TYPES OF QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH

Phenomenology Ethnography Narrative

Research Grounded
Case Study
Designs Theory
PHENOMENOLOGY
● The study of phenomena
involving human events,
situations, concepts,
experiences or, needs

● Both an approach to, and a

method of, understanding
the behavioral, emotive,
and social meanings of
lived experiences of
individuals
Examples
Assessing unique attributes of gifted children (defined as
having great natural ability) as compared to those of
children of average intelligence

▪ Are their study habits the same as those children of

their age?
▪ Do gifted children tend to become more anti-social
compared to other children their age?

A study that aims to rationalize the nurturing of world-

class athletes (e.g., Olympic medalists)

▪ Are their social lives affected to some extent by

the required intensive training?
▪ How do their training sessions differ from those of
other athletes?
 ● Is a qualitative
ETHNOGRAPHY orientation to research
that emphasizes the
detailed observation of
people in naturally
occurring settings

● Requires extensive
fieldwork not only for
data gathering but also
for validating the data
and checking the
reliability of the
researcher’s
interpretation
Examples
To focus and understand the lifestyle of the Mangyans of
Mindoro

Study the origin and foundation of religious beliefs of

the members of the Seventh day Adventist Church

It can also be employed to study the influence of so-

called regionalism to food choices or traditional
practices.

Ethnographic parameters may include: (1) tribal, (2)

religious, (3) geographical, and shared experiences.
GROUNDED
THEORY ● Strauss & Corbin (1998)
defined it as a
qualitative research
design that generates
theories that are
“grounded” in data from
the field, arising from
the actions, interactions,
and social processes
undertaken by the
participants
Example

A study in attempt to explore the phenomenal success of

many Filipino-Chinese in building business conglomerates.
The researchers may want to determine the core of
the Filipino-Chinese business success and what
strategies have been adopted consistent with the
core.
CASE STUDY
● Presents a detailed
analysis of a specific
issue using a specific
case or multiple cases
within bounded system

● Based on a small
geographical area or a
very limited number of
individuals as the subject
of the study
Examples
In linguistics, a study on the language acquisition of
certain children

In the field of medicine, a case analysis of a specific

diagnosis or disease

A study on the characteristic symptoms of Guillain-Barre

(GB) syndrome, a neurological disease which causes muscle
weakness and/or paralysis
NARRATIVE RESEARCH
● Narrates the life
experiences of an
individual as told to the
researcher or gathered
from available documents
or materials

● Defined by Czarniawska
(2004) as a spoken or
written chronological
account of an individual’s
life.
 METHODS DESCRIPTION POPULATION DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
Ethnography Context or culture Observation & interviews
Narrative Individual experience & Stories from individuals & documents
sequence 1-5
Phenomenological People who have Interviews
experienced a 5-25
phenomenon

Grounded Theory Develop a theory from Interviews, then open and axial coding
grounded in field data 20-60

Case Study Organization, entity, Interviews, documents, reports,

individual, or event 1-2 observations
Historical Establishing facts to Interview, documents
arrive at conclusions
about past events or
predicting future events
 Foundational Narrative Phenomenology Grounded Ethnography Case Study
Considerations Theory
Research focus Exploring the life of Understanding the Developing a Describing and Developing an in-
of approach individual essence of the theory grounded in interpreting a depth description
experience data from the field culture-sharing and analysis of a
group case or multiple
cases

Unit of analysis Studying one or Studying several Studying a process, Studying a group Studying an event,
more individuals individual who have an action, or an that shares the a program, an
shared the interaction involving same culture activity, or more
experience many individuals than one individual

Type of research Needing to tell Needing to Grounding a theory Describing and Providing an in-
problem best stories of individual describe the in the views of interpreting the depth
suited for experiences essence of a lived participants shared patterns of understanding of a
approach phenomenon culture of a group case or cases

Nature of Drawing from the Drawing from Drawing from Drawing from Drawing from
disciplinary humanities philosophy, sociology anthropology and psychology, law,
origins including psychology, and sociology political science,
anthropology, education and medicine
literature, history,
psychology, and
sociology
References
Baraceros, E.L. (2018). Practical
research 1. REX Book Store.

Apocada, D.D.C. (2019). Practical

research 1. DIWA Learning
Systems, Inc.
Sources
(images)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FWhat-is-
phenomenology-and-how-does-it-relate-to-
existentialism&psig=AOvVaw3AmKEa000pj4vS6PoV_kOp&ust=1609834839045000&sour
ce=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCNiGmaDsge4CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-
human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed/ethnography

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RUqAgp5ZJXI

https://bohatala.com/how-to-write-a-case-study/

https://www.amsterdamuas.com/carem/shared-content/publications/pure-
import/a-narrative-research-design-for-moral-courage-of-professionals.html