Name: Rommel Dominic V.

Alibutod Year and

Section: 1A

Performance Tasks
PT 1

I. Tabulate the Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis: 40pts.

Mitosis and Meiosis are both kinds of cell division in which one cell gives rise
to several cells. Both are caused by chromosomal duplication. Both involve the
rupture of the nuclear membrane. Spindle fibers are required in both cases to
transport chromosomes. Both need chromosomes to line up in the center of the cell
(although in mitotic division, chromosomes line up single file, whereas in meiosis 1
of meiotic division, chromosomes line up in pairs) (homologous). Meiosis 2 is
similar to mitotic division in that the chromosomes line up in a single file.

Meiosis is a type of cell division in which four daughter cells are formed, each
having half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Mitosis, on the other
hand, is a type of cell division that produces two daughter cells, each with the same
number and type of chromosomes as the parent cell. The difference between mitosis
and meiosis is that mitosis is a normal part of the cell cycle, the process that ensures
DNA is duplicated and shared between two daughter cells when a cell replicates;
meiosis occurs only when a gamete, a sex cell (e.g. an egg or a sperm), is formed,
with the difference being that sex cells are haploid (have only one set of DNA) while
somatic cells (two sets of DNA).

The distinction between Mitosis and Meiosis is pretty clear. They are two
distinct processes with two distinct roles. All living species require meiosis for
genetic variety and continuation. Mitosis, on the other hand, is concerned with cell
growth and development. Meiosis is also involved in the correction of genetic
abnormalities in germline cells.
Name: Rommel Dominic V. Alibutod
Year and Section:1A
Exercise no. 3
Cellular Division
Introduction:
Cell divides to increase in number. A single cell divides into two; these
two cells will each divide into two cells and so on and so forth. Until such time
that millions of cells are produced. Mitosis is the division of nuclear material
in which each new nucleus obtains the same number of chromosomes and the
same nuclear code as the original nucleus. In a 24hour cell cycle, a cell
undergoes mitosis for about one hour and stays at interphase for 23 hours.
While mitosis gives way to daughter cells which are identical with their
parent cells, meiosis is a type of cellular reproduction for reproductive cells.
Since it takes two cells to fertilize, both of these cells have to divide and give
half of each to form a new individual.

Objectives:
1. To identify the cells in the interphase stage and those undergoing the
different stages of mitosis
2. To describe the changes that occur in the cell as it undergoes mitosis
3. To differentiate mitosis from meiosis

Materials: yarn (2 colors) preferably blue and red, scissor, colored pencil,
black pen, paste, bond paper
Procedure:
1. Given a parent cell with 4 chromosomes, illustrate by using a yarn, the
different changes that occur in each stage of mitosis. Label and paste your
outcome on the space provided.
2. Using the same no. of chromosomes, make a representation of the changes
that occur in stages of meiosis, using the same material. Take note of the
movement and division of chromosomes in meiosis 1 and 2. Do the same as in
no. 1 procedure.
Results:
1. MITOSIS
Stage Description
Interphase The interval during which
the cell is not dividing
Prophase The first stage of mitosis,
the process by which a
parent cell's replicated
genetic material is
separated into two
identical daughter cells.
Metaphase A step in the cell division
procedure (mitosis or
meiosis).
Anaphase The fourth stage of
mitosis, in which the
duplicated genetic
material held in the
nucleus of a parent cell is
separated into two
identical daughter cells.
Illustration
The stage in which a cell
spends the majority of its
existence. The cell's DNA is
duplicated toward the
conclusion of interphase.
That duplicate DNA is
distributed uniformly to
daughter cells during
mitosis.
Chromatin is a kind of DNA
packaging. Chromatin
condenses and appears as
chromosomes.
The chromosomes align
toward the center of the
cell, where they are
connected to centrioles at
opposing ends of the cell
via spindle fibers, which
are chains of
microtubules.
Spindle fibers connect to
kinetochores, which are
tiny engines on the
chromosomes. Each
chromatid is dragged to
the opposite end of the cell.
While the remaining
 spindle fibers were
responsible for pulling
each side away from each
other.

