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GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT AWARENESS (GAD)

HPA Ltr Dir dtd 28 Mar 2014, Subj: PA Wide Gender Mainstreaming

Time Frame: 4 Hours

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the Lesson, the learners will be able to:
• Define Gender and Development (GAD);
• Understand Gender Biases and its different manifestations
• Understand the Sex and Gender
• Understand on the Gender and development implementation in the Army

READ

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

Gender and Development (GAD) - the development perspective that recognizes the unequal
status and situation of women and men in society. Women and men have different development
needs and interests as a result of said inequality, which is institutionalized and perpetuated by cultural,
social, economic and political norms, systems and structures. As a development approach, GAD
seeks to equalize the status and condition of said relations between women and men by influencing
the processes and outputs of policymaking, budgeting, implementing, monitoring, and evaluation so
that they would deliberately address the gender issues and concerns affecting the full development
of women.

Discrimination is defined as:

Overt behavior in which people are given different and unfavorable treatment on the basis of
their race, class, sex, and cultural status”
Any practice, policy or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or group.

Understanding Sex and Gender

What is Sex?
• Natural distinguishing variable based on biological characteristics of being a man or a
woman; Same across all cultures; CANNOT BE CHANGED!

What is Gender?
• The socially differentiated roles, characteristics and expectations attributed by culture to
women and men;
• Composite of attitudes and behavior of men and women (masculinity & femininity);
• Created, produced, reproduced and maintained by social institutions, a process otherwise
referred to as the social construction of gender. CAN BE CHANGED!

Sex and Gender Roles

• A sex role is a function which a male or female assumes because of the basic physiological
or anatomical differences between the sexes.

• A gender role refers to society’s evaluation of behavior as masculine or feminine.

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Gender Bias and Manifestation

“...cultural beliefs, perceptions, practices, values, roles, attitudes, and structural arrangements
that favor one sex over the other, not on the basis of individual merits but on what society recognizes
as having greater value.”

Emphasize that gender bias, which refers to the differential treatment and valuing of men and
women, is not only found in cultural beliefs, but also in the perceptions, practices, values and attitudes
of the people in the society. Because of these differential treatments and values given on men and
women, certain structural arrangements are made to favor men, not because of merit, but because
of the outdated and traditional view that men are superior than women. These unfair treatment results
to the discrimination of women.

Discrimination is defined as:

Overt behavior in which people are given different and unfavorable treatment on the basis of
their race, class, sex, and cultural status”

Any practice, policy or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or group

Different manifestations of Gender Bias

Economic Marginalization
• This happens when women’s work, especially their reproductive functions of child bearing,
child rearing and family care and housework, are not considered as directly contributing to
economic development, making their outputs unrecognized and undervalued. It also
happens when women are considered as non-essential force in the economy despite their
crucial role in production.

Political Subordination
• This refers to the act of imposing that power and leadership in the home, community,
workplace, and in the society, must be occupied by men. This often results in women having
no control over available resources and in having no personal autonomy.

• Subordination happens when the society is preventing or blocking the person from going
up the ladder because of his/her sex, by use of force or violence, or simply by being under
the authority of one sex.

Gender Stereotyping
• refers to the giving of automatic labels, characteristics or roles to men and women that are
dictated by culture and society.

It is the society’s perceptions and value systems that instill an image of women as weak,
dependent, subordinate, indecisive, emotional and submissive. Men, on the other hand, are strong,
independent, powerful, dominant, decisive and logical.
These are also unexamined images, ideas or beliefs associated with a particular group that
have become fixed in a person’s mind and are not open to change. For example, women’s
roles, functions and abilities are seen to be primarily tied to the home.

Gender Division of Labor

• The allocation of differential tasks, roles, responsibilities and activities to women and men
according to what is considered socially and culturally appropriate.

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Multiple Burden
• A situation referring to the heavy workload of women and the many, overlapping tasks
involved, which if computed in terms of hours would total more than 24 hours.

It also refers to the assumption and performance of several tasks and responsibilities of
women. For example, even if women hold jobs outside the home, essentially putting in the same
working hours as the men, and participants in community activities, housework and child family care
are still primarily considered as a woman’s concern.

Gender Based Violence (GBV)

• GBV is an umbrella term for any harm that is perpetrated against a person’s will as a result
of power inequities based on gender roles.

GBV includes the following: physical abuse, psychological abuse, economic abuse, rape, sexual
harassment, other forms of sexual violations, dowry-related violence, and any discriminatory
cultural practices perpetrated against women and girl children such as female genital mutilation.

