LESSON THREE:

BINARY ARITHMETICS

3.1 What is Binary arithmetics ?

 This involves Addition, Subtraction, Division and Multiplication
 Binary arithmetic is used in digital systems mainly because the numbers (decimal and
floating-point numbers) are stored in binary format in most computer systems. ... Since
the precision of numbers stored in the computer is fixed, the size of numbers is fixed and
determined when the computer is built
3.2 Binary addition
There are 4 basic rules for adding binary numbers:
a) 0 + 0 = 0.
b) 0 + 1 = 1.
c) 1 + 0 = 1.
d) 1 + 1 = 10.(One Zero NOT Ten)

In fourth case, a binary addition is creating a sum of (1 + 1 = 10) i.e. 0 is written in the given
column and a carry of 1 over to the next column.

Example 1
Perform the following binary addition. 0011010 + 0011010 =

Example 2
Perform the following binary addition. 111111 + 101010 = 11010012

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 1
Class Exercise 1:
Perform the following binary addition.

a) 111111
+ 101011

b) 111111
+ 111110

c) 111111
+ 111111

d) 111
+ 111
111

e) 111111
+ 111111
111111

f) 111
+ 111
111
111

g) 111111
+ 111111
111111
111111
111111

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 2
3.3 Binary Subtraction
There are 4 basic rules for subtracting binary numbers:
a) 1 – 0 = 1
b) 0 – 1 = 1 (with a borrow)
c) 1 – 1 = 0
d) 0 – 0 = 0
 Binary subtraction is one of the four binary operations, where we perform
the subtraction method for two binary numbers (comprising of only two digits, 0 and 1). ...
Hence, when we subtract 1 from 0, we need to borrow 1 from the next higher order digit, to
reduce the digit by 1 and the remainder left here is also 1.

What is borrow in binary subtraction?

 You subtract digit by digit starting on the right side. If the subtraction cannot be made (for
example, you cannot subtract 1 from 0), you must then "borrow", just as you do in base
10 subtraction. But when you borrow a "one" from the 4's digit, it turns into two

Example 1
Perform the following binary subtraction. 0011010 + 0011010 =

Example 2
Perform the following binary SUBTRACTION. 111111- 01010 = 11 010122

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 3
Class Exercise 2:
Perform the following binary UBTRACTION.

a) 111111
- 01011

b) 111111
- 1110

c) 111111
- 11111

d) 1111010
-110111

e) 110101101
- 01011010

f) 1000011111
- 110110001

g) 11111111
- 1000000

h) 1100000
- 111111

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 4
3.4 Binary Multiplication
There are 4 basic rules for multiplying binary numbers:
e) 1 X 0=0
f) 0 X 1=0
g) 1 X 1=1
h) 0 X 0=0
 For binary multiplication, we follow the same process as multiplying two decimal
numbers where we multiply each digit of the second number by the first whole number,
then we just need to add them, switching each resulting multiplication one digit to the left.

Example 1
Perform the following binary multiplication

Example 2
Perform the following binary multiplication. 1111 x 101 = 10010112

Example 3
Perform the following binary multiplication.

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 5
Class Exercise 3:
Perform the following binary multiplication.

a) 111111
X 1010

b) 111111
X 1000

c) 111111
X 111

d) 1111010
X 1o11

e) 110101101
X 100100

f) 1000011
X 11

g) 11111111
X 11001

h) 10000
X 10000

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 6
3.5 Binary Division
Example 1
Perform the following binary division. 100102 / 112 =

Example 2
Perform the following binary division. 110102 / 1012 =

Example 3
Perform the following binary division. 1011012 / 1012 =

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 7
Class Exercise 4:
Perform the following binary division.

a) 111112 / 1112 =

b) 100002 / 1012 =

c) 101012 / 1112 =

d) 111002 / 1002 =

e) 1011012 / 10102 =

f) 1111112 / 11112 =

g) 1001102 / 10012 =

h) 11100012 / 111012 =

i) 10110102 / 110012 =

j) 11111112 / 101012 =

BY: MR. KEVIN NJAGI (LECTURER - MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY) @ SEP - DEC 2021 8