Professional Documents
Culture Documents
111
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A shift transformation is a
(20)
.
2
2. If f (x) = 5x - x + 1, then f (x) + 3 = .
(20)
3. If f (x) = x - 6, then 2 · f (x) = .
(20)
New Concepts You can perform the same transformations on all polynomial functions that
you performed on quadratic and linear functions.
Transformations of f (x)
Transformation f (x) notation Examples for f (x) = x3
g(x) = x 3 + 2 2 units up
Vertical translation f (x) + k
g(x) = x 3 - 5 5 units down
3
Horizontal g(x) = (x - 1) 1 unit right
f (x - h)
translation g(x) = (x + 3) 3 3 units left
Vertical stretch/ g(x) = 4x 3 stretch by a factor of 4
a f (x)
compression g(x) = _1 x 3 compress by a factor of _1
3 3
3
g(x) = _5 x stretch by a factor of 5
( )
1
Horizontal stretch/
f _b x
( )
1
compression g(x) = (2x) 3 compress by a factor of _12
-f (x) g(x) = -x 3 across x-axis
Reflection 3
f (-x) g(x) = (-x) across y-axis
a. g(x) = 2 f (x)
SOLUTION f(x) = x 4 5x 2 + 4
y
g(x) = 2 f (x) 12
g(x) = 2(x 4 - 5x 2 + 4)
g(x) = 2x 4 - 10x 2 + 8
x
g(x) is a vertical stretch of f (x).
-4 4
b. g(x) = f (3x) -4
4
g(x) = 2x 10x 2 + 8
SOLUTION
1. A line has slope -4 and passes through (6, 8).What is the equation of the line
(26)
written in slope intercept form?
*2. Baseball Attendance The cumulative attendance at home baseball games for the
(111)
years 1996–2005 can be modeled by f (x) = 1.922x4 - 36.769x3 + 132.212x2 +
3558.615x - 11, where x is the number of years since 1995 and f (x) is in thousands.
(Cumulative means the statistic for each year is the sum of that year’s attendance and
all the previous years’ attendances.) Describe the transformation g(x) = f (x - 1) by
writing the rule for g(x) and explaining the change in the context of the problem.
*3. Use matrix multiplication to show that the dot product of two vectors that are
(99)
perpendicular to each other is zero.
*5. Given the complex number 8 + 24i written in a + bi form, convert it to the
(Inv 11)
trigonometric and polar forms.
6. Solve and graph the compound inequality -8 < 4(x + 1) and 12 > 4x.
(10)
O x
-4 -2 2 4
10. Theater The number of seats in the first 14 rows of the center orchestra aisle of
(92)
the Marquis Theater in New York City form an arithmetic sequence. The third
row has 13 seats and the last row has 24 seats. Find the number of seats in the
7th row.
11. Temperature The formula C = _59 (F - 32) relates Celsius temperature C and
(50)
Fahrenheit temperature F. Solve the formula for F. Then write and solve a new
equation to find the number that represents the same temperature on both scales.
(Hint: Substitute x for both C and F.)
12. Analyze Cobalt-58ml has a half-life of 9.04 hours. Calculate mentally how long it
(93)
would take for 4 grams of cobalt-58ml to decay to 1 gram. Explain your method.
14. How many solutions does the system of equations have, and what type of solution
(29)
is it?
x + 5y - 2z = 1
-x - 2y + z = 6
-2x - 7y + 3z = 7
15. Write Describe how to find the nth term of a geometric sequence, given the first
(97)
and second terms.
*16. Predict Which function has the greater x-intercept, f (x) = logb(x) or g(x) =
(110)
logb(logb(x))? What can you conclude about the function with the greater
x-intercept.
2
*19. Graphing Calculator Graph the function y = _
x - 7x - 60
x+3
on a graphing calculator.
(100)
Identify any vertical asymptote(s).
20. Analyze Without graphing, determine the point in which the graphs of y = log x
(102)
and y = 3log x intersect. Explain your reasoning.
24. Let f (x) = x3 - 125 and g(x) = 2x - 1. Find the roots of f (g(x)).
(85)
29. Scores from a test have a mean of 87 and a standard deviation of 4.3. A randomly
(80)
selected test has a score of 82.5. Find the z-score for this test.
30. Probability Five folded pieces of paper are in a hat. Three are to be chosen at
(33)
random. Is it a dependent or independent event if the papers are not returned to
the hat once they are chosen?
New Concepts A trigonometric identity is a trigonometric equation that is true for all
values of the variables for which every expression in the equation is defined.
Sum and Difference Identities are used to simplify and evaluate expressions.
tan (A + B) = __ tan (A - B) = __
tan A + tan B tan A - tan B
1 - tan A tan B 1 + tan A tan B
x
x2 + y2 = r2
2 2 2
x +y =r
(-15)2 + y2 = 172
2 2 2
x +3 =5
y = - √289
- 225 = -8
x = - √25
- 9 = -4 y
y tan B = _ _-8 _
x = -15 = 15
8
tan A = _ _3
x = -4 = - 4
_3
The sum identities for sine and cosine can be used to derive a matrix for rotating
a point in a plane. To rotate a point P(x, y) through an angle θ, you can use the
⎡cos θ -sin θ ⎤
rotation matrix ⎢ .
⎣sin θ cos θ ⎦
SOLUTION A(0, 2)
2
Step 1: Write a rotation matrix and a matrix of D( √3,1) C( √3,1)
O
the coordinates of the points in the figure. -4 -2 2 4
⎡0 0 √3
- √3 ⎤
S=⎢ Matrix of point coordinates
⎣2 4 1 1⎦
Step 2: Find the matrix product. y
A( √3, 1)
⎡cos 60° -sin 60°⎤⎡0 0 √3
- √3 ⎤ 4
R60° × S = ⎢ ⎢ B( 2 √3, 2)
⎣sin 60° cos 60°⎦⎣2 4 1 1⎦ C(0, 2)
O x
⎡- √3 -2 √3 0 - √3 ⎤
=⎢ -4 2
⎣ 1 2 2 -1 ⎦ D( √3, 1) -2
Lesson Practice
a. Find the exact value of tan 105°.
(Ex 1)
b. Find the exact value of cos _ . ( 12 )
11π
(Ex 1)
c. Evaluate cos (A + B) if sin A = _
24
25
, -90° < A < 90°, tan B = -1, and
(Ex 2)
-90° < B < 90°.
d. Find the coordinates of the images of the points in the figure after a
(Ex 3)
45° rotation counterclockwise about the origin.
y
6
C(1, 3 √3)
4
2
O x
-4 -2 2 4
B(-2, 0) A(1, 0)
*9. Formulate A hyperbola with vertical orientation has asymptotes with equations
(109)
y = _43 x - _
11
3
and y = -_43 x + _
29
3
. Write the equation of the hyperbola.
10. Error Analysis Find the error(s) in the sign chart for _ x+4
(x - 5)(x - 1)
< 0. What is the
(94)
solution of the inequality?
*12. Multi-Step f (x) = x3 - 6x2 + 4 has turning points at (0, 4) and (4, -28). Identify the
(111)
turning points of each function and justify your answers.
a. _ b. f _x
( ) c. f x - _
1
1 f(x)
4 4 ( 1
4 )
13. Multiply, then evaluate for a = 2, b = 3. _
6a b _
2 3
4ab
· 3ab2 2
(31) 5a b
14. Navigation An airplane travels 225 mph 30° south of due west for two hours. The 600
(99)
pilot makes an adjustment so that the plane then flies for another three hours at 30°
268 mph 20° north of due west. What is the distance and direction of the plane 550
*15. Error Analysis To graph g(x) = (x + 4)3 + 1, a student shifted the graph of
(111)
f (x) = x3 + 1 right 4 units. What is the error?