Gender and Development Implementation in the Army

GAD PA Policies
• Gender mainstreaming requires that the entire PA commits to the promotion of gender
equality in its plans and processes. The following are the efforts of the organization to
promote GAD:
a. Utilization of Female Line Personnel in the Philippine Army
b. Implementing Guidelines on GAD Focal Point System in the Philippine Army
c. Utilization of the GAD Budget
d. Mainstreaming Gender in the Philippine Army
e. Implementing Guidelines for National Action Plan on Women, Peace and
Security (NAPWPS)
f. Gender Sensitivity Training Program
g. Gender-Fair Language

Reasons why the Philippine Army should engage in GAD

a. Gender Equality is a primary concern which is mandated by international and
national laws.
• Significant implications on military operations, strategic, operational and
tactical levels, in and outside the organization, in combatant and non-
combatant situations, and in war and peacetime.

b. The underlying principles of GAD is founded on Human Rights.

• The government and its instrumentalities, including the AFP, along with civil
society and business sectors, pursue human rights through their respective
organizational mandates, and legal and institutional mechanisms. The World
Conference on Human Rights states that “In time of war and peace, an
environment that maintains and promotes human rights, democracy and the
peaceful settlement of disputes in accordance with the principles of non-
threat or use of force against territorial integrity or political independence or

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respect of sovereignty as set forth in the Charter of UN is an important factor

for the advancement of women”.

c. Existence of biases in women and men.

• Constraints the full and equal development of both sexes.

d. Gender and armed conflict is a major critical concern.

• Identified in the 1995 UN Platform of Action on Women. Further, the Geneva
Convention for the Protection of Civilians in Time of War (1949) and Additional
Protocols of 1977 provide that women shall especially be protected against
any attack on their honor, in particular against humiliating and degrading
treatment, rape, enforced prostitution or any form of indecent acts.

e. Men have important roles and stakes in advancing gender equality.

• As fathers, sons, partners, spouses and workers as well as advocates of
rights, and guardians of territories and people.

f. Gender equality is an indicator of good governance and a requisite for sustainable

human development.
• These are values and objectives pursued by the military especially in “winning
the peace” and becoming a “professional army worthy of national pride”.

Summary

After reading on this subject, you can now be able to:

• Define Gender and Development (GAD);
• Understand Gender Biases and its different manifestations
• Understand the Sex and Gender
• Understand on the Gender and development implementation in the Army

END

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Name:_________________________________________ Date: ___________________

Course:________________________________________ Score: ___________________

ACTIVITY: Gender and Development

INSTRUCTIONS: After thorough reading of the subject, you are now requires to answer the following
questions (Use separate sheet of paper):

1. What knowledge and information do you learn from this topic? Write your answer in Five (5)
Sentences.

2. Diff erentiate between SEX & GENDER. (give at least Two (2) each).

3. Select at least three (3) manif estations of Gender Bias and explain in your
own understanding.( not least than 100 words each)

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Name:_________________________________________ Date: ___________________

Course:________________________________________ Score: ___________________

ASSESSMENT: Gender and Development

INSTRUCTIONS: Single response, Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1 The development approach in GAD Evolution wherein the women’s reproductive role was
downplayed.
a. Women in Development (WID)
b. Women and Development (WAD)
c. Welfare Approach (WA)
d. Gender and Development (GAD)

2 Overt behavior in which people are given different and unfavorable treatment on the
basis of their race, class, sex, and cultural status”
a. Women in Development (WID)
b. Women and Development (WAD)
c. Welfare Approach (WA)
d. Discrimination

3 It also happens when women are considered as non-essential force in the economy despite
their crucial role in production
a. Gender Based Violence
b. Economic Marginalization
c. G e n d e r D i v i s i o n o f L a b o r
d. Multiple Burden

4 Refers to the assumption and performance of several tasks and responsibilities of women.
a. Gender Based Violence
b. Economic Marginalization
c. G e n d e r D i v i s i o n o f L a b o r
d. Multiple Burden

5 Is an umbrella term for any harm that is perpetrated against a person’s will as a result of
power inequities based on gender roles?
a. Gender Based Violence
b. Economic Marginalization
c. G e n d e r D i v i s i o n o f L a b o r
d. Multiple Burden

6 Preventing a person from a promotion because of his/her sex is an example of this

manifestation of gender bias.
a. Political subordination
b. Multiple burden
c. Economic marginalization
d. Gender stereotyping

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7 Considering child-rearing as women’s primary responsibility even if they hold jobs outside
home is an example of this manifestation of gender bias
a. Political subordination
b. Multiple burden
c. Economic marginalization
d. Gender stereotyping

8 This manifestation of gender bias refers to any harm perpetrated against

somebody’s will on the basis of gender and/or sex.
a. Gender-based violence
b. Multiple burden
c. Political subordination
d. Economic marginalization

9 This refers to the acts committed by intimate partners against a woman and her children
within or without the family abode.
a. Sexual Harassment
b. Violence Against Women and Children
c. Child Abuse
d. Sexual Harassment Against Women and Children

10 This legal mandate refers to the comprehensive human rights law of Filipino women
a. RA 7192 Women in Nation-Building Act
b. RA 9262 The Anti-Violence against Women & Their Children Act.
c. RA 9710 Magna Carta of Women
d. RA 7610 The Anti-Child Abuse Act

-Good Luck-

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