LECTURE NO.

4
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENTS

Objectives:
• To explain briefly the various types of
Portland cements
 ASTM DESIGNATION FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF
CEMENTS
• Different types of Portland cement are manufactured to meet
the requirements for specific purposes
• The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
Designation C150 specifies the following eight types of
Portland cement
Type Name
Type I Normal
Type IA Normal, air entraining
Type II Moderate sulfate resistance
Type IIA Moderate sulfate resistance, air entraining
Type III High early strength
Type IIIA High early strength, air entraining
Type IV Low heat of hydration
Type V High sulfate resistance
ASTM DESIGNATION FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF
CEMENTS
 TYPE I CEMENT
 (C3S + C2S) ≥ 67% (by mass)
 The ratio (CaO/SiO2) ≥ 2 (by mass)
 MgO ≤ 5 % (by mass)
 Lime saturation factor:
1.0(CaO)  0.7( SO3 )
2.8( SiO2 )  1.2( Al2 O3 )  0.65( Fe 2 O3 ) = 0.66 to 1.02
 SO3 ≤ 3.5 % (by mass)
 Cl ≤ 0.1 % (by mass)
 2
Fineness = 300 to 400 m /kg
 Expansion (i.e. unsoundness) measured by Le
Chatelier test ≤ 10 mm
 TYPE I CEMENT
• Type I cement is also called as standard or ordinary
Portland cement (OPC)

• It is a general-purpose cement used in concrete for

making pavements, floors, reinforced concrete
buildings, bridges, tanks, pipes, etc.

• It is used in concrete not subjected to aggressive

exposures, such as sulfate attack from soil and
water, or to an objectionable temperature rise
 TYPE I CEMENT

In highway or runway pavements In floors

In bridges
In buildings

Application of Type I Cement

 TYPE II CEMENT
• It possesses fineness similar to Type I cement, but
with slightly higher percentage of C2S and lower
percentage of C3A
• It is used where precaution against moderate sulfate
attack is expected, as in drainage structures, which
may be subjected to a moderate sulfate
concentration from ground waters
• It usually generates less heat of hydration at a
slower rate than Type I cement and therefore can be
used in mass structures such as large piers, heavy
abutments, and retaining walls
• Due to less heat generation it can be preferred in hot
weather
 TYPE II CEMENT

In concrete pipes
buried in ground

In slabs on ground In concrete posts

Application of Type II Cement

 TYPE III CEMENT
• It is chemically similar to Type I cement, except that
its particles have been ground finer (around 1.5
times more fine)

• It provides high early strengths at an early period,

usually a week or less, because of a higher rate of
hydration due to high specific surface area

• It is used when forms need to be removed as soon

as possible or when the structure must be put into
service quickly

• It is preferred in cold weather for reduction in the

curing period
 TYPE III CEMENT

In fast track paving

In rapid form removal

In cold weather concreting

Application of Type III Cement

 TYPE IV CEMENT

• It possesses fineness similar to Type I cement, but

with significantly higher percentage of C2S (around 2
times more) and lower percentage of C3A (4% only)
• It is used where the rate and amount of heat
generated from hydration must be minimized
• It develops strength at a slower rate because of slow
hydration rate due to lesser percentages of C3S and
C3A
• It is most suitably used in massive concrete
structures, such as large gravity dams, where the
temperature rise resulting from heat generated
during hardening must be minimized to control the
concrete cracking
 TYPE IV CEMENT

In very thick bridge supports

In dams

Application of Type IV Cement

 TYPE V CEMENT
• It possesses fineness similar to Type I cement, but
with slightly higher percentage of C2S and
significantly lower percentage of C3A (only 4%)

• It is used only in concrete exposed to severe sulfate

action – principally where soils or ground waters
have a high sulfate content

• It is not resistant to acids and other highly corrosive

substances
 AIR-ENTRAINING PORTLAND CEMENTS
(TYPES IA, IIA, AND IIIA)
• These cements have same composition as Types I, II,
and III, respectively, except that small quantities of
air-entraining material (surface-active substance, a
type of chemical that includes detergents) are inter-
ground with the clinker during manufacture
• Use of such cements helps in creating tiny air
bubbles in concrete
 AIR-ENTRAINING PORTLAND CEMENTS---

