TOPIC 9: Human Respiratory System

External Respiration: Gas exchange between atmosphere and blood

Internal Respiration: Gas exchange between blood and body cells
Respiratory Canal
The nose Bronchiole: small branches of
Nostrils: Entrance of air bronchi
Nasal Cavity: Function is Filtering, Moistening, Warming of air Alveoli: - Is the sac like structures at
Pharynx: is the connection between respiratory and digestive canal at behind of the end of respiratory canal
mouth - Site of external
Epiglottis: is a flap like structure that prevent foods from entering to trachea respiration
Larynx (voice box): is the upper side of trachea that contain vocal cords - Thin and moist
Trachea (windpipe): made up of C shaped cartilage rings - Surrounded by network of
Bronchus: is the branch of trachea capillaries

TOPIC 10: Lung. Respiratory Movement

Lung is the main respiratory organ that located in the thoracic cavity. Pleural membrane covers and protects the lung, help
breathing by producing mucus. Have 3 lobes at right lung and 2 lobes at left lung. Consists of 300 million alveoli and
approximately 70-100 m2
Diaphragm: is a muscular structure between thoracic and abdominal cavity
Breathing: Is the movement of air into and out of the lung

Inhalation: taking air into lung
During Inhalation:
Chest cavity expands
Ribs muscles contracts
Diaphragm flattens (contracts)
Pressure in lung decreases
Exhalation: removing air out of the lung
During Exhalation:
Chest cavity reduced
Rib muscles relax
Diaphragm move upward (relax)
Pressure in lung increases

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 TOPIC 11: O2 and CO2 transport
O2 requirement is 300 L in a day. Blood has high O2 carrying capacity which is 6 times greater than that of water.

Hemoglobin: There are normally 280 million hemoglobin molecules in each human erythrocyte. 5 liter blood enough with
hemoglobin. 180 liter will be enough without hemoglobin to carry same level O 2.
A hemoglobin molecule can bind 4 O2 molecules.

Myoglobin: Is found in skeletal muscle cells. It binds oxygen weakly. When O2 needed, it gives O2 to muscles.
A myoglobin molecule can bind only 1 O2 molecule.

O2 transport
O2 is mainly transported by Hemoglobin (97%) and remaining by Plasma (3%) (Oxyhemoglobin)
At very high altitudes (low air pressure, less O2) individuals suffer from headaches, vomiting, tinnitus and rapid heart beat

CO2 transport
7% of CO2 dissolves in plasma
20% of CO2 combine with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin
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73% of CO2 combine with water to form bicarbonate ions (HCO 3 )

The Bend: Gases are dissolved in the fluid of body. If pressure on body decreases immediately, gases may form bubbles
which cause clog in capillaries. N2 causes it. This happens if a deep sea diver comes to the surface too quickly.
The bend can cause paralyze or death.

TOPIC 12: Regulation of Respiration

Control of Breathing: Controlled by central nervous system (medulla). High CO2 concentration in blood decreases pH and
increase the breathing rate. Physical activity, position, mood and age affect the rate of respiration.

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