1. Study Section 1.

1, Digital Systems and Switching Circuits, and answer the following study
questions:
(a) What is the basic difference between analog and digital systems?
The basic difference between analog and digital systems is that digital systems are by far
mor accurate than analog systems.
(b) Why are digital systems capable of greater accuracy than analog systems?
In digital systems, discrete values are assumed when determining the values while in
analog systems’ value are continuous over a specific set of range.
(c) Explain the different between combinational and sequential switching circuits.
Combination circuits only depend on the present value while sequential switching circuits
depend on the past outputs and present inputs.
(d) What common characteristic-do most switching devices used in digital systems have?
The common characteristic most switching devices have is that they can only assume two
different discrete values.
(e) Why are binary numbers used in digital systems?
Because most outputs in digital system only assume two different values, and binary is
perfect for that because it is only 0’s and 1’s.
2. Study Section 1.2, Number Systems and Conversion. Answer the following study questions as
you go along:
(a) Is the first remainder obtained in the division method for base conversion the most or least
significant digit?
The least significant digit is the one to be the first remainder obtained in the division
method for base conversion.
(b) Work through all of the examples in the text as you encounter them and make sure that you
understand all of the steps.
(c) An easy method for conversion between binary and hexadecimal is illustrated in Equation
(1-1). Why should you start forming the groups of four bits at the binary point instead of the
left end of the number?
Because at the left end of the numbers, extra 0’s are sometimes added to fill up the
groups given.
(d) Why is it impossible to convert a decimal number to binary on a digit-by-digit-basis as can be
done for hexadecimal?
 Because in decimal, it is needed to be converted from base 10 to base 2, while in
hexadecimal which can be converted digit by digit.
(e) Complete the following conversion table.

Binary Octal Decimal Hexadecimal

(base 2) (base 8) (base 10) (base 16)
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
10 2 2 2
11 3 3 3
100 4 4 4
101 5 5 5
110 6 6 6
111 7 7 7
1000 10 8 8
1001 11 9 9
1010 12 10 A
1011 13 11 B
1100 14 12 C
1101 15 13 D
1110 16 14 E
1111 17 15 F
10000 20 16 10
 (f) Work Problems 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,' and 1.4.
1.1 Convert to hexadecimal and then to binary:
(a) 757.2510
Hexadecimal Binary

Hexadecimal = 5F2.416

Binary = 1011110101.012

(b) 123.1710
Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal = 7B.2B851EB85216
*Rounded off the last*

Binary Binary = 1111011.00101011102

 (c) 356.8910

Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal = 164.ED70A3D7116
*Rounded off the last*

Binary
Binary = 101100100.11100011112

(d) 1063.510
Hexadecimal Binary

Hexadecimal = 427.816 Binary = 1000100111.12

1.2 Convert to octal. Convert to hexadecimal. Then convert both of your answers to decimal, and
verify that they are the same.
(a) 111010110001.0112
Octal Octal to Decimal
Octal = 7261.38
Decimal = 3,761.37510

Hexadecimal Hexadecimal to Decimal

Hexadecimal = EB1.616
Decimal = 3,761.37510

Octal
Octal = 2635.68 Octal to Decimal

Decimal = 1,437.7510

Hexadecimal Hexadecimal to Decimal

Hexadecimal = 59D.C16
Decimal = 1,437.751

(b) 10110011101.112
1.3 (a) Convert to base 6: 3BA.2514 (do all of the arithmetic in decimal).
Hexadecimal to Decimal

3 BA .25=( 3∗14 ) + ( 11∗14 ) + ( 10∗14 ) + ( 2∗14 ) + ( 5∗14 )=752.168367

2 1 0 −1 −2

Decimal = 752.168367

Base 6
Base 6 = 3252.1120016

1.4 (a) Convert to hexadecimal: 1457.1110. Round to two digits past the hexadecimal point.

Hexadecimal
16 1457
16 91 R1 = 1
5 R11 = B
5 R5 = 5

0.11*16 0.76*16
1.76 12.16
1 C
Hexadecimal = 5B1.1C16
 3. Study Section 1.3, Binary Arithmetic.
(a) Make sure that you can follow all of the examples, especially the propagation of borrows in the
subtraction process.
(b) To make sure that you understand the borrowing process, work out a detailed analysis in terms
of powers of 2 for the following example:
1100 1100−101
- 101
¿ [ 1× 10 +1× 10 +0 ×10 +0 ×10 ]
3 2 1 0
111
4. Work Problems
−[ 1 ×102 +0 ×101 +1 ×100 ]
1.5, 1.6, and 1.17(a).
1.5 Add, subtract ¿ [1−1 ×10 3+(1+1−1)× 102 +(1−1)×101 +(0−1)× 100 ]
and multiply in
−[ 1 ×10 +0 ×10 +1 ×10 ]
2 1 0
Binary:
(a) 1111
2 1 0
¿ 1× 10 +0 ×10 +1 ×10 =111
Subtraction Multiplication
Addition

and 1010

(b) 110110 and 11101

Addition Subtraction
 Multiplication

(c) 100100 and 10110

Addition Subtraction

Multiplication
1.6 Subtract in binary. Place a 1 over each column from which it was necessary to borrow.
(a) 11110100 – 1000111
Subtraction
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
- 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