Telophase The fifth and final stage of By the time telophase

mitosis, in which the begins, cytokinesis has
duplicated genetic already begun.
material held in the
nucleus of a parent cell is
separated into two
identical daughter cells.

Cytokinesis The physical process of cell The end outcome is two

division that separates a daughter cells with nearly
parental cell's cytoplasm identical DNA to the
into two daughter cells. parents.
2. MEIOSIS
Stage Illustration
Prophase I Chromatin, a combination of
DNA and protein, condenses
to create chromosomes.
Metaphase I The nucleus disintegrates,
and the chromosomes of the
cell condense and migrate
together, aligning in the
middle of the dividing cell.
Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes
split apart. Nucleoli reappear to the cell's opposite ends.
when the nuclear envelope
reforms. The chromosomes
coil up, the nuclear
membrane disintegrates, and
the centrosomes separate.
Spindle fibers develop, and
sister chromatids align to the
cell's equator.
Telophase I & Cytokinesis The chromosomes are
surrounded by nuclei. The
cell now splits the cytoplasm
of the parent cell into two
daughter cells via a process
known as cytokinesis. Each
daughter cell is haploid, with
just one set of chromosomes,
or half the original cell's
total number of
Description
Chromosomes develop
similarly to mitotic prophase.
The chromosomes
subsequently join up into
their homologous pairs,
resulting in homologous
recombination. Chiasmata
arise and genetic exchange
occurs between sister
chromosomes. This implies
that the DNA of the evntual
daughter cell is altered,
which is one of the most
fundamental reasons for the
continued use of sex as a
technique of reproduction.
Alignment in the center
occurs, as it does in mitotic
metaphase. However, instead
of chromatids being forced
apart by the kinetochores,
sister chromosomes are
dragged apart.
The chromosomes are drawn
The chromosomes have
completed their journey to
the cell's opposing poles. A
complete pair of
chromosomes congregates at
each pole of the cell. A
membrane develops
surrounding each set of
chromosomes, resulting in
the formation of two new
 chromosomes.
Prophase II The chromosomes condense,
resulting in the formation of
a new pair of spindle fibers.
The chromosomes begin to
move toward the cell's
equator.
Metaphase II The chromosomes condense,
resulting in the formation of
a new pair of spindle fibers.
The chromosomes begin to
move toward the cell's
equator.
Anaphase II The chromatids divide at the
centromere and move to
opposing poles along the
spindle fibers.
Telophase II & Cytokinesis Each set of chromosomes
forms a nuclear membrane,
and the chromosomes
decondense. Cytokinesis
nuclei. The single cell then
pinches in the center to
generate two distinct
daughter cells, each with a
complete set of chromosomes
contained within a nucleus.
This is referred to as
cytokinesis.
There are now two daughter
cells, each of which has 23
chromosomes (23 pairs of
chromatids). The
chromosomes condense
again in each of the two
daughter cells, forming
visible X-shaped structures
that may be viewed under a
microscope. The membrane
around the nucleus in each
daughter cell breaks,
allowing the chromosomes to
be released. Centrioles
replicate. The meiotic spindle
develops once more.
The chromosomes (a pair of
sister chromatids) line up
end-to-end along the equator
of the cell in each of the two
daughter cells. In each of the
offspring cells, the centrioles
are now at opposing poles.
Meiotic spindle fibers
connect to each sister
chromatid at each pole of the
cell.
The activity of the meiotic
spindle then pulls the sister
chromatids to opposing
poles. Individual
chromosomes have emerged
from the divided chromatids.
The chromosomes have
completed their journey to
the cell's opposing poles.
A complete pair of
divides the chromosome sets
into new cells, resulting in
the final products of meiosis:
four haploid cells with just
one chromatid on each
chromosome.
chromosomes congregates at
each pole of the cell. A
membrane develops
surrounding each set of
chromosomes, resulting in
the formation of two new cell
nuclei. This is the final stage
of meiosis, however cell
division is not complete until
another round of cytokinesis
occurs. After cytokinesis, four
granddaughter cells are
formed, each with half a pair
of chromosomes (haploid): in
men, these four cells are all
sperm cells.
Mitosis Learning Checkpoint