17. Unions From the 1930s on, labor union membership in the U.S. grew dramatically.
(102)
During the years 1935–1955, labor union membership in the U.S. can be modeled
by the equation y = -4.4 + 12.6 ln t, where 5 ≤ t ≤ 25, t = 5 represents 1935, and
y is the percent of the U.S. labor force that were union members. Use the model to
approximate the year in which union membership in the U.S. reached 30%.
*18. Savings Accounts A share certificate pays 5% interest, compounded yearly. The
(104)
function A(x) = P · 1.05x can be used to calculate the amount in the account,
A(x), after x years with the original amount, placed in the account, P. Use the
function f (x) = 1.05x to sketch a graph of the equation A(x) = P · 1.05x if the
original amount in the account is $50,000.
19. Analyze P has polar coordinates (r, θ). Write polar coordinates for P that have a
(96)
different 1st coordinate.
*20. Multiple Choice Given that tan A = _12 and tan B = _14 , what is the value of
(112)
tan (A + B)?
A _ B _ C _ D _
2 2 2 6
9 7 3 7
22. Find any values of x for which the following expression is undefined: _
1
x3+ 4x2 - 21x
.
(37)
*24. Organizing A homeowner organized wooden planks in his backyard into 12 rows
(105)
where each row has 2 more planks than the row above it. How many planks are
there if the bottom row has 32 planks?
27. Write a cubic function that has zeros 0, 16, and -9.
(35)
28. Salaries An employee’s salary is structured so that he earns $25,925 in the first
(97)
year and a 2.75% raise each year thereafter. How much can the employee expect to
earn in his 10th year?
y+z+w=6
29. Solve the system. -y + 3z - w = 2
(32)
2y - z + w = 5
New Concepts Recall that a series is the indicated sum of the terms of a sequence. In an
arithmetic series, the terms are those of an arithmetic sequence. In a
geometric series, the terms are those of a geometric sequence.
A formula for the sum of a finite geometric series can be found by multiplying
the partial sum of a geometric series by the common ratio, and then subtracting.
Consider the series S n = ar0 + ar1 + ar2 + ar3 + ar4 + ... + arn where a is the
first term of the series and r is the common ratio.
Multiply the entire series by r, using rules of exponents to simplify, and then
subtract the result from the original series. Notice that all but two terms will
cancel out.
Sn = ar0 + ar1 + ar2 + ar3 + ar4 + ... + arn-1
n-1
- rS 1 2 3 4
n = ar + ar + ar + ar + ... + ar
____________________ + arn
Hint
Sn - rSn = ar0 - arn
(1 - r)Sn = ar0 - arn
Remember, the nth term
of a geometric series, Solving for S n yields a formula to find the sum of n terms of any finite
an, equals a1(r)n-1, for geometric series.
example a7 = a1r6.
Sn = _ = a _ .
ar0 - arn 1 - rn
1-r 1-r ( )
Sum of a Finite Geometric Series
Now use Sn = a1 _
1 - rn .
( )
1-r
S = 1(_)
9
1-4
9 Substitute.
1-4
S9 = 1(__
1 - 262,144
-3 ) Simplify.
S9 = 1(87,381) = 87,381
Check by using a graphing calculator.
Now use Sn = a1 _1 - rn .
( )
1-r
S11 = 3 (
_1 - (-2)11
1 - (-2) ) Substitute.
S11 = 3(__
1 - (-2048)
3 ) Simplify.
S11 = 3(_ 3 )
2049
= 2049
Step 4: Evaluate _
64
_1 . How is this value related to the answers in Step 3?
1-
2
An infinite geometric series has infinitely many terms, and as the exploration
above indicates, the partial sums of some infinite geometric series can get
closer and closer to a fixed number. The fixed number is called the limit, and
is considered the sum of the infinite series.
An infinite series only has a sum when the absolute value of the common
ratio is between 0 and 1. These series are said to converge.
An infinite series does not have a sum when the absolute value of the
common ratio is greater than 1. These series are said to diverge.
r = _2
1
r=2
y y
32 1600
Partial Sum
Partial Sum
24 1200
16 800
8 400
x x
0 0
2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
Term Term
a. _6 + _4 + _
8
+ _ + ...
16
5 5 15 45
2 1
SOLUTION Find r and compare it to 1: r =
_
16 _
÷
8
=_
16 · _
15 = _
2.
45 15 45 8 3
3 1
Math Reasoning As the ratio in Step 4 of the Exploration on the previous page implies, the
sum of an infinite geometric series, if there is one, is the ratio of the first
Analyze Use the
formula for the sum term and the difference between 1 and the common ratio.
of a finite geometric
series to verify the Sum of an Infinite Geometric Series
sum formula for the
a1
infinite geometric The sum of an infinite geometric series, S, is _
1 - r , where r is the common
with < |r| < 1.
ratio and 0 < ⎢r <1.
S=_
16
Substitute 16 for a1 and - _ for r.
1
1 - -_14 ( ) 4
S = 12 _
4
Simplify.
5
Check by using a graphing calculator. Graph the equation given by
Graphing
Calculator Tip
substituting into the formula for the sum of a finite geometric series,
1 - (-0.25)x
The calculator rounds;
( )
y = 16 _ . Then look at the table for this graph. As x increases,
1 - (-0.25)
the sums are numbers y approaches 12.8.
close to 12.8, but not
actually 12.8.
Math Reasoning 1. Understand The indicated sum of the yearly salaries form a finite
geometric series with r = 1.035.
Analyze If the series
were infinite, would it
converge or diverge?
2. Plan Use Sn = a1 _
(1 - rn .
)
1-r
Why?
( ) ≈ 837,432.55
15
1 - (1.035)
__
3. Solve S15 = 43,400
1 - 1.035
The employee can expect to earn $837,432.55 over the course of 15 years.
Lesson Practice
a. Find S10 for the geometric series 6 + (-12) + 24 + (-48) + …
(Ex 1)
c. 15 + (-25) + _
125 + -_
(
625 + ...
) d. 90 + 30 + 10 + _
10 + ...
3 9 3
e. Find the sum of the geometric series 700 + 140 + 28 + _
28
5
+ ... ( )
(Ex 3)
f. An employee’s salary is structured so that he earns $27,700 in the first
(Ex 4)
year and a 2.85% raise each year thereafter. How much can the employee
expect to earn in total after 20 years with this company?
*1. Verify Show numerically that a convergent geometric series has a sum of 125 if the
first term is 25 and the common ratio is _5 .
(113) 4
x2 + 4x - 12
2. Identify any excluded values, then simplify the expression _
x2 + 6x
.
(28)
*7. Travel The London Eye is a Ferris wheel with an approximate diameter of
(112)
440 feet, making one full rotation in 30 minutes. The diagram represents
the London Eye centered on a coordinate grid. From this view, the Ferris
wheel rotates counterclockwise. To the nearest tenth, what will be the
P(220, 0)
coordinates of point P in one minute? Assume a constant rate. Show how
you arrived at your answer.
25 - 16 = 3
cos A = _
x =_
r
3
10. Geometry Write the equation for the area of a triangle as a joint variation. 5
(12)
12. Model Sketch a system of inequalities, which includes at least one quadratic
(89)
inequality, such that the system has no solutions.
Find the mean, median, and mode for the following sets of data.
13. 18, 20, 14, 15, 20, 17, 16 14. 21, 23, 22, 25, 28, 31, 28
(25) (25)
*15. Graphing Calculator Graph the function y = -2x2 - 6x + 3 using your graphing
(30)
calculator. Determine the vertex and axis of symmetry.
*17. Estimate Estimate the solution to log2 25x = log2 151. Explain your method.
(102)
*22. Exercise An athlete is on a 12-day jogging plan. On the plan, the athlete is to jog
(105)
3 miles on the first day, and on each day thereafter, jog 0.75 miles longer than the
previous day. How many total miles will the athlete have jogged while on the plan?