(b) 1110110 – 111101

Subtraction
1 1
1 1 1 0 1 1 0
- 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1

(c) 10110010 – 111101

Subtraction
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
- 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 0 1

1.17 Divide in binary:

(a) 11101001 ÷ 101
Division
1 0 1 1 1 0 r. 0011
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1
1 01 01 0
1 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1
0 0 1 1
5. Study Section 1.4, Representation of Negative Numbers.

(a) In digital systems, why are 1 's complement and 2's complement commonly used to represent
negative numbers instead of sign and magnitude?
The design of the logic circuit to do arithmetic with sign and magnitude binary numbers is not
tricky so with that the 2’s and 1’s are commonly used because they are easy to design in the
systems used.
(b) State two different ways of forming the 1's complement of an n-bit binary number.
(1) The 1’s complement of a positive integer N is defined as N= ( 2n−1 ) −N . (2) Another way is
to simply complement N bit by bit by replacing 0’s with 1’s and 1’s with 0’s.
(c) State three different ways of forming the 2's·complement of an n-bit binary number.
(1) The 2’s complement of a positive integer N is defined as for a word length of n bits, N*=

2n−N . (2) The 2’s complement can also be formed by complementing N bit by bit and then
adding 1.
(3) An easier method to form the 2’s complement of N is by starting at the right and
complement all bits to the left of the first 1.
(d) If the word length is n = 4 bits (including sign), what decimal number does 1000 2 represent in sign
and magnitude?
1000 in sign and magnitude represent -0
IQ 2's complement?
In 2’s complement, 1000 represents -8
In l's complement?
In 1’s complement, 1000 represents -7
(e) Given a ·negative number represented in 2's complement, how do you find its magnitude?
We can obtain the magnitude of the integer by taking the 2’s complement of N*
Given a negative number represented in l's complement, how do you find its
magnitude?
We can obtain the magnitude of the negative integer by taking 1’s complement of N .
(f) If the word length is 6 bits (including sign), what decimal number does 100000 represent in sign
and magnitude?
100000 represent in sign and magnitude is -0
In 2's complement?
 In 2’s complement, 100000 represent -32
In l's complement?
In 1’s complement, 100000 represents 31

(g) What is meant by an overflow? How can you tell that an overflow has occurred when performing 1
's or 2's complement addition?
An overflow will occur when the sum of the current representation requires more than N bits.
Does a carry out of the last bit position indicate that an overflow has occurred?

(h) Work out some examples of l's and 2's complement addition for various combinations of positive
and negative numbers.
(i) What is the justification for using the end-around, carry in; 1's, complement addition?
(j) The one thing that causes the most trouble with 2's complement numbers is the special case of the
negative number which consists of a 1 followed by all 0's (1000 ... 000). If this number is n bits
long, what number does it represent and why? (It is not negative zero.)
(k) Work Problems 1.7 and 1.8.
4. Study Section 1.5, Binary Codes.
(a) Represent 187 in BCD code, excess-3 code, 6-3-1-1 code, and 2-out-of-5 code.
(b) Verify. that the 6-3-1-1 code is a weighted code. Note that for some decimal digits, two different
codes combinations could have been used. For example, either 0101 or 0110 could represent 4. In
each case the combination with the smaller binary value has been used.
(c) How is the excess-3 code obtained?
(d) How are the ASCil codes for the decimal digits obtained? What is the relation between the ASCil
codes for the capital letters and lowercase letters?
(e) Work Problem 1.9.
5. If you are taking this course on a self-paced basis, you will need to pass a readiness test on this
unit before going on to the next unit The purpose of the readiness test is to determine if you
have mastered die material in this unit and are ready to go on to the next unit. Before you take
the readiness test:
(a) Check your answers to the problems against those provided at the end of this book. If you
missed any of the problems, make sure that you understand why your answer is wrong and
correct your solution.
(b) Make sure that you can meet all of the objectives listed at the beginning of this unit.