1.

Observe the operation of Single cylinder 4‐stroke cycle air cooled /water cooled diesel
engine.

Objectives
1. Studying a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine.
Study the following components: Strokes, Crank shaft, flywheel, piston and connecting
rod; camshaft, push rods and valve system; diesel pump and injector; governing system;
lubrication: oil sump and pump, oil paths; cooling system: water paths.
2. Disassemble and assemble the Engine.
3. Identify stationary and moving engine parts of diesel engine.
4. Adjust the valve clearance of diesel engine.
5. Study the lubricating system and its components.
6. Study cooling system components.
7. Study the different components of engine fuel injection system.
8. Disassemble and assemble the injector.
9. Draw valve timing diagram of the engine

Engine specifications
Engine Type : Single cylinder Four stroke Diesel engine (Kirloskar),
Bore : 0.0875m, Stroke : 0.11m Capacity : 661.5 cc,
Power : 6 H.P. at 1500 rpm,
Torque : 2.96 kg.m at 1500 rpm and
Compression Ratio :17.5:1

Theory:
Engine: A device that converts thermal energy to mechanical energy. The thermal energy is
produced from the combustion of hydrocarbons in presence of oxygen in exothermic reaction
commonly called Combustion Reaction. The Second law of thermodynamics is the basis of all
types of heat engine. The Second law states that “Heat flows from regions of higher temperature
to regions of lower temperature, but it will not flow natural the other way”. Based on the location
of combustion engines are of two types

 External Combustion Engine: Product of combustion is not the working fluid. Combustion
occurs outside of the cylinder. Example: Steam Engine, Sterling Engine

 Internal Combustion Engine: Products of combustion works as the working fluid and the
combustion takes place inside the cylinder. Example: Petrol Engine, Diesel engines, Biofuel
engine and so on Our discussion is based on the internal combustion engine which itself can be
of two type

 Reciprocating: Pistons transfer power to the crankshaft via reciprocating motion. Example:
Petrol, Diesel engines

 Rotary: Pistons transfers power to the crankshaft via rotary motion. Example: Rotary engine

Diesel engines work by compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature inside the
cylinder to such a high degree that atomized diesel fuel injected into the combustion chamber
ignites spontaneously. With the fuel being injected into the air just before combustion, the
dispersion of the fuel is uneven; this is called a heterogeneous air-fuel mixture.

A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston
completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of
the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:

1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at top dead
center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve
must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by
producing vacuum pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion. The piston is
moving down as air is being sucked in by the downward motion against the piston.
2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and
ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for
ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed
during this stage.
3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution
of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree
revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the
compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat
generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C.
This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
4. Exhaust: Also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston, once again, returns
from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-
fuel mixture through the exhaust valve.