 and assume x 1 , x 2 , y 1 ,and y 2 are real numbers.
z1 x 1+i y 1
=
z2 x 2+i y 2
x1 +i y 1 x 2−i y 2
¿ .
x 2 +i y 2 x 2−i y 2
( x1 +i y 1) ( x 2−i y 2 )
¿ 2 2 2
x 2−i y 2
2
x 1 x2 −i x 1 y 2 +i x 2 y 1−i y 1 y 2
¿ 2 2
x 2+ y 2
x 1 x2 + y 1 y 2+ i ( y 1 x 2−x 1 y 2 )
¿
x 22+ y 22
−1
¿ ( x 22 + y 22 ) [ x 1 x 2+ y 1 y 2 +i ( y 1 x 2−x 1 y 2 ) ]
2 −1 −1
¿ ( x2 + y ) ( x 1 x 2+ y 1 y 2 ) +i ( x 22+ y 22) ( y 1 x 2−x 1 y 2 )
2
2

¿
x 1 x2 + y 1 y 2
2
x +y
2
2
2
+i
( y 1 x 2−x 1 y 2
x 22+ y 22 )
6. With the aid of relations (10) and (11) in Sec. 3, derive the identity
z1 z2 z1 z2
=
z3 z 4 z3 z4 3 ( )( )
, ( z ≠ 0 , z 4≠ 0)

Solution:
Relations (10) and (11) in Sec. 3 state that for two complex numbers, z 1 dan z 2,

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( )
z1 1
=z 1 ( z ≠ 0 ) (10)
z2 z2 2

( z1 )( z1 )=z
1 2
−1 −1
1 2
−1
z = ( z 1 z 2) =
1
(z ≠ 0 , z 2 ≠ 0).
z1 z 2 1
(11)

Apply relation (10) twice.

( )( ) ( ) ( )
z1 z2
z3 z 4
=z 1
1
z3
z2
1
z4
−1 −1
¿ z 1 z 3 z2 z 4
¿ z 1 z 2 z −1 −1
3 z4
−1
¿ z 1 z 2 ( z3 z 4 )

¿ z1 z2
( ) 1
z3 z 4
z1 z2
¿
z3 z4
z 3 and z 4 are assumed to be nonzero, of course.
7. Use the identity obtained in Exercise 6 to derive the cancellation law
z1 z z 1
= (z ≠0, z≠0)
z2 z z 2 2

Solution:
z1 z z 1
=
z2 z z 2 ( )( ) z
z

¿
( )()
z1
z2
.z
1
z

¿
( )
z1
z2
. z z−1

¿ ( )
z1
z2
.1

z1
¿
z2
8. Use mathematical induction to verify the binomial formula (13) in Sec. 3. More
precisely, note that the formula is true when n=1. Then, assuming that it is valid when
n=m where m denotes any positive integer, show that it must hold when n=m+ 1.
Suggestion: When n=m+ 1, write
n

k=0 k
()
(z 1 + z 2)m+1 =( z 1+ z 2 ) ( z 1+ z2 ) m=(z 2 + z 1) ∑ m z k1 z m−k
2

n n
¿∑
k=0
()
m z k z m +1−k +
k 1 2 ∑
k=0 k
1 ()
m z k+1 z m −k
2

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and replace k by k −1 in the last sum here to obtain

[( ) ( )]
n
m m
=z 2 + ∑
m+1 m+1 k m+1−k m +1
(z 1 + z 2) + z z + z1 .
k=0 k k −1 1 2
Finally, show how the right-hand side here becomes
n n

2 +∑
z m+1
k=0 k ( )
m+1 z k z m+1−k + z m+1=
1 2 1 ∑
k=0
m+1 z k z m+1−k
k 1 2 . ( )
Solution:
Use mathematical induction to prove the binomial theorem.
n
n k n−k
()
( z 1 + z 2) =∑ k z1 z 2 , n=1 ,2 , …
n

k=0

Check that the formula is satisfied for the base case n=1.

1
1 k 1−k
( z 1 + z 2) = ∑ k z 1 z 2
1

k=0
()
1
1!
z 1+ z2 =∑ z1k z 1−k
2
k=0 k ! ( 1−k ) !
1! 1!
z 1+ z2 = z2 + z
0!1! 1! 0 ! 1
z 1+ z2 =z1 + z 2

The base case is satisfied. Now assume the inductive hypothesis,

m
m k m −k
( z 1 + z 2) =∑ k z 1 z2
m

k=0
()
The aim is to show
n

( z 1 + z 2)
m+1
=∑
k=0
( m+1
k )
z z
k
1
m+1−k
2

Proceed as suggested in the problem statement.

(z 1 + z 2)m+1 =( z 1+ z 2 ) ( z 1+ z2 ) m

Use the inductive hypothesis, equation (1).

m
¿ ( z 1+ z 2) ∑ m z k1 z2m−k
k=0 k
()
m m
¿ z1 ∑
k=0
()
m k m−k
k
z 1 z2 + z2 ∑
m k m−k
k=0 k
z1 z2 ()

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m m
¿ ∑ m z k+1
k=0 k 1 z2()
m−k
+ ∑ m z1k z m2 +1−k
k=0 k
()
Replace k with k −1 in the first sum.
m m
¿ ( )
∑
k−1=0
m z (k−1)+ 1 z m−(k−1 )+
k −1 1 2 ∑
k =0 k
()
m z k z m+1−k
1 2

m m
¿∑( m ) z z k m +1−k
1 2 ()
+ ∑ m z k1 z m+1−k
2
k −1
k=1 k=1 k

Write out the last term of the first sum and the first term of the second sum.
m m
¿∑ ( )
k=1 k −1 1 2 () () m 1
0()
m z k z m +1−k + m z m +1+ m z m +1+
2 ∑ m z k z m+1−k
k=1 k
1 2

m
¿ ∑ [(
k −1)
+( ) z z
m k mm+1−k m! m!
k m +1−k m +1 m +1
¿z z 1 2 ]+ z +
1 2 z 1 2 ¿
k=1 k m !0! 0!m !
m
¿ ∑ [¿ (
k −1) ( k )
m m k m+1−k m+1 m+1
+ ]z z +z +z ¿
1 2 1 2
k=1
m
( m+1 ) !
¿∑
k m+ 1−k m +1 m +1
z1 z 2 + z 1 + z2
k=1 k ! ( m+ 1−k ) !
m

( )
¿ ∑ m+ 1 z k1 z m2 +1−k + z m1 +1 + z m+1
k=1 k 2

m
¿ ∑ ( m+ 1) z z k m +1−k
1 2
k=1k

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