10x - 2y = 16
23. Solve the system by substitution.
(21) 5x + 3y = -12
*24. Salaries A salary is structured so that the employee earns a 1.5% raise each year
(113)
after the first year. How much did the employee earn in the first year if his total
after 10 years was $393,967.18?
26. Multiple Choice A substance has a half-life of 16 years. Which equation can be
(93)
solved to find the approximate number of years t that it will take for 2 grams of
the substance to decay to 0.5 gram?
A 2 = e-0.5t B 2 - 0.5 = e-16t
C 0.25 = e-0.04332t D 0.5 = e-0.04332t
29. Analyze When finding the nth term of a geometric sequence, given any two terms,
(97)
what must be true about the given terms in order for there to be two possible
values for the common ratio? Why?
30. Analyze Describe geometrically what the matrix equation below shows.
(99)
⎡ ⎡
⎢A cos(60)⎤ ⎢B cos(30)⎤ ⎡⎢A cos(30)⎤
cos(60) + ⎢B
⎢
sin(60) + ⎢B
⎢A ⎢
sin(30) = ⎢A ⎢
sin(60) + ⎢B sin(30)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
New Concepts Standard Forms for Conic Sections with Center (h, k)
Circle (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2
Horizontal Axis Vertical Axis
2 2
(x - h)
_ (y - k)2 (x - h)
_ (y - k)2
Ellipse a2
+ _ = 1; a > b b2
+ _ = 1; a > b
b2 a2
2 2
(x - h)
_ (y - k)2 (y - k)
_ (x - h)2
Hyperbola a2
-_=1 2 a2
-_=1
b b2
Parabola x-h=_1
±4p
(y - k)2 y-k=_1
±4p
(x - h)2
b. x - 7 = _ (y - 1)2
1
Hint
16
A parabola has only
one squared term in its SOLUTION x - 7 = _1
16
(y - 1)2 can be written as x - 7 = _
1
(y - 1)2. 4(4)
equation.
The equation is a parabola with a horizontal axis of symmetry.
The equation for any conic section can be written in the general form
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0. The coefficients A, B, and C can be
used to identify conic sections.
Caution Identifying Conic Sections in General Form
A circle has both B = 0 The general form of a conic section is given by
and A = C. Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, where A, B, and C are not all zero.
Conic Section Coefficients A, B, and C
Circle B2 - 4AC < 0, B = 0, and A = C
Ellipse B2 - 4AC < 0 and either B ≠ 0 or A ≠ C
Hyperbola B2 - 4AC > 0
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com Parabola B2 - 4AC = 0
Math Language B2 - 4AC < 0, so the conic section is either a circle or an ellipse.
Since A ≠ C, the conic section is an ellipse.
B2 - 4AC > 0 is called
the discriminant of the
equation Ax2 + Bxy + b. x2 - 3x + 2y + 5 = 0
Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0.
SOLUTION
Step 1: Identify the values of A, B, and C.
A = 1, B = 0, and C = 0.
2
Step 2: Find B - 4AC.
02 - 4(1)(0) = 0
B2 - 4AC = 0, so the conic section is a parabola.
If you know the equation of a conic section in standard form, you can write
the equation in general form by expanding the binomials.
a. y + 2 = _1 (x + 6)2
16
SOLUTION
y+2=_
1 (x2 + 12x + 36) Expand the binomial.
16
16y + 32 = x2 + 12x + 36 Multiply both sides by 16.
2
x + 12x - 16y + 4 = 0 Write in general form.
2 2
(y - 4)
_ (x + 2)
b. -_=1
25 20
SOLUTION
2 2
(y - 8y + 16) __
__ (x + 4x + 4)
- =1 Expand the binomials.
25 20
4(y2 - 8y + 16) - 5(x2 + 4x + 4) = 100 Multiply both sides by 100.
4y2 - 32y + 64 - 5x2 - 20x - 20 = 100 Simplify.
2 2
-5x + 4y - 20x - 32y - 56 = 0 Write in general form.
Lesson Practice
Identify the conic section for each standard form equation.
(Ex 1)
a. x2 + y2 = 225
2 2
(x - 4)
_ y
b. +_=1
25 49
Identify the conic section for each general form equation.
(Ex 2)
c. 5x2 - 4y2 - 40x - 16y - 36 = 0
d. 3x2 - 24x - y + 50 = 0
e. x - 2 = _
1 (y + 3)2
(Ex 3) 4
f. (x - 5)2 + (y + 8)2 = 64
(Ex 3)
g. The path of a circular Ferris wheel can be modeled by the equation
(Ex 4)
x2 + y2 - 30x - 30y - 175 = 0. Write the equation in standard form.
⎡1 5⎤ ⎡3 -1 0⎤
1. Solve for matrix X. ⎢ X=⎢
(32) ⎣ 0 -2 ⎦ ⎣6 8 4⎦
6. Multi-Step A line passed through points (-2, 4) and (0, 5). Write the equation of
(26)
the line in slope-intercept form. Then, determine the x and y-intercepts.
*9. Write An equation of a conic section written in general form has B2 - 4AC < 0.
(114)
Explain why you need more information to identify the conic section.
*10. Carousel A carousel’s path can be modeled by the equation x2 + y2 - 10x - 10y
(114)
- 575 = 0. Write the equation in standard form.
Evaluate.
20 7
*13. Graphing Calculator Graph y = 6 cot(x) on a calculator. Determine its period and
(103)
asymptotes.
14. Analyze For what values of x is the equation log x2 = 2 log x true? Explain why the
(102)
equations log x2 = 2 and 2 log x = 2 are not equivalent.
15. Coordinate Geometry The points (1, -5), (2, -10), (3, -20), and (4, -40) represent
(97)
the first four terms of a geometric sequence. What is the common ratio? What is
the y-coordinate when the x-coordinate is 6?
18. Business The profits in thousands of dollars for a business over x years can be
(106)
approximated by f(x) = x4 - 37x3 + 406x2 - 1068x - 1512. The company broke
even in the 18th year of business. What other years did they break even?
20. Write Explain why a polynomial function that has exactly n distinct real zeros must
(101)
have exactly n - 1 turning points.
*23. International Landmarks The first level of the Eiffel Tower is about 57 meters above
(113)
the ground. Suppose a ball is dropped from this level and rebounds 30% of its
previous height after each bounce.
a. Use summation notation to write an infinite geometric series to represent the
total distance the ball travels after it initially hits the ground. Keep in mind the
ball travels both down and up on each bounce.
b. Find the sum of the series from part a. Round to the nearest tenth.
24. The distance between the two foci of a hyperbola is 26. The equations of the
(109)
asymptotes are y = _5
12
x-_ 20
3
and y = - _ 5
12
x-_10
3
. Write the equation of the
hyperbola.
25. Geometry The area of a circle is given by A = πr2. Solve the formula for r. If the
(88)
ratio of areas of two circles is 2:1, what is the ratio of the radii?
*26. Error Analysis Explain and correct the error a student made finding the
(113)
sum of the infinite geometric series 5 + _
15
2
+_ 45
4
+ ....
Student’s work: S = _ 5
_3
= _5
_1
= -10
1- 2
-2
D ∑_
1
A ∑16k B ∑16k + 2 C ∑16k 16 k
k=1 k=1 k=1 k=1
28. 1 in 3 people that enter a post office wears glasses. At noon, 4 people enter. What
(49)
is the probability that 2 of the 4 people are wearing glasses?
29. Error Analysis A student writes the equation 16x2 + 9y2 = 144 in standard form.
(98)
What is his mistake?
