Experiment no 4

1. Title:
To study the thermo-fluid design of four stroke Diesel Engine
w.r.t. thermo-fluid properties.

2. Objectives:
i. To understand the mechanism of four stroke diesel engine.
ii. To understand the applications of four stroke diesel engine.
iii. To understand its comparison with two stroke petrol engines.

3. Apparatus:
i. four-stoke diesel engine
ii. Stop watch

4. Theory:
i. IC
Internal combustion engines provide outstanding drivability and
durability, with more than 250 million highway transportation
vehicles in the United States relying on them. Along with gasoline or
diesel, they can also utilize renewable or alternative fuels
(e.g., natural gas, propane, biodiesel, or ethanol).  They can also be
combined with hybrid electric powertrains to increase fuel economy
or plug-in hybrid electric systems to extend the range of hybrid
electric vehicles.

ii. Four strokes(working)

Fig.1
A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in
which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A
stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.
The four separate strokes are termed:

1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston

begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center
(B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position
while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by
producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward
motion. The piston is moving down as air is being sucked in by the
downward motion against the piston.

Fig.2

2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction
stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel
mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the
intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.

Fig.3
 3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the
second revolution of the four-stroke cycle. At this point the
crankshaft has completed a full 360-degree revolution. While the
piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the
compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline
engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines),
forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces
mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
4. Exhaust:
Also known
as outlet.
During
the exhaust 
str oke, the
Fig.4 piston, once
again,
returns
from
B.D.C. to
T.D.C.
while the
exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture
through the exhaust valve.
These four strokes can also be referred to as "suck, squeeze, bang, blow"
respectively, which can be easier to remember.

Fig.5
Valve Timing diagram

Diesel Cycle
The Diesel cycle is a compression ignition (rather than spark ignition) engine. Fuel
is sprayed into the cylinder at P2 (high pressure) when the compression is
complete, and there is ignition without a spark. An idealized Diesel engine cycle
 Fig.7

The thermal efficiency is given by:

This cycle can operate with a higher compression ratio than the Otto cycle because
only air is compressed and there is no risk of auto-ignition of the fuel. Although for
a given compression ratio the Otto cycle has higher efficiency, because the Diesel
engine can be operated to higher compression ratio, the engine can actually have
higher efficiency than an Otto cycle when both are operated at compression ratios
that might be achieved in practice.
Comparison:
Table 1

Advantages
a) It is highly efficient than petrol engine
b) It is more powerful than 4 stroke petrol engine
c) It produces more torque.
d) No need of carburetion for mixing of air and fuel.
e) Lower fuel cost in comparison with gasoline or
petrol engine.
f) The spark plug is not necessary for ignition.
g) Higher thermal efficiency in comparison with
petrol engines.
h) Suitable for heavy load applications.
i) It generates higher torque at lower speed.
j) Less fuel consumption.
Disadvantages
a) A 4 stroke has a complex valve mechanism operated and controlled by gears
and chains (complicated design).
b) As power is delivered once every 2 rotations of crankshaft hence 4 stroke is
less powerful.
c) It is expensive.

5. Procedure:
Start the engine using D.C machine which acts as a starting motor.
Verify that air fuel mixture is running or not.
Determine the engine speed with the help of tachometer.
Note down the values of voltage and current with the help of voltmeter
and ammeter.

6. Observation and calculation:

7. Conclusions:
This experiment shows that 4 stroke diesel engines are more efficient in
terms of efficiency, environmental friendliness etc.

8. Comments:
It is more durable, reliable and environment friendly than petrol
Engine.

9. Viva Questions:
1) Why is the thermal efficiency of the auto cycle higher than Diesel
engine?
2) What is the reason for increasing use of Diesel cycle instead of Otto
cycle?
3) Which engines have good efficiency?
4) Which engine is environment friendly and why?
5) What is the calorific value of diesel engine?
 10. References:
https://www.engineeringchoice
https://www.energy.gov
Fig [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]:
https://www.google.com
Table [1]:
https://web.mit.edu/16. FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node27