1. Which phase do cells spend the most time?

Interphase
2. What are the 3 stages of interphase?
G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell
growth)
3. What kinds of cells go through mitosis?
Somatic cells but Mitosis happens in all eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, and fungi). It is the
process of cell renewal and growth in a plant, animal or fungus.
4. What are the 4 stages of mitosis?
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
5. What is the result of mitosis?
Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis Quick Check Questions:

1. What kinds of cells does mitosis produce?

Both haploid and diploid cells can undergo mitosis. When a haploid cell undergoes mitosis, it
produces two genetically identical haploid daughter cells; when a diploid cell undergoes
mitosis, it produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells
2. How many chromosomes do human haploid cells have?
23, In reproductive sex gametes, the sperm and the eggs, the number of chromosomes is
reduced. In humans it is reduced from 46 down to 23.
3. What kinds of cells does meiosis produce?
Sex cells. Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the
parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells. This process is required to produce egg
and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.
4. How many cells are produced when one cell goes through meiosis?
Four gamete cells
5. How many times are chromosomes replicated during meiosis?
The entire meiosis cell cycle has only one S phase that means the DNA will get replicated only
once in the entire meiotic division.
6 How do cells in meiosis get to be different?
Specifically, meiosis creates new combinations of genetic material in each of the four
daughter cells. These new combinations result from the exchange of DNA between paired
chromosomes. Such exchange means that the gametes produced through meiosis exhibit an
amazing range of genetic variation.
7. If an organism's somatic cells have 36 chromosomes, how many chromosomes do their
gametes have?
In an organism that has 36 chromosomes, at the end of meiosis I, each gamete contains 18
chromosomes, or 36 chromatids.
Understanding Directed Assessment
Assessment
Encouraging Activities will be graded as part of class participation
Grading of Performance Task (40 pts) and Exercises (60 pts) will be based on the number of correct
answers and will be converted to its equivalent percentage (50 Percentile)
Formula: Raw score÷ No. of Items×50+50
Example: # of items is 40
Raw Score Percentage
40 100
39 99
38 98
37 97
36 95
35 94
34 93
33 92
32 90
31 89
30 88
29 87
28 85
27 84
26 83
25 82
24 80
23 79
22 78
21 77
20 75

Learning Resources
 ● Farnacion, MJ and Geduspan JS, et. al. 2011, Fundamentals of Biology, First edition, Rex
Bookstore, Inc.
● Enger, ED and Ross FC. 1997. Concepts of Biology, 8th edition. McGraw-Hill
● Campbell, N.A. 1996. Biology 4th Edition. The Benjamin Cummings publishing Co., Inc.
● Evangelista, EV and LT, 2013. Worktext in General Biology. Latest edition, C and E
Publishing, Inc.
● Miller, SA and Harvey, JP. 1992. Zoology. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
● Perez-Payawal, Ruthela et al. 2013, Biological Science A Practical Approach, First Edition,
Rajah Publishing House
● (Garland Science, 2002): "Molecular Biology of the Cell.", 4th edition

https://www.biology.com
https://www.livescience.com/52489-meiosis.html
https://www.gwisd.us/vimages/shared/vnews/stories/4ebbe99bda63a/Mitosis%20and%20Cell%20D
ivision%20Text.pdf
https://www.montgomerycollege.edu/_documents/academics/support/learning-centers/ackerman-lea
rning-center-rockville/mitosis.pdf
https://www.genome.gov/sites/default/files/tg/en/illustration/meiosis.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bRcjB11hDCU