2 2
_
16 x2 + _
9 y2 = 1 _ y
x2 + _ _ y
x2 + _
16x2 + 9y2 = 144 =1 =1
144 144 16 9 42 32
*30. Estimate Without using a calculator, estimate the coordinates of the image point
(112)
that results when the point (1, 1) is rotated 47° counterclockwise about the origin.
Explain your reasoning.
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary A
(63)
is a unit of measure based on arc length.
2. State the sign of sine, cosine, and tangent for each quadrant.
(63)
3. What is the exact value of sin 105°?
(112)
New Concepts The double-angle identities and half-angle identities are special cases of the
sum and difference identities.
Double-Angle Identities
cos 2θ = cos2 θ - sin2 θ
sin 2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ - 1 tan 2θ = _ 2 tan θ
1 - tan2 θ
cos 2θ = 1 - 2 sin2 θ
Hint Step 1: The identity for sin 2θ requires cos θ. Find cos θ.
= √_89 Simplify.
2 √2
=_
3
Step 2: Find sin 2θ.
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ Apply identity for sin 2θ.
=2 (_13 )(_ 3 )
2 √2
Substitute _
3
2 √2
for cos θ and _
1
3
for
sin θ.
4 √2
=_ Simplify.
9
Step 3: Find cos 2θ.
cos 2θ = 1 - 2 sin2 θ Select an identity for cos 2θ.
=1-2 (_13 )
2
Substitute for sin θ.
Online Connection
=_
7 Simplify.
www.SaxonMathResources.com 9
Hint
tan θ(cos 2θ + 1) = tan θ((2 cos2 θ - 1) + 1) Substitute cos 2θ = 2 cos2 θ - 1.
To prove an identity,
= tan θ(2 cos2 θ) Simplify.
=_ Substitute tan θ = _.
modified only one side sin θ (2 cos2 θ) sin θ
until it matches the
other side.
cos θ cos θ
= 2 sin θ(cos θ) Simplify.
= sin 2θ Substitute double angle identity
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ(cos θ).
b. cos 2θ + 2 sin2 θ = 1
SOLUTION
Half-angle identities can be used to calculate values that are not usually known.
Half-Angle Identities
_ _
sin _
θ =±
2 √
1 - cos θ
2
θ = ±
cos _
2
_
1 + cos θ
√
2
θ = ±
tan _
2
1 - cos θ
√
1 + cos θ
Choose + or - depending on the location of _θ2 .
a. sin 105°
SOLUTION Select the identity to use and choose + or - depending on the
√ (
- √3
1- _ ) √2
+ √3
__
2
2
= √ 2
√3
_1 + _
4
_
=
2
- √2
- √2
=- _1 +_
2 √- √2 __
4
=
2
SOLUTION
Step 1: Use the Pythagorean Identity, sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1, to find cos θ. Since
90° < θ < 180°, cos θ is negative.
_3 2 + cos2 θ = 1
() cos 2 θ = _
16
cos θ = - _
4
5 25 5
_
θ _θ
Step 2: Evaluate sin 2 . sin 2 is positive since 45° < _θ2 < 90°.
Hint
1 - -_
( )
4
Multiply
90° < θ < 180° by _12 .
Then choose the correct
sin _
2
_
1 - cos θ = sin _
θ = +
√ 2
θ=
2
√ _
2
5
Substitute cos θ = -_
4
5
.
sign of the identity for
sin _θ and cos _θ .
2 2 = √(
_9 )(_1 ) =
5 2 √_
10
3 √10
9 =_
10
Simplify.
Step 3: Evaluate cos _2 . cos _2 is positive since 45° < θ < 90°.
θ θ
1 + -_
( )
4
cos _ = + _ = cos _
θ
2 √
1 + cos θ
2
θ=
2
√ _
2
5
Substitute cos θ = -_
4
5
.
= √(_)(_) = √_
1 1 √10
1 =_
Simplify.
5 2 10 10
Step 4: Evaluate tan_2 . Substitute cos θ = -_45 to solve.
θ
1 - -_
( )
4
tan _
θ=
2 √ _
1 - cos θ =
1 + cos θ √ _ 5
1 + -_
= √9 = 3 Simplify.
( )
4
5
x=_
1 v2 sin 2θ
32
=_
1 (80)2 sin 2(30°) Substitute given values.
32
= (200)(2(sin 30)(cos 30)) Use sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ.
( )(_
= 400 _
1
2
√3
2
) Substitute values and simplify.
Lesson Practice
a. Find sin 2θ and cos 2θ if sin θ = _15 and 0° < θ < 90°.
(Ex 1)
b. Prove the identity 2 cos θ = 1 - sin 2θ tanθ using double-angle identities.
(Ex 2)
c. Prove the identity cot θ = _ sin 2θ
using double-angle identities.
1 - cos 2θ
(Ex 2)
d. Use half-angle identities to find the exact value of cos 75°.
(Ex 3)
e. Use half-angle identities to find the exact value of tan _ .
π
(Ex 3) 12
f. Find sin _2 , cos _2 , and tan_2 if cos θ = -_97 and 180° < θ < 270°.
θ θ θ
(Ex 4)
g. The horizontal distance x traveled by a football kicked from ground
level with an initial speed v and angle θ is given by x = _
(Ex 5) 1 2
32 v sin 2θ. What
horizontal distance will a football travel if it is kicked from ground level
with an initial speed of 100 feet per second at an angle of 45°?
g(x)
1. Analyze In the rational function f (x) = _
h(x)
, if polynomial g(x) is of degree
(107)
3m + 1, what must the degree of h(x) be for f (x) to have a slant asymptote?
Factor completely.
2. x2 - 9x - 10 3. 4ax + ax2 - 5a
(23) (23)
4. Model Write and graph the polar equation of a rose with 5 petals, each
(Inv 10)
of length 4.
*6. Coordinate Geometry Graph y1 = 1 + sec2 (x)sin2 (x) and y2 = tan2 (x). Use the
(108)
information in the graphs to prove the following: sec2 (x)sin2 (x) = tan2 (x).
7. Gisella spins a spinner with equal-sized sections numbered 1–6. In one spin, what
(55)
is the likelihood that the spinner will stop on an even number?
10. Geometry Describe the geometric figure represented by the polar equation r = 4.
(96)
14. Error Analysis Explain and correct the error a student made in finding the 8th term
(97)
of the geometric sequence 2, -10, 50, -250, …
a8 = 2(-5)8
a8 = 2(390,625) = 781,250
*15. Justify Use half-angle identities to find the exact value of cos 112.5°. Show your work.
(115)
4x - y = 10
16. Use an inverse matrix to solve the linear system.
(32) -7x - 2y = -25
17. Multiple Choice A polynomial equation has roots of 1 + 2i, 0, and 3i. What is the
(106)
minimum degree of the polynomial?
A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6
*18. Which of the following are the equations for the asymptotes of
(109)
(x - 9)2
_ (y - 13)2
- _ = 1?
122 72
A y=_
12 x - _
17 ; y = -_
12 x + _
199 B y=_
7 x+_
31 ; y = -_7 x+_
73
7 7 7 7 12 4 12 4
C y=_
12 x + _ 12 x - _
17 ; y = -_ 199
D y=_
7 x-_
31 ; y = -_7 x-_
73
7 7 7 7 12 4 12 4
22. Retirement Funds A retirement system paid out an interest rate of 2.25% compounded
(104)
annually from 1963 to 1965. The function A(x) = P · 1.0225x can be used to calculate
the amount in the account, A(x), after x years with the original amount placed in
the account, P. Use the function f (x) = 1.0225x to sketch a graph of the equation
A(x) = P · 1.0225x if the original amount in the account is $15,000.
23. Population Growth Based on census statistics, the population of the United States
(93)
grew at an average annual rate of approximately 1.24% from 1990 to 2000, and
the population in 2000 was 281,000,000 (rounded to the nearest million). If
the population continues to increase at the same rate, in what year will it reach
400,000,000?