aqas Ahmed
Thermodynamics-lab
2020-ME-107
1 Internal Combustion
Engine:..........................
....................................3
1.1 Four-stroke
Engine:..........................
.......................................
....3
2 Introduction to 4-
stroke Diesel
engine:...........................
....................4
2.1
Inventor:........................
.......................................
.......................4
2.2 Spraying the diesel
in compressed
air:.................................
.......4
3 Construction of 4-
stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
....................5
3.1 Inlet
valve:.............................
.......................................
...............5
3.2 Exhaust
valve:.............................
.......................................
.........5
3.3
Piston:...........................
.......................................
........................5
3.4 Piston
ring:...............................
.......................................
............6
3.5
Cylinder:.......................
.......................................
........................7
3.6 Connecting
rod:................................
.......................................
....7
3.7
Crankshaft:....................
.......................................
.......................7
3.8 Diesel
Injector:.........................
.......................................
............8
4 Working Principle of
Four stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
......9
4.1 Intake/Suction
stroke:............................
...................................10
4.2 Compression
stroke:............................
......................................
10
4.3 Expansion or Power
stroke:............................
..........................11
4.4 Exhaust
stroke:............................
.......................................
.......12
5
Advantages:...................
.......................................
.............................13
aqas Ahmed
Thermodynamics-lab
2020-ME-107
1 Internal Combustion
Engine:..........................
....................................3
1.1 Four-stroke
Engine:..........................
.......................................
....3
2 Introduction to 4-
stroke Diesel
engine:...........................
....................4
2.1
Inventor:........................
.......................................
.......................4
2.2 Spraying the diesel
in compressed
air:.................................
.......4
3 Construction of 4-
stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
....................5
3.1 Inlet
valve:.............................
.......................................
...............5
3.2 Exhaust
valve:.............................
.......................................
.........5
3.3
Piston:...........................
.......................................
........................5
3.4 Piston
ring:...............................
.......................................
............6
3.5
Cylinder:.......................
.......................................
........................7
3.6 Connecting
rod:................................
.......................................
....7
3.7
Crankshaft:....................
.......................................
.......................7
3.8 Diesel
Injector:.........................
.......................................
............8
4 Working Principle of
Four stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
......9
4.1 Intake/Suction
stroke:............................
...................................10
4.2 Compression
stroke:............................
......................................
10
4.3 Expansion or Power
stroke:............................
..........................11
4.4 Exhaust
stroke:............................
.......................................
.......12
5
Advantages:...................
.......................................
.............................13
aqas Ahmed
Thermodynamics-lab
2020-ME-107
1 Internal Combustion
Engine:..........................
....................................3
1.1 Four-stroke
Engine:..........................
.......................................
....3
2 Introduction to 4-
stroke Diesel
engine:...........................
....................4
2.1
Inventor:........................
.......................................
.......................4
2.2 Spraying the diesel
in compressed
air:.................................
.......4
3 Construction of 4-
stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
....................5
3.1 Inlet
valve:.............................
.......................................
...............5
3.2 Exhaust
valve:.............................
.......................................
.........5
3.3
Piston:...........................
.......................................
........................5
3.4 Piston
ring:...............................
.......................................
............6
3.5
Cylinder:.......................
.......................................
........................7
3.6 Connecting
rod:................................
.......................................
....7
3.7
Crankshaft:....................
.......................................
.......................7
3.8 Diesel
Injector:.........................
.......................................
............8
4 Working Principle of
Four stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
......9
4.1 Intake/Suction
stroke:............................
...................................10
4.2 Compression
stroke:............................
......................................
10
4.3 Expansion or Power
stroke:............................
..........................11
4.4 Exhaust
stroke:............................
.......................................
.......12
5
Advantages:...................
.......................................
.............................13
aqas Ahmed
Thermodynamics-lab
2020-ME-107
1 Internal Combustion
Engine:..........................
....................................3
1.1 Four-stroke
Engine:..........................
.......................................
....3
2 Introduction to 4-
stroke Diesel
engine:...........................
....................4
2.1
Inventor:........................
.......................................
.......................4
2.2 Spraying the diesel
in compressed
air:.................................
.......4
3 Construction of 4-
stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
....................5
3.1 Inlet
valve:.............................