• The air bubbles created in concrete increase the

resistance to freeze-thaw action due to the capability
of the air bubbles to absorb the shocks of expansion
and contraction cycles
• Air entrainment increases the workability of concrete
due to the reduction in the friction between the
aggregate
• However, decrease in the compressive strength of
concrete is caused due to the air-entrainment
 WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT
• It has composition same as Type I or Type III cement, except
that it has a white color instead of grey color
• It is made of selected raw materials containing negligible
amounts of iron and magnesium oxides-the substances that
give cement its grey colors
• It is used primarily for decorative purposes
 BLENDED PORTLAND CEMENTS
• These cements are produced by intimately and uniformly
blending the Portland cement and the by-product materials,
such as blast-furnace slag, fly ash, silica fume and other
pozzolanas
Silica fume Calcined clay

Slag Clinkers
Blended cement
Fly ash

Portland cement Gypsum

 BLENDED PORTLAND CEMENTS
• ASTM C 596 recognizes five classes of blended
cements:
– Portland blast-furnace slag cement-Type IS
– Portland pozzolan cement-Type IP and Type P
– Pozzolan-modified Portland cement-Type I(PM)
– Slag cement-Type S
– Slag-modified Portland cement-Type I(SM)
 MASONRY CEMENTS
• These cements are used in mortar for masonry
construction

• Masonry cement consists of a mixture of:

– Portland cement or blended hydraulic cement,
– plasticizing materials (such as limestone or hydrated or
hydraulic lime),
– other materials introduced to enhance one or more
properties such as setting time, workability, water retention,
and durability
 MASONRY CEMENTS
• Masonry cements are produced in Type N, Type S,
and Type M, meeting the requirements of ASTM C91
 EXPANSIVE CEMENTS
(meeting the requirements of ASTM C845)
• These cements are primarily used in concrete for
shrinkage control due to their ability to create
expansion caused by the ettringite generated in the
hydrated cement paste

• The major types of expansive cement include:

– silicate-type,
– aluminate-type,
– sulphoaluminate-type, and
– calcium aluminoferrite-type.

• ASTM C 845 classifies masonry cements as:Type E-

1(K), Type E-1(M), Type E-1(S)
 OIL-WELL CEMENTS
• Oil-well cements usually consist of
Portland or pozzolanic cement
with special retarding agents to
prevent the cement from setting
too quickly.

• Oil-well cements are also resistant

to high temperatures and
pressures, that occur during the
drilling of oil wells.

• Oil-well cements are used as a seal

to secure and structurally support
casing string inside the well and
prevent fluid communication
between the various underground
fluid-containing layers or the
production of unwanted fluids into
the well which can lead to casing
corrosion
 WATERPROOF CEMENTS

• Waterproof cement is the name given to a Portland

cement to which a water-repellent agent is added

• This cement is obtained by grinding Portland cement

clinker with a film-forming substance such as oleic
acid

• Used for reducing capillary water transmission

 GEOPOLYMER CEMENTS

• Geopolymer cements are inorganic hydraulic

cements that are based on the polymerization of
minerals

• The term more specifically refers to alkali-activated

alumino-silicate cements, also called zeolitic or
polysialate cements.

• These cements often contain industrial byproducts,

such as fly ash, that are activated by alkaline
materials such as NaOH, KOH, Na2SiO3

• They have been used in general construction, high-

early strength applications, and waste stabilization.
 ETTRINGITE CEMENTS

• Ettringite cements are calcium sulfoaluminate

cements

• They are specially formulated for particular uses,

such as the stabilization of waste materials by the
action of capturing the metallic ions within the
ettringite structure

• Ettringite cements have also been used in rapid

setting applications, including use in coal mines
 CALCIUM ALUMINATE CEMENTS

• Calcium aluminate cement is not Portland cement

• Portland cement and calcium aluminate cement

combinations have been used to make rapid setting
concretes and mortars.

• Typical applications for calcium aluminate cement

concrete (produced using water/cement ratio < 0.40)
include:
– Chemically resistant, heat resistant, and corrosion
resistant industrial floors;
– refractory castables; and
– repair applications.
 PLASTIC CEMENTS
(Meeting the requirements of ASTM C1328)

For making plaster and stucco

Stucco
 FINELY GROUND CEMENTS (ULTRAFINE CEMENTS)
(Sp. surface area of 800 m2/kg, 2-times finer than Type I)

• For preparing a slurry which can be injected into the

ground to stabilize in-place materials, to provide strength
for foundations, or to chemically retain contamination in
soil