Portland Cement

Construction’s Material Technology

Introduction
• A cement is a binder, a substance that sets and
hardens and can bind other materials together.
• The word “cement” traces to the Romans, who
used the term opus caementicium to describe
masonry resembling modern that was made from
crushed rock with burnt lime as binder.
• The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements
that were added to the burnt lime, to obtain a
hydraulic binder, were later referred to as
cementum, cementum, cäment, and cement.
Introduction
• Cements that not only harden by reacting with
water but also form a water resistant product are
called hydraulic cements.
• The cements derived from the calcination of
gypsum or calcium carbonates are nonhydraulic
because their products of hydration are not
resistant to water.
Introduction
• Lime mortars that were used in ancient structures
built by Greeks and Romans were rendered
hydraulic by the addition of pozzolanic materials,
which reacted with lime to produce a water
resistant, cementitious product.
• Compared to gypsum and lime cements, portland
cement and its various modifications are the
principal cements used today for making structural
concrete.
Introduction
• Portland cement and modified portland cements
are hydraulic cements because they do not require
the addition of a pozzolanic material to develop
water-resisting properties.
Manufacture process - traditional
Manufacture process - traditional
Manufacture process - traditional
Manufacture process - traditional
Manufacture process – dry
process
Manufacture process – dry
process
Manufacture process – dry
process
Manufacture process – dry
process
Manufacture process – dry
process
Chemical Composition
Physical Composition
Types
• Accroding to ASTM C-150
• Type I Normal
• Type IA Normal, air-entraining
• Type II Moderate sulfate resistance
• Type IIA Moderate sulfate resistance, air-entraining
• Type III High early strength
• Type IIIA High early strength, air-entraining
• Type IV Low heat of hydration
• Type V High sulfate resistance
• AASHTO M 85, Specification for Portland Cement, also
uses type designations I through V for portland cement.
Types
• The requirements of M 85 are almost identical to
ASTM C 150.
• AASHTO specifications are used by some state
departments of transportation in lieu of ASTM
standards.
Types – explanation
• Type I
• Type I portland cement is a general-purpose cement
suitable for all uses where the special properties of
other types are not required.
• Its uses in concrete include pavements,floors, reinforced
concrete buildings, bridges, tanks, reservoirs,pipe,
masonry units, and precast concrete products
Types – explanation
• Type II
• Type II portland cement is used where precaution
against moderate sulfate attack is important.
• It is used in normal structures or elements exposed to
soil or ground waters where sulfate concentrations are
higher than normal but not unusually severe.
• Type II cement has moderate sulfate resistant properties
because it contains no more than 8% tricalcium
aluminate (C3A).
Types – explanation
• Type III
• Type III portland cement provides strength at an early
period, usually a week or less. It is chemically and
physically similar to Type I cement, except that its
particles have been ground finer.
• It is used when forms need to be removed as soon as
possible or when the structure must be put into service
quickly.
• In cold weather its use permits a reduction in the length
of the curing period.
• Although higher-cement content mixes of Type I cement
can be used to gain high early strength, Type III may
provide it easier and more economically.
Types – explanation
• Type IV
• Type IV portland cement is used where the rate and
amount of heat generated from hydration must be
minimized.
• It develops strength at a slower rate than other cement
types.
• Type IV cement is intended for use in massive concrete
structures, such as large gravity dams, where the
temperature rise resulting from heat generated during
hardening must be minimized.
• Type IV cement is rarely available.
Types – explanation
• Type V
• Type V portland cement is used in concrete exposed to severe
sulfate action—principally where soils or groundwaters have
a high sulfate content.
• It gains strength more slowly than Type I cement.
• The high sulfate resistance of Type V cement is attributed to a
low tricalcium aluminate content, not more than 5%.
• Use of a low water to cementitious materials ratio and low
permeability are critical to the performance of any concrete
exposed to sulfates.
• Even Type V cement concrete cannot withstand a severe
sulfate exposure if the concrete has a high water to
cementitious materials ratio.
Testing on cement
Testing on cement
• Compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars
(ASTM C 109)
• Density of hydraulic cement (ASTM C 188)
• Setting time of cement by vicat needle (ASTM C
191)
• Fineness of portland and other hydraulic cements
by air permeability apparatus (ASTM C 204)
• Tensile strength of hydraulic cement mortars (ASTM
C 190)
Compressive strength of hydraulic
cement mortars (ASTM C 109)
• Purpose :
• This test method covers determination of the compressive
strength of hydraulic cement mortars, using 2-in. or [50-mm]
cube specimens.
• Summary of Test Method
• The mortar used consists of 1 part cement and 2.75 parts of
sand proportioned by mass.
• Portland or air-entraining portland cements are mixed at
specified water/cement ratios.
• Water content for other cements is that sufficient to obtain a
flow of 110 ± 5 in 25 drops of the flow table.
• Two-inch or [50-mm] test cubes are compacted by tamping in
two layers.
• The cubes are cured one day in the molds and stripped and
immersed in lime water until tested.
Compressive strength of hydraulic
cement mortars (ASTM C 109)
Density of hydraulic cement
(ASTM C 188)
• Purpose
• This test method covers the determination of the
density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is
in connection with the design and control of concrete
mixtures.
• The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass
of a unit volume of the solids.
Le Chatelier flask
Setting time of cement by vicat
needle (ASTM C 191)
• Purpose
• These methods determine the time of setting of
hydraulic cement by means of the Vicat needle. Two test
methods are given; Method A is the Reference Test
Method using the manually operated standard Vicat
apparatus, while Method B permits the use of an
automatic Vicat machine that has, in accordance with
the qualification requirements of this method,
demonstrated acceptable performance.
• Summary of Test Method
• A paste that is proportioned and mixed to normal
consistency, as described in the Test Method C 187, is molded
and placed in a moist cabinet and allowed to start setting.
• Periodic penetration tests are performed on this paste by
allowing a 1-mm Vicat needle to settle into this paste.
• The Vicat initial time of setting is calculated as the time
elapsed between the initial contact of cement and water and
the time when the penetration is at 25 mm.
• The Vicat final time of setting is calculated as the time
elapsed between initial contact of cement and water and the
time when the needle does not sink visibly into the paste.
Fineness of portland and other
hydraulic cements by air permeability
apparatus (ASTM C 204)
• Purpose
• This test method covers determination of the fineness of
hydraulic cement, using the Blaine air-permeability
apparatus, in terms of the specific surface expressed as
total surface area in square centimetres per gram, or
square metres per kilogram, of cement.
• Although the test method may be, and has been, used
for the determination of the measures of fineness of
various other materials, it should be understood that, in
general, relative rather than absolute fineness values are
obtained.
Tensile strength of hydraulic
cement mortars (ASTM C 190)
• Purpose
• The purpose of this test is to determine the tensile
strength of hydraulic cement mortars using briquet
specimens.
Briquet gang mold and specimen