.......................................
...............5
3.2 Exhaust
valve:.............................
.......................................
.........5
3.3
Piston:...........................
.......................................
........................5
3.4 Piston
ring:...............................
.......................................
............6
3.5
Cylinder:.......................
.......................................
........................7
3.6 Connecting
rod:................................
.......................................
....7
3.7
Crankshaft:....................
.......................................
.......................7
3.8 Diesel
Injector:.........................
.......................................
............8
4 Working Principle of
Four stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
......9
4.1 Intake/Suction
stroke:............................
...................................10
4.2 Compression
stroke:............................
......................................
10
4.3 Expansion or Power
stroke:............................
..........................11
4.4 Exhaust
stroke:............................
.......................................
.......12
5
Advantages:...................
.......................................
.............................13
aqas Ahmed
Thermodynamics-lab
2020-ME-107
1 Internal Combustion
Engine:..........................
....................................3
1.1 Four-stroke
Engine:..........................
.......................................
....3
2 Introduction to 4-
stroke Diesel
engine:...........................
....................4
2.1
Inventor:........................
.......................................
.......................4
2.2 Spraying the diesel
in compressed
air:.................................
.......4
3 Construction of 4-
stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
....................5
3.1 Inlet
valve:.............................
.......................................
...............5
3.2 Exhaust
valve:.............................
.......................................
.........5
3.3
Piston:...........................
.......................................
........................5
3.4 Piston
ring:...............................
.......................................
............6
3.5
Cylinder:.......................
.......................................
........................7
3.6 Connecting
rod:................................
.......................................
....7
3.7
Crankshaft:....................
.......................................
.......................7
3.8 Diesel
Injector:.........................
.......................................
............8
4 Working Principle of
Four stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
......9
4.1 Intake/Suction
stroke:............................
...................................10
4.2 Compression
stroke:............................
......................................
10
4.3 Expansion or Power
stroke:............................
..........................11
4.4 Exhaust
stroke:............................
.......................................
.......12
5
Advantages:...................
.......................................
.............................13
aqas Ahmed
Thermodynamics-lab
2020-ME-107
1 Internal Combustion
Engine:..........................
....................................3
1.1 Four-stroke
Engine:..........................
.......................................
....3
2 Introduction to 4-
stroke Diesel
engine:...........................
....................4
2.1
Inventor:........................
.......................................
.......................4
2.2 Spraying the diesel
in compressed
air:.................................
.......4
3 Construction of 4-
stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
....................5
3.1 Inlet
valve:.............................
.......................................
...............5
3.2 Exhaust
valve:.............................
.......................................
.........5
3.3
Piston:...........................
.......................................
........................5
3.4 Piston
ring:...............................
.......................................
............6
3.5
Cylinder:.......................
.......................................
........................7
3.6 Connecting
rod:................................
.......................................
....7
3.7
Crankshaft:....................
.......................................
.......................7
3.8 Diesel
Injector:.........................
.......................................
............8
4 Working Principle of
Four stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
......9
4.1 Intake/Suction
stroke:............................
...................................10
4.2 Compression
stroke:............................
......................................
10
4.3 Expansion or Power
stroke:............................
..........................11
4.4 Exhaust
stroke:............................
.......................................
.......12
5
Advantages:...................
.......................................
.............................13
aqas Ahmed
Thermodynamics-lab
2020-ME-107
1 Internal Combustion
Engine:..........................
....................................3
1.1 Four-stroke
Engine:..........................
.......................................
....3
2 Introduction to 4-
stroke Diesel
engine:...........................
....................4
2.1
Inventor:........................
.......................................
.......................4
2.2 Spraying the diesel
in compressed
air:.................................
.......4
3 Construction of 4-
stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
....................5
3.1 Inlet
valve:.............................
.......................................
...............5
3.2 Exhaust
valve:.............................
.......................................
.........5
3.3
Piston:...........................
.......................................
........................5
3.4 Piston
ring:...............................
.......................................
............6
3.5
Cylinder:.......................
.......................................
........................7
3.6 Connecting
rod:................................
.......................................
....7
3.7
Crankshaft:....................
.......................................
.......................7
