Computer

Arithmetic
CP1-Lecture 3
Binary Addition
 Binary Addition

• Performed in the same A B A+B

manner as in decimal 0 0 0
arithmetic 0 1 1
1 0 1
• Since 1 is the largest 1 1 0 plus a
digit in the binary carry 1
System, any sum greater
than 1 requires digit to
be carried over
 Binary Addition

10101 = 21
• Two n-bit values
– Add individual bits + 11001 = + 25
– Propagate carries 101110 46
Binary Subtraction
 Binary Subtraction

• Subtraction of a number from another can be

accomplished by adding the complement of the
subtrahend to the minuend.

• 1’s Complement

• 2’s Complement
 Binary Subtraction
• 1s Complement Subtraction
- Subtraction of binary numbers using the 1’s complement
method allows subtraction only by addition.

• The 1’s complement of a binary number can be obtained

by changing all 1s to 0s and all 0s to 1s

1001001011
1’s complement = 0110110100
 Binary Subtraction: 1’s
complement

• To subtract a smaller number from a larger number, the

1’s complement method is as follows:
- Remove the carry and add it to the result.
- This carry is called end-around-carry.
 Example
110101 2 110101 2
- 100101 2 + 011010 2
1001111
001111
+ 1
010000 2

Answer: 10000 2
 Example
101011 2 101011 2
- 111001 2 + 000110 2
110001 001110 2

Negative Value

Answer:-001110 2
 Binary Subtraction: 1’s
complement

• Subtraction of a large number from a smaller one by the

1’s complement method.
- The answer is the 1’s complement of the result and is
opposite in sign. There is no carry
 Binary Subtraction: 2’s
complement

• 2’s complement of a binary number can be obtained by

adding 1 to its 1’s complement.

• Subtraction of a smaller number from a larger one by the

2’s complement.
- Omit the carry (there is always a carry in this case)
 Example
110110 2
- 010110 2 101001
+ 1 110110 2
101010 + 101010 2
1100000 2

DROP
Answer: 100000 2
 Example
10110 2

- 11010 2 00101
+ 1 10110 2

00110 + 00110 2

11100 2

00011
+ 1
Answer: -00100 2 00100 2
Binary Multiplication
 Binary Multiplication

• Follows the same general rules as multiplication in

decimal number system.

A B AB
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Example
1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
Octal Addition
Example
11
6437
+ 2510
99
- 88
11147
Octal Subtraction
Example
8
00 8
11 147
8 9
- 6 437
2 510
Hexadecimal Addition
Example
11
7 C 3 9
+ 3 7 F 2
20 18 11
- 16 16
B 4 2 B
Hexadecimal
Subtraction
Example
B 16
7 C 3 9
19
- 3 7 F 2
4 4 4 7
“For the Lord gives wisdom; From His mouth come
knowledge and understanding.”

–Proverbs 2:6