Name of the Student : JOHN JOSEPH L.

TOLENTINO
Course Name : Physical Chemistry for Engineers 2 (Laboratory)
Course Instructor : Engr. Karlo Isagani A. Mosqueda

PARTIAL MOLAR VOLUME OF NaCl IN SOLUTION

Introduction

Most thermodynamic quantities can be divided into two categories. Centralized

variables (pressure, temperature, etc.) and broad variables (pressure, temperature, etc.)

(volume, enthalpy, entropy, etc.). A wide range of variables depends on the number of

components considered and is distinguished from intensive variables that do not depend on this

factor. Other examples of intense thermodynamic variables are, for example, B. partial molar

volume and partial molar mass. The purpose of this experiment is to calculate the partial molar

volume of sodium chloride and the partial molar volume of water in a binary solution whose

salt content is known and compare the results. Understanding partial molar volumes (PMVs)

because thermodynamics contains important information about solute-solvent interactions and

is useful statistics for analyzing the effects of pressure changes on chemical reactions. Is

important 1. As a result, PMV can be used to predict what the solute's solubility in the solution

will be when the pressure of the solution is changed.

Partial molars provide information on how the properties of a solution change with

concentration. For the expansion properties of the solution, it is necessary to know the partial

molar amount of the component. Examples are oceanography and aquatic environmental

science. Therefore, in this experiment, the partial molar volume of the NaCl solution is

measured. Another example is that in biochemistry when using ultracentrifugation to separate

proteins and nucleic acids from each other, partial molar volumes are needed to accurately

estimate the molecular weights of the proteins and nucleic acids. The study of Gibbs partial

molar solutions focuses on the study of free energy called chemical potential. To calculate the

apparent molar properties, one must assume that the other properties of the solution do not

change. This is based on this assumption, but with the exception of loudness, it is almost

impossible to achieve the perfect condition where the remaining parameters do not change.

Partial molars are important because of their relationship with the Gibbs’ free energy.

This is due to other partial molars associated with thermodynamic relationships. In this

experiment, a basic sodium hydroxide solution is used to neutralize an acidic vinegar solution

that is inherently acidic. Titrate caustic soda using a burette and calculate the amount of caustic

soda required. Titration is complete when the acid is completely neutralized by the base. This

is called an endpoint and you will be notified when the indicator changes color. In this

experiment, the indicator is phenolphthalein, and depending on the concentration, the acid will

be colorless, and the base will be pink. A drop of the base is sufficient for the color to change

from colorless to pink at the end of the titration.

Objective

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar concentration and weight

percent of acetic acid in vinegar and to acquire expertise in experimental methodologies. With

the help of a pycnometer, students learn to determine the molar and mass/mass percent

concentrations of acetic acid in an unknown vinegar solution. You will also learn how to

calculate the mass/percent concentration of hydrogen peroxide in an unknown vinegar solution.

Students can also observe and take notes on the following burette readings.
Procedures

The chemicals and equipment used in the experiment are the following:

• NaCl

• Acetone

• 5 250-mL beakers

• 1 watch glass

• Hot plate

• Stirring rod

• Magnetic stirrer

• Iron stand

• Iron ring

• 1 25-mL pycnometer

1.6 m, 0.80 m, 0.40 m, and 0.20 m NaCl solution are needed to proceed with the experiment

properly. Take note that the method is very sensitive to temperature. Therefore, Make sure the

bath temperature is kept constant at 25 ° C.

1. Prepare 100 g of NaCl solution (1.60 m, 0.80 m, 0.40 m, 0.20 m).

2. Set the water bath to 25 ° C while preparing the solution. Wait for the water to reach

thermal equilibrium.

3. Rinse the pycnometer with distilled water before rinsing with acetone. Use a suction

device to vacuum the pycnometer completely.

4. Weigh an empty and dry pycnometer with an analytical balance. Make a note of the

group as We.

5. Fill the body of the pycnometer with distilled water. Next, insert the capillary plug

firmly.

6. Wipe off excess liquid around the taper joint, then cover the pycnometer and immerse

it in the bath so that most of the solution sinks. Leave the pycnometer device for 10

minutes and wait for the solution to reach thermal equilibrium.