*24. Multi-Step a. Identify the conic section for the equation x2 + (y - 2)2 = 36.
(114)
b. Write an equivalent equation in general form.
*25. Graphing Calculator Use a graphing calculator to solve the system of equations.
(29)
4x + 5y + 3z = 15
x - 3y + 2z = -6
-x + 2y - z = 3
26. Algebra Using the information in the figure below show algebraically that
(108)
1 + cot2(θ) = csc2(θ).
c
y
θ
x
27. Error Analysis Explain and correct the error a student made y
(91)
in graphing (x - 2)2 + (y + 9)2 = 25.
Table 1
L1 L2
Graphing
Calculator 6 2
Refer to Calculator Lab 5 5 3
for clearing and entering 1 3
data into list.
4 4
9 9
7 5
11 5
1. Using the data in L1 and L2 from Table 1, find the equation of the
regression line and calculate R 2 value using a cubic regression. Plot the
regression line along with the data points.
2. Using the data in L1 and L2 from Table 2, find the equation of the
regression line and calculate R 2 value using a natural logarithmic
regression.
Table 2
L1 L2
5 1.7
2.7 1.2
32 3.6
17 2.9
12 2.3
25 2.9
47 3.8
Lab 14 805
LES SON Finding Best Fit Models
116
Warm Up 1. Vocabulary The
(45)
coefficient, r, tells how well a line fits a set of
points and ranges from -1 to 1.
⎧ 5 5 15 _ 45 ⎫
2. Find the constant ratio in the geometric sequence ⎨_6 , _8 , _
32 , 128 ⎬.
(97)
⎩ ⎭
3. Which function is shown in the graph?
(47) x y
A y = -2 _ ()
1 4
4
x 2
B y = -2(4) x
O
x
C y = -4 _
2 4
()
1
2
-4 -2
-2
x
D y = 4(_ )
1
2
4. Solve the system of equations.
(21)
3a + b = -5
2a - 6b = 30
New Concepts Recall that regression is the process of identifying a relationship between
variables. In a linear regression, a line of best fit was used to describe and
predict points in a scatter plot.
Best fit models are not always lines; they can also be curves. When a
quadratic function best fits the points, the model is said to be a quadratic
model and the regression is said to be a quadratic regression.
Math Language In a quadratic function, when the x-values are equally spaced, the y-values
Quadratic regression is have constant nonzero second differences.
a statistical method used
to fit a quadratic model x-values -2 -1 0 1 2 First differences: -6 -2 2 6
to a given set of data.
y-values 8 2 0 2 8 Second differences: 4 4 4
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6
Population 3 10 23 42 66 94
First differences: 7 13 19 24 28
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com Second differences: 6 6 5 4
Graphing
Calculator
See Graphing Calculator
Lab on page 804
for more help with
regression models.
Some data are best modeled by polynomial models where the polynomial
has a degree greater than two. To determine which polynomial model to use,
either graph the given data, or look at the differences in the y-values, when
given equally spaced x-values.
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6
Stock value $4 $6 $10 $17 $29 $47
First differences: 2 4 7 12 18
Second differences: 2 3 5 6
Third differences: 1 2 1
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of e-mails 14 28 49 98 196 343
SOLUTION The ratios between consecutive y-values are 2, 1.75, 2, 2, and 1.75.
Since they all either 2 or near 2, an exponential regression is appropriate.
Enter the data into a graphing calculator and choose
ExpReg to get an exponential function in the form
y = abx. An exponential model of the data is
y ≈ 7.45(1.9)x.
To enter any regression equation directly into Y1,
press VARS, choose Statistics, and choose RegEQ
from the EQ menu.
The R2 value and the graph show that the function models the data well.
Some data are best modeled by a logarithmic function. For this data set use a
logarithmic regression to find a logarithmic model.
Number of minutes 1 2 3 4 5 6
Miles per hour 24 32 39 43 47 49
SOLUTION Notice that the y-values continue to increase, but the amounts
of increase become less and less as the number of minutes increase.
Caution Enter the data into a graphing calculator and choose LnReg to get a natural
logarithmic function in the form y = a + b ln(x). A logarithmic model of
Be sure to choose LnReg
and not LinReg from the the data is y ≈ 23.27 + 14.34 ln(x).
Calc menu.
The R2 value and the graph show that the function models the data well.
808 Saxon Algebra 2
Example 5 Application: Population
The population for a certain town for given years is shown in the table.
Find the model that best fits the data. Then use the model to estimate the
population of the town in 2002.
SOLUTION
2. Plan The data points are somewhat close to forming a line, although
a nonlinear model may better fit the data. Compare the R2 values for
different types of regression models to find which fit is best.
4. Check Compare the answer with the numbers in the table to check for
reasonableness. 2002 is between 2000 and 2006 and 7081 is between 6205
and 8944, so the answer is reasonable.
Lesson Practice
a. Write a quadratic function that models the data shown in the table.
(Ex 1)
Temperature (°C) -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Number of Campers 8 12 15 19 19 20
b. Write a quartic function that models the data shown in the table.
(Ex 2)
Week 10 20 30 40 50 60
Value of Stock $42 $25 $9 $12 $27 $41
c. Write an exponential function that models the data shown in the table.
(Ex 3)
Minutes 1 2 3 4 5 6
Number of Bacteria 115 168 250 371 547 808
e. The population for a certain town for given years is shown in the table.
(Ex 5)
Find the model that best fits the data. Use the year 1990 as the initial
time. Then use the model to estimate the population of the town
in 2003.
*1. Multi-Step Write a cubic function to model the data in the table. Then estimate the
(116)
value of y when x is 3. How does the estimate change when a quartic function is
used instead?
x -10 -5 0 5 10
y 1996 263 -12 -245 -2010
*2. International Landmarks The Santa Justa Elevator (Elevador de Santa Justa) in
(113)
Lisbon, Portugal is 45 meters tall. Suppose a ball is dropped from the top of the
elevator and rebounds 25% of its previous height after each bounce.
a. Use summation notation to write an infinite geometric series to represent the
total distance the ball travels after it initially hits the ground. Keep in mind that
the ball travels both down and up on each bounce.
b. Find the sum of the series from part a.
c. Find the total distance the ball travels by adding the distance traveled before the
ball initially hit the ground.
*5. Population The table shows the approximate populations of the United States for
(116)
certain decades.
8. The last term of a finite arithmetic sequence is 33 and the common difference
(92)
is -9. Find the 5th term of the sequence given that there are 21 terms in all.
*9. Error Analysis A student claims that cot θ cos θ - sin θ = cos 2 θ csc θ is NOT an
(115)
identity based on the work shown below. What is the student’s error?
cot θ cos θ - sin θ cos 2 θ csc θ
cos2 θ - sin2 θ (_
sin θ )
1
cos2 θ - sin θ
*11. Coordinate Geometry Find the coordinates of the images of points A, B, and y
(112)
C after a 25° rotation counterclockwise about the origin. Round answers to B(-3, 4) A(3, 4)
-4
Asymptote: y = -_
3x
4
*16. Write Tell why the graph of the equation 4x2 + 4xy + y2 - 12x + 8y + 36 = 0
(114)
is not a parabola.
C y = __ D y = __
x2 - 25 x2 - 25
2 2
x - x - 30 x + x - 30
20. Geometry Write the equation of a circle if its center is located at (5, -1) and its
(91)
circumference is 20π units.
21. Error Analysis A student described the end behavior of f (x) = -x2 + 2x3 + x4 as
(101)
shown below. What error did the student likely make? Describe the end behavior
correctly.
As x +∞, f (x) -∞, and as x -∞, f (x) -∞.
*22. Graphing Calculator Perform a quadratic regression for the data in the table. Give the
(116)
R2 value. Use the function to predict the y-value when x is 6.