3.8 Diesel
Injector:.........................
.......................................
............8
4 Working Principle of
Four stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
......9
4.1 Intake/Suction
stroke:............................
...................................10
4.2 Compression
stroke:............................
......................................
10
4.3 Expansion or Power
stroke:............................
..........................11
4.4 Exhaust
stroke:............................
.......................................
.......12
5
Advantages:...................
.......................................
.............................13
aqas Ahmed
Thermodynamics-lab
2020-ME-107
1 Internal Combustion
Engine:..........................
....................................3
1.1 Four-stroke
Engine:..........................
.......................................
....3
2 Introduction to 4-
stroke Diesel
engine:...........................
....................4
2.1
Inventor:........................
.......................................
.......................4
2.2 Spraying the diesel
in compressed
air:.................................
.......4
3 Construction of 4-
stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
....................5
3.1 Inlet
valve:.............................
.......................................
...............5
3.2 Exhaust
valve:.............................
.......................................
.........5
3.3
Piston:...........................
.......................................
........................5
3.4 Piston
ring:...............................
.......................................
............6
3.5
Cylinder:.......................
.......................................
........................7
3.6 Connecting
rod:................................
.......................................
....7
3.7
Crankshaft:....................
.......................................
.......................7
3.8 Diesel
Injector:.........................
.......................................
............8
4 Working Principle of
Four stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
......9
4.1 Intake/Suction
stroke:............................
...................................10
4.2 Compression
stroke:............................
......................................
10
4.3 Expansion or Power
stroke:............................
..........................11
4.4 Exhaust
stroke:............................
.......................................
.......12
5
Advantages:...................
.......................................
.............................13
aqas Ahmed
Thermodynamics-lab
2020-ME-107
1 Internal Combustion
Engine:..........................
....................................3
1.1 Four-stroke
Engine:..........................
.......................................
....3
2 Introduction to 4-
stroke Diesel
engine:...........................
....................4
2.1
Inventor:........................
.......................................
.......................4
2.2 Spraying the diesel
in compressed
air:.................................
.......4
3 Construction of 4-
stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
....................5
3.1 Inlet
valve:.............................
.......................................
...............5
3.2 Exhaust
valve:.............................
.......................................
.........5
3.3
Piston:...........................
.......................................
........................5
3.4 Piston
ring:...............................
.......................................
............6
3.5
Cylinder:.......................
.......................................
........................7
3.6 Connecting
rod:................................
.......................................
....7
3.7
Crankshaft:....................
.......................................
.......................7
3.8 Diesel
Injector:.........................
.......................................
............8
4 Working Principle of
Four stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
......9
4.1 Intake/Suction
stroke:............................
...................................10
4.2 Compression
stroke:............................
......................................
10
4.3 Expansion or Power
stroke:............................
..........................11
4.4 Exhaust
stroke:............................
.......................................
.......12
5
Advantages:...................
.......................................
.............................13
aqas Ahmed
Thermodynamics-lab
2020-ME-107
1 Internal Combustion
Engine:..........................
....................................3
1.1 Four-stroke
Engine:..........................
.......................................
....3
2 Introduction to 4-
stroke Diesel
engine:...........................
....................4
2.1
Inventor:........................
.......................................
.......................4
2.2 Spraying the diesel
in compressed
air:.................................
.......4
3 Construction of 4-
stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
....................5
3.1 Inlet
valve:.............................
.......................................
...............5
3.2 Exhaust
valve:.............................
.......................................
.........5
3.3
Piston:...........................
.......................................
........................5
3.4 Piston
ring:...............................
.......................................
............6
3.5
Cylinder:.......................
.......................................
........................7
3.6 Connecting
rod:................................
.......................................
....7
3.7
Crankshaft:....................
.......................................
.......................7
3.8 Diesel
Injector:.........................
.......................................
............8
4 Working Principle of
Four stroke diesel
Engine:..........................
......9
4.1 Intake/Suction
stroke:............................
...................................10
4.2 Compression
stroke:............................
......................................
10
4.3 Expansion or Power
stroke:............................
..........................11
4.4 Exhaust
stroke:............................
.......................................
.......12
5
Advantages:...................
.......................................
.............................13
.