7. After 10 minutes, loosen the cap and wipe off any remaining liquid from the capillary

tip. Be careful not to draw liquid out of the capillaries. Take the pycnometer out of the

bath.

8. Clean and wipe the entire pycnometer, including the cap, not the tip of the stopper. (Be

careful not to let the tissue paper suck the liquid out of the capillary.)

9. Place the pycnometer on the scale and close it. Leave it for about 10 minutes before

weighing. W0 is the mass of the pycnometer filled with water. From the difference,

calculate the mass W of water.

10. See the table of pure water density. Use the value to calculate the volume of the

pycnometer at 25 ° C.

11. Steps 4-10 should be repeated starting with the dilute solution, using NaCl solution

instead of distilled water. Record the mass of the pycnometer filled with solutions as
 We for each solution. To calculate the density of each solution, use the volume

calculated in step 11.

12. Repeat all steps and try a total of 2 times.

Results and Calculations
 Table 1 Experimental Data

Table 2 Experimental Data

Table 3 Experimental Data

Discussion

This experimental activity took a lot of time as students needed to calibrate and observe

the data for 0 minutes or more to collect it and ensure its reliability. Based on the aggregated

data above, as the molarity decreases, so does the mass of the compound. In other words, there
is a linear relationship between the two. On the other hand, an error that can affect the data can

be an inaccurate measurement of the weight of the pycnometer, with or without a solution.

At this point, calculate 𝜙 for each trial of each solution. Calculate the average of two

trials and show an example of 𝜙 calculation from one trial using only one solution.

Where:
We: Weight of Empty Pycnometer
W0: Weight of Empty Pycnometer filled with pure water
W: Weight of Empty Pycnometer filled with NaCl solution
M: Molar Weight of NaCl = 58.45 g/mol
 Table 1.0 Data for the Apparent Molar Volume of NaCl

Graph 1.0 Graph for NaCl solution in accordance with the relationship between the average
apparent molar volume and the square root of molality.

The graph shows the linear relationship between the average apparent molar volume

and the square root of the molar concentration. As the square root of molarity decreases, the

average apparent molar volume decreases.

 y = -1.4908x +20.54
R^2 = 0.9733
R= 0.9865596789

Sample solution of the average value of apparent molar volume:

Table 1.1 Data for slope, y-intercept, and molar volume of pure water at standard conditions

The slope of the trend line is 𝑑𝜙 / 𝑑√𝑚, but the y-intercept is 𝜙0. The value 𝜙 0

represents the apparent molar volume of NaCl extrapolated to zero concentration. From these

values, the partial molar volumes of water and NaCl in cm3 mol–1 units 𝑉̅1 and 𝑉̅2 can be

calculated as follows.

Sample solution of the partial molar volume for water:

Where:
V1 = Partial molar volume for water

= slope of the trendline

= molar volume of pure water at standard conditions

 = square root of molality
m = molality

Sample solution of the partial molar volume for NaCl:

Where:
V2 = Partial molar volume of NaCl solution.

= slope of the trendline

= y-intercept

= square root of molality

 Table 1.2 Table for the values of 𝑉̅1 and 𝑉̅2 for each NaCl solution, at each trial

Table 2.0 Average values of V1 (partial molar volume for water) and V2 (partial molar
volume for NaCl)
Conclusion

One of the goals of this study is to see how partial molars are related to electrolyte

solutions such as sodium chloride. According to the hypothesis tested in this experiment, the

two are linearly related. The partial molar volume values of distilled water and sodium chloride

were calculated after a series of calculations. First, use a pycnometer to determine the density.

Researchers have solved the density used to calculate the apparent molar volume, which is a

unique molar volume. All the objectives of the experiment are achieved, and the data obtained

is analyzed.

According to the calculation results of two experiments, the apparent molar volume was

large in the low concentration NaCl solution. In addition, study participants presented a

considered hypothesis. The dilute solution contains more solvent. As a possible result, the

researcher's hypothesis was confirmed. Diluting the NaCl solution increases the partial molar

volume of distilled water. In summary, the partial molar volume of sodium chloride increases

with high concentrations of NaCl solution.

References.
Danek V. (2006). Physic-Chemical Analysis of Molten Electrolytes.7.1, P. W. Atkins, Physical

Chemistry, 7th Ed.