23. Forestry The volume of a giant sequoia, in cubic feet, can be approximated by
(106)
the function y = 0.485x3 - 362x2 + 89,889x - 7,379,874, where x is the height of
the tree, between 220 feet and 280 feet inclusive. What are the possible heights of
a tree whose volume is 45,000 cubic feet? Hint: Set the Window of your graphing
calculator to the range of heights for which the function is given.
*24. Multiple Choice Which of the following is the exact value of Sin _2 if Cos θ = - _14 and
θ
(115)
90° < θ < 180°.
√ √ √ √
A -_ B _ C -_ D _
10 10 6 6
4 4 4 4
25. Money The members of a bowling team are sharing the cost of a $125 gift for
(94)
their team leader. Write and solve an inequality to show the numbers of members
whose participation would bring the cost per member to less than $7.50.
Factor completely.
(61)
28. x3 + 7x2 + 7x - 15 29. x4 + 3x3 - 25x2 + 9x - 84
*30. Formulate Substitute the formula for the nth term of an arithmetic sequence
(105)
into the formula for the sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic series. In what
situation could this new formula be used?
New Concepts When at least one equation in a system of equations is nonlinear, the system
is a nonlinear system of equations. As with a system of linear equations, the
solution set is the point, or points, where the graphs of the equations intersect.
These coordinates are the values that make all the equations in the system true.
When one or both of the equations
are equations of conic sections,
Math Reasoning there can 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 points of
Model Sketch another intersection. Possible intersections
way a circle and a between a parabola and a circle are
parabola can have no
points of intersection. shown to the right.
Methods for solving nonlinear systems are the same as for linear systems: by
substitution, by elimination, and by graphing.
x -5 -3 -1 1 3 5
y=_
15
x -3 -5 -15 15 5 3
x2 + y2 = 25 x2 + 2y2 = 34
y2 = 25 - x2 2y2 = 34 - x2
y2 = _
2
y = ± √25 - x2 34 - x
2
y=± _
34 - x2
√ 2
Graphing
Calculator
Watch the equation at
the top of the screen
to see which graph the
cursor is on. Use the
arrow keys to move
among the graphs.
The solutions are (4, 3), (4, -3), (-4, -3), and (-4, 3).
*1. Generalize For a hyperbola of the form ax2 + by2 + cx + dy + e = 0, what must be
(109)
true about a and b if the orientation of the hyperbola is vertical.
3. Savings $2,000 is deposited into a savings account. How much money will be in
(47)
the account in 30 years if there is an 8% interest rate compounded quarterly?
*4. Multiple Choice The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) = 3x4 - 4 shifted 2 units left.
(111)
Which is the correct rule for g(x)?
A g(x) = 3(x + 2)4 - 4 B g(x) = 3(x - 2)4 - 4
C g(x) = 3x4 - 2 D g(x) = 3x4- 6
5. Probability A function is randomly selected from the list below and graphed.
(106)
*8. Justify Tell why it is incorrect to call the R2 value the correlation coefficient.
(116)
9. Determine if P(x) = 3x3 - 4x2 - 28x - 16 has a zero remainder when divided by
(95)
x + 2. Determine Q(x).
*12. Recreation A boy’s remote-controlled airplane is making loops in a park and the
(117)
path can be modeled by 4x2 + y2 = 25. A girl’s remote-controlled plane is making
a straight line that can be modeled by 2x + y = 7. Is there any chance that the two
planes will collide? If so, where?
13. Analyze Explain why you must consider two cases when solving a rational
(94)
inequality by using the LCD.
14. Physics As an airplane comes in for a landing, the pilot wants to maintain a constant
(63)
angle relative to the ground. If the pilot wants to maintain an angle between 30 and
40 degrees, define the bounds on x for the tangent function y = tan x in radians that
monitor the plane’s orientation.
15. Coordinate Geometry For the sequence {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, graph the ordered pairs (n, an)
(105)
and (n, Sn). How do the graphs compare?
2
y
16. Multiple Choice Which of the following points is not on the ellipse _
x2
+ _2 = 1?
(98) 22 5
A (0, 5) B (2, 0) C (5, 0) D (-2, 0)
17. Multi-Step A manufacturer wants to design an open box with a square base and a
(101)
total surface area of 200 square inches.
a. Write an equation that relates x, h, and 200. Solve it for h.
h
b. Write a function V(x) for the volume of the box.
c. Graph V(x) on a graphing calculator. Find the maximum x
x
possible volume of the box and the corresponding dimensions.
*18. Analyze What is the maximum number of intersection points that a circle and a
(117)
line can have?
-4
x2 - y2 = 15
*20. Multi-Step Consider the system .
(117) 9x2 + 16y2 = 160
a. What figures do the graphs of each equation make?
b. At most, how many solutions could there be?
c. Solve the system by elimination.
d. Verify If you were to verify your solutions by using a graphing calculator,
what would be the equations you would enter?
22. Describe the graph of a conic section whose eccentricity is 2 and vertical distance
(Inv 10)
from its focus or center is 2 and write the general equation in polar form.
Solve.
25. log5 625 26. log5 (5x + 9) = log5 6x
(102) (102)
27. Error Analysis Two students are simplifying the logarithmic function below, but
(110)
they get different results. Which student made the mistake?
y = log(9x2 + 30x + 25)
Student A Student B
y = log(9x2 + 30x + 25) y = log(9x2 + 30x + 25)
= log((3x + 5)(3x + 6)) = log(9x2 + 2 · 3 · 5x + 52)
= log(3x + 5) + log(3x + 6) = log(3x + 5) 2
= 2 log(3x + 5)
28. Describe the end behavior of the graph of the polynomial function
(101)
f (x) = -2x3 + 7x - 4.
*29. Finance The table shows stock values of a certain stock for 5 different days.
(116)
Day 3 6 8 14 16
Value of Stock $38 $21 $15 $34 $52
New Concepts Statistical claims are not always accurate. These inaccuracies can come from
poor sampling methods, poorly worded questions, distorted data displays,
and the misuse of data.
Recall that a biased sample is one that is not representative of its population.
Hint Someone making a claim about a population based on a biased sample may
or may not know that their sample is biased. Biased samples can be the result
In a probability sample,
every member of the of using a sample that is not a probability sample, such as a volunteer or
population has a known, convenience sample.
nonzero, chance of being
selected. Inaccurate data may also be the result of using a sample that is too small.
A simple random sample that chooses only 5 people from a population of
10,000 is likely to be biased.
A representative sample of a large enough size does not guarantee that the
data collected from that sample will be accurate. The question can be worded
in a way that leads people towards a certain response.
Measurement data, such as for height or weight, is most accurate when
the surveyor takes the measurement. This is because people tend to round
Online Connection numerical answers to the nearest 5 or 10. People may also lie about personal
www.SaxonMathResources.com characteristics; this factor cannot be controlled except by measuring on the spot.
Lesson Practice
a. A sales person for a new lotion gave samples of the lotion to four
(Ex 1)
dermatologists and asked them if they would recommend it to their
patients. Three of the dermatologists said they would. The sales person
wrote a brochure stating that 3 out of 4 dermatologists recommend the
lotion. Why is the claim misleading?
b. A student wants to know the average height difference between boys
(Ex 2)
and girls in the eleventh grade. In 11th-grade homerooms, the student
walks up and down the rows, asking other students to state their height,
in inches. How can the results of this survey be misleading?
c. Explain how the graph could be misleading. 80
Balloons Ordered
(Ex 3)
d. A study showed that individuals who visit a 60
(Ex 4)
dentist twice a year tend to make more money 40
than individuals who visit less than twice a 20
year. Can it be concluded that visiting a dentist 0
Party 1 Party 2
causes a person to make more money? Explain.
