Daniel Gabriel L.

Puno
Bachelor of Science in Business Economics
BAC-4 – Good Governance and Social Responsibilities
BSBA BECO 2-2
Module 2: THE DIFFERENT NORMATIVE ETHICAL THEORIES COMMONLY USED IN
BUSINESS DECISION-MAKING
Activity 1
October 10, 2022

SELF CHECK TEST 1

Instruction: Enumerate the following below.
Types of Conscience
1. True Conscience – It rightly infers that the behavior is legal or that it complies with what
is morally correct.
2. False Conscience – It decides whether something is illegal based on false premises that
are taken to be true. Conscience blunders brought about by erroneous assumptions and flawed
logic.
3. Certain Conscience - meaning absolutely certain that a particular course of action is right
or wrong. It is also a state of mind where one firmly concludes that a particular action is right
or evil without any consideration for the possibility that their moral judgments are incorrect.
4. Doubtful Conscience – It fails to make a moral judgment regarding the nature of the act
out of fear of making a mistake or uncertainty about the accuracy of their assessment. It is
also a mental state where one cannot definitively decide for or against a course of action and
is left questioning the morality of what one should do or may have done. A positive judgment
that is accompanied by a reasonable fear of being wrong, or more frequently a negative
judgment where the individual is unsure of whether an action is legal or not, is one indication
of a dubious conscience.

Kinds of Erroneous Conscience

5. Scrupulous Conscience - It makes moral judgments about actions that are not morally
wrong, exaggerates the severity of sin, or sees guilt where there is none. Additionally, it bears no
moral obligation. A conscience may also determine that something is sin when it is not, or that
something is a grave sin when it is simply a venial sin.
- 6. Perplexed Conscience - It is incorrect to assume that sin can be committed through
both acting and not acting. Whether sin was actually committed or not, one fears that it
has already been done. It is morally righteous. When forced to choose between two evils,
the conscience could get confused. However, note the vagueness in our claim. If the
"evils" are sins, you cannot choose between them; you must reject both.
- 7. Lax Conscience - The argument that there is no sin in the act, that sin is not serious
enough as it is, or that it is insensitive to a moral requirement in a particular area lacks
adequate support. It also refers to situations in which sin is present but is not visible. A
meticulous conscience is one that determines there is sin when there is actually none, or that
determines something is a deadly sin when it is actually simply a venial sin.
- 8. Pharisaical Conscience - It amplifies minor sins while minimising major ones. It is also a
false conscience when, like the Pharisees Christ charged, the mind downplays serious
offenses while exaggerating insignificant ones. Because a person has developed the habit of
sinning gravely, their mind now defends what is essentially vice as virtue, which leads to a
hardened conscience that consistently determines that all or some significant crimes are
trivial or not wrong at all.

SELF CHECK TEST 2

Instructions: Give what is asked for in each question below.
1. Why must we do good?
- Personally, I really believe that doing good can help not only us but also those around us. We
can offer morally righteous assistance in the form of physical, mental, or emotional support
instead of only money assistance. Additionally, helping others in need will give you a feeling
of purpose. Work at a soup kitchen or late-night runs are examples of charitable activities
that might help you identify what makes you feel good and where you can have the biggest
impact.
2. Moral duties can be derived from the categorical imperative which can be formulated in
three ways. What are these?
- First the Formula of Universal Law; is commonly believed to demand that actions be based
only on universal laws that one can will without creating a contradiction. Next is the Formula
of Humanity; To treat humanity as an aim in and of itself, never just as a means, whether it
be in your own person or that of any other. Lastly, the Formula of Autonomy; Act in such a
way that your will can simultaneously consider its maxims to be the creation of universal
law.
3. Discuss briefly Kant’s Moral Rationalism.
- According to Kant, since the moral law is a truth of reason, all rational beings are subject
to it. Consequently, in response to the query, "What should I do? Kant responds, "We
should act logically, in conformity with a fundamental moral principle. According to His
Moral Rationalism, it is always rational to follow moral dictates. If a moral theory posits
that morality and an agent's well-being can conflict, MR is crucial for determining how
demanding the theory is.