1. Savings A teen deposits money into a savings account. The first week she deposits
(105)
$20. Each week thereafter, she deposits $10 more than the previous week. Show
how to use an arithmetic series to find the total amount of money in the account
after 16 weeks.
5. Multi-Step If tan θ = _
5
12
and 0° < θ < 90°. $43,000
(115)
a. What is cos θ ? $38,000
$33,000
b. What is the exact value of sin _θ ?
2 $28,000
*9. Probability Suppose for the data set {(1, 4), (4, 10), (6, 11), (10, 12), (12, 13)}
(116)
that one of the following regression models is randomly chosen to predict a
value: linear, quadratic, cubic, quartic, exponential, and logarithmic. What is the
probability that the R2 value for the chosen model is less than 0.95?
10. Analyze Can a sixth-degree polynomial function have exactly six irrational roots?
(106)
Why or why not?
11. Write Find sin 2θ and cos 2θ if cos θ = -_14 and 90° < θ < 180°. Did you need to
(115)
find the value of sin θ to find these values? Explain.
*12. Postage The cost of a US first class stamp for given years are shown in the table.
(116)
Year 1895 1914 1947 1966 1973 1980 1982 1991 2001 2006 2007
Cost, in cents 2 2 3 5 8 15 20 29 34 39 41
a. Find an exponential function to model the data. Use the number of years
before or after 1900 for x. Use the model to predict the cost of a stamp in 2025.
b. Predict the cost of a stamp in 2025 when a quartic model is used instead.
c. Justify Which price do you think is more reliable? Why?
822 Saxon Algebra 2
13. Error Analysis Find and correct the error a student made in stating that the graph of
(114) (x - 4)2 (y - 1)2
the equation _ 25
+_ 8
= 1 is a hyperbola.
*14. Multiple Choice A data set has an outlier. Which statement is false?
(118)
A Reporting the mean is likely to be misleading.
B Reporting the median is likely to be misleading.
C Reporting the range is likely to be misleading.
D Reporting either the mean or range is likely to be misleading.
15. Write What is a limit and when does a geometric series have a limit?
(113)
16. Identify the leading coefficient, degree, and describe the end behavior
(101)
of f (x) = x4 - x3 - 4x2 + 4.
*17. Multiple Choice Which could not have three points of intersection?
(117)
A circle and line B hyperbola and circle
C circle and ellipse D two parabolas
*19. Justify A pollster suggests the following question to be on a ballot. ‘Do you support
(118)
a new traffic light on First Street and Walnut Street which engineers claim will
reduce accidents by up to 65%? ’ Another pollster says that this question is biased
and must be changed. Explain why this pollster is correct in saying the question
is biased.
*20. Multi-Step This conical container has a radius of 6 feet and a height of 8 feet. 6 ft
(111)
a. Write a function V(x) that gives the volume of water in the container when
the height of the water is x feet. x 8 ft
b. Describe the transformation g(x) = V(2x) by writing the rule for g(x) and
explaining the change in the context of the problem.
23. Solve the equation by finding all the roots: x4 - 2x3 - 14x2 - 2x - 15 = 0.
(106)
24. Let f (x) = tan(x) and g(x) = 3x – 2. Find the period of f (g(x)).
(90)
*25. Graphing Calculator Graph the function y = -4x2 + 8x + 2. Determine the vertex
(30)
and axis of symmetry.
29. A card is drawn at random from a standard deck. How many outcomes are in the
(33)
event of drawing a diamond or a 4?
30. Evaluate 4! · 6!
(42)
New Concepts When solving trigonometric equations, use the same methods for solving
algebraic equations and apply the inverse trigonometric functions.
sin x = _
1
sin x = -1
2
Online Connection
x = 30°, 150° x = 270°
www.SaxonMathResources.com 2 sin2 x - 2 sin x = 1 - 3 sin x when x = 30°, 150° and 270°
Lesson 119 825
b. tan2 z - 3 tan z = 5 for - _ < z < _
π π
2 2
SOLUTION Use the Quadratic Formula.
Hint
Note that the range of tan2 z - 3tan z = 5 Subtract 5 from both sides.
the sine and cosine 2
functions is -1 to 1, but
tan z - 3tan z - 5 = 0 Substitute 1 for a, -3 for b, and -5 for c,
the range of the tangent into the Quadratic Formula and Simplify.
function is all real
-(-3) ± √(-3) 2
- 4(1)(-5)
tan z = ___
numbers. So, the domain
of the inverse tangent
function includes
2(1)
numbers less than -1 3 ± √29
and greater than 1. tan z = _ Apply the inverse tangent to each
2
equation. Use a calculator.
z = Tan-1 ( 3 + √29
_
2
)
≈ 1.34 radians or z = Tan-1 _(
3 - √29
2
)
≈ -0.87 radians
2 sin2 θ + 2 = 3 - cos θ
θ=_
2π or _
4π or θ = 0
3 3
3. Solve
250 cos (_π6 (t + 6)) + 250 = 375 Substitute 375 for P(t).
_
π
(t + 6) = cos-1 _)
6
1
(2 Apply the inverse cosine.
Hint
cos-1 (_12 ) = _π3 (or _
5π _
,
3 3
7π _
,
11π
3
, . . .)
_ (t + 6) = _ ⇒ t = - 4
cos θ = _12 for θ = _ π π π π
3
, Test _ . not a solution
_
5π _7π _
, , 11π
. . . therefore 6 3 3
3 3 3 because 1 ≤ t ≤ 12.
cos-1(_12 ) = _
π
and also
_
5π _7π _ 11π
3 _
π
(t + 6) = _ ⇒ t = 4
5π 5π
Test _ . t = 4 is the solution
3
, ,3 3
... 6 3 3
Lesson Practice
a. Find all the solutions of 8 sin θ + 1 = 4 sin θ - 1 algebraically.
(Ex 1)
b. Solve 4 cos2 x = 4 cos x - 1 for 0° ≤ x < 360°.
(Ex 2)
c. Solve 3 tan2 z - tan z - 3 = 0 for - _ < z < _ .
π π
(Ex 2) 2 2
2
d. Use trigonometric identities to solve 1 - cos θ + 3 sin θ = sin θ - 1 for
(Ex 3)
0° ≤ θ < 360°.
e. Find all the solutions of sin θ - _1 = 2 sin θ + _1 for 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π using a
2 2
(Ex 4)
graphing calculator.
f. As in Example 5, in which month of the year does the bird population
(Ex 5)
first reach 125 birds?
1. Analyze A polynomial equation has a root of 2 + 3i and this root has a multiplicity
(106)
of 2. What is the least degree that the polynomial can be? Why?
3. If a private school’s enrollment is 600 students and it increases 5% each year, how
(93)
long will it take to get 800 students?
4. Multi-Step The boundary of the set of possible points for the epicenter of an
(114)
earthquake recorded at an observation station can be represented by the equation
x2 + y2 - 8x - 40y - 209 = 0.
a. What conic section represents the situation?
b. Write the equation in standard form.
25x2 + 4.3y2 = 89
*6. Graphing Calculator Solve . Round to the nearest hundredth.
(117) x2 + y2 = 9.8
*7. Solar Eclipses For a solar eclipse to be possible, the moon must be near the line
(119)
between the earth and the sun within 3 days of a new moon. Suppose the cycle
of the moon can be modeled by M(t) = cos (_ π
14 )
t , where t is the number of days
from now. The minimum value of M(t) represents a new moon. How many days
from now is the next new moon? When P(t) = 2 sin 2 ( _ π
t + cos ( _
14 )
π
t - _12 equals
14 )
M(t), the moon is on the line between earth and the sun. Is a solar eclipse possible
before the next new moon? Why or why not? Explain.
9. Find the common ratio of the geometric sequence and use it to find the next three
(97)
terms. 14, 2, _27 …
*10. Data Analysis What could be misleading about the graph Population
(118)
shown? 657
750
682
700 721
660
650 year 1
year 2
600
year 3
0 year 4
11. Use De Moivre’s Theorem to evaluate the complex number (6 - 7i)3 to express the
(Inv 11)
result in trigonometric form.
*12. Model Sketch diagrams to show how two parabolas can intersect in 0, 1, 2, 3, or
(117)
4 points.
*13. Multiple Choice For what values 0 ≤ θ < 2π does sin 2θ = sin θ ?
(119)
A θ=_ 1 B θ = 0, _1 C θ = 0, _ 5π D θ = _
π , π, _ π _
, 5π
2 2 3 3 3 3
14. Population The year when the world population reached each billion mark is
(116)
shown in the table.
Population (billions) 1 2 3 4 5 6
Year 1800 1927 1960 1974 1987 1999
Find a logarithmic function to model the data and use it to predict when the world
population will reach 8 billion.
15. Finance The monthly rent for an apartment is $850 the first year. Every year
(113)
thereafter, the rent increases by 2%. Write a geometric series in summation
notation to represent the total rent paid after 10 years. Then find the sum.
*16. Multiple Choice Which data set is best modeled by an exponential function?
(116)
A {(1, -16), (2, -12), (3, -8), (4, -4), (5, 0)}
B {(1, -16), (2, -8), (3, -4), (4, -2), (5, -1)}
C {(1, -16), (2, 0), (3, 16), (4, 32), (5, 48)}
D {(1, -16), (2, -64), (3, -144), (4, -256), (5, -400)}
17. Manufacturing The horizontal distance x traveled by a golf ball struck from
(115)
ground level with an initial speed v and angle θ is given by x = _1 2
32
v sin 2 θ. The
rule determined by the United States Golf Association states that the initial
velocity of a golf ball cannot exceed 255 feet per second when tested under
specified conditions. If a ball is manufactured with the highest allowed initial
velocity, use the equation to determine the horizontal distance of the ball if it is
hit at an angle of 45°.
Lesson 119 829
18. Geometry The Pythagorean Theorem states that the length of the
(104)
hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the square root of the
sum of the squared lengths of the legs of the triangle. The equation √x
h(x)
h(x) = √
x + 16 can be used to model the possible lengths of the
hypotenuse and the square of the other leg for the right triangle shown.
4 cm
Use f(x) = √x to find the graph of h(x) = √ x + 16 . Then use the
graph of h(x) to find two possibilities for the lengths of the other leg
and the hypotenuse.
-4
21. Temperature Using Newton’s Law of Cooling T =
(87) (kt+C)
e + R, determine the amount of time needed to cool
a cup of water (80ºC) to 50ºC in a room temperature of 30ºC.Use k = -0.200064
and C = 4.0073.
22. Error Analysis A student solved log 2x + log 4 = 3 as shown. What is the error?
(102)
What is the correct solution?
log 2x + log 4 = 3 log (2x + 4) = 3 2x + 4 = 1000 x = 498
23. The common difference in an arithmetic series is 8 and the first term is -160. Find
(105)
the sum of the first 40 terms.
*29. Error Analysis A student with a part-time job at a movie theater uses ticket stubs
(118)
he found on the floor to collect data about the types of movies people watch on
different days. He says that he takes a simple random sample of the stubs he finds,
so his sample cannot be biased. Find the error in the student’s reasoning.
30. The data in the table is represented by an exponential function. Use the data
(45)
to solve for the correlation coefficient, r.
A mathematical proof is true for all values that relate to the proof.
This is what makes a mathematical proof a powerful tool. One type of
mathematical proof is mathematical induction.
1. Show that this formula works for n = 10, 20, and 30.
2. Why is the formula a better way of calculating the result?
While you can show that this formula works for any value of n, a
mathematical proof needs to show that this formula works for every value
of n. Proof by mathematical induction is a three-step process.
Step 1: Show that the base case is true.
5. Add the next term am+1 to the formula from question 4 and simplify the
expression.
6. Verify Show that the new expression from question 5 is the result of the
summation formula for m + 1.
7. When all three steps are true, then the mathematical proof is complete
n
n(n + 1)
through the process of induction. Is ∑k = _ true?
k=1 2
Suppose that you want to generate the formula for adding consecutive even
numbers. For example, the sum of consecutive even integers is shown for
the first six even numbers:
0=0
0+2=2
0+2+4=6
0 + 2 + 4 + 6 = 12
0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 20
Online Connection
www.SaxonMathResources.com 0 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = 30
Investigation 12 831
8. Write a formula that can be used to generate even numbers only for any
integer value of k.
9. Write the summation expression that uses Σ and the expression
from question 8 that can be used to find the sum of consecutive even
integers.
10. Find the general form that does not use Σ that can be used to find the
sum of n consecutive even integers for any value of n.
Investigation Practice
Suppose that you want to generate the formula for adding the set of consecutive
odd integers from 1 to n.
a. Generate the first five sums of this series.
b. Write a formula that can be used to generate odd numbers only for any
value of k.
c. Write the summation expression that uses Σ and the expression from
question b that can be used to find the sum of consecutive odd integers.
d. Find the general form that does not use Σ that can be used to find the
sum of n consecutive odd integers for any value of n.
Investigation 12 833
APPENDIX
LES SON Changes in Measure
1
New Concepts
Use the formulas for area, surface area, and volume to determine how
changes in measure affect other measures.
2l
The area of the rectangle after the length is doubled is A = (2l)w. Using the Hint
Associative Property of Multiplication, you can express the area as:
Remember, the
A = 2(lw) Associative Property of
Multiplication states that
When the length of a rectangle is doubled, the area of the rectangle is also for any real numbers, a,
b, and c:
doubled.
a(bc) = (ab)c
b. The length and width of a rectangle are each doubled. What is the
change in the area of the rectangle?
SOLUTION The area of the rectangle before the length and width are Predict
doubled is A = lw. The area of the rectangle after the length and width What do you think the
are doubled is A = (2l)(2w). Using the Commutative and Associative change in area will be if
Properties of Multiplication, the area can be expressed as: the length and width are
tripled?
A = 4(lw)
When the length and width of a rectangle are doubled, the area of the
rectangle is four times the original area.
APPENDIX
LESSONS
a. The length of the side of a cube is halved. What is the change in the
surface area and volume of the cube?
SOLUTION
_
1s
2
The surface area of the cube before the side is halved is SA = 6s2.
The volume of the cube before the side is halved is V = s3.
SOLUTION
The surface area of the sphere before the diameter is doubled is SA = 4πr2.
When the diameter of a sphere is doubled, the radius is also doubled.
The surface area of the sphere after the diameter is doubled is:
4π(2r)2 = 4π(4r2) = 16πr2 = 4(4πr2)
When the diameter of a sphere is doubled, the surface area is quadrupled,
or 4 times the original surface area.
APPENDIX
LESSONS
a. The height of a triangle is doubled. What is the change in the area of
(Ex 1)
the triangle?
b. The bases and height of a trapezoid are tripled. What is the change in
(Ex 1)
the area of the trapezoid?
c. The length of each side of a cube is divided by 5. What is the change in
(Ex 2)
the surface area and volume of the cube?
d. The height of a cone is quadrupled. What is the change in the volume
(Ex 2)
of the cone?
e. The radius of a sphere is tripled. What is the change in the volume of the
(Ex 2)
sphere?
f. A rectangular prism is 12 feet long, 8.2 feet wide, and 4 feet high. The
(Ex 2)
length and height are halved. What is the change in the volume of the
prism?
g. The diameter of one circular pool is twice the diameter of a second
(Ex 3)
circular pool. The height of both pools is 4 feet. What is the relationship
between the volumes of the pools?