CHAPTER 10 Linear Kinetics 405

17. ____ The anteroposterior GRF for a runner moving at a con-

Equation Review for Linear Kinetics (continued)
stant pace is constant.
Calculation Given Formula 18. ____A heavier person has an easier time walking across an
icy pond because of higher friction.
Potential Mass, vertical height (h) PE ⫽ mgh
energy (PE) 19. ____ Laminar flow usually occurs only at high velocities.
1 20. ____ The greater the area, the greater the pressure.
Kinetic Mass, velocity KE = mv2
2
energy (KE) 21. ____ Center of pressure is a displacement measure.
1
Strain Proportionality SE = k¢x 22. ____ A long jumper in flight has only kinetic energy and no
2
energy (SE) constant (k)
strain or potential energy.
distance object
deformed (⌬x) 23. ____ Successful golfers maximize the acceleration of the club
W in the initial stages of the downswing.
Power Work (W), time (t) P =
t
24. ____ In static analysis, the sum of all of the forces acting on
Power Force, velocity P ⫽ Fv the body always equals zero.
25. ____ Mechanical work can be computed by measuring the
change in energy.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
Multiple Choice
True or False 1. What are the horizontal and vertical components of a force
1. ____ Body weight is a good measure of inertia. with a magnitude of 72 N acting at 16° to the horizontal?
a. Fy ⫽ 15.22 N; Fx ⫽ 4.94 N
2. ____ Muscle forces are always applied via either a pull or a b. Fx ⫽ 19.85 N; Fy ⫽ 69.21 N
push. c. Fy ⫽ 19.85 N; Fx ⫽ 69.21 N
3. ____ When a force vector is resolved into horizontal and d. Fx ⫽ 15.22 N; Fy ⫽ 4.94 N
vertical components, the orthogonal components are always 2. The horizontal and vertical components of a force are 32.52
greater than the magnitude of the resultant N and 12.23 N, respectively. What is the magnitude of the
vector. resultant vector?
4. ____ The force of gravity is the same no matter where in the a. 1207.12 N
world a person is. b. 30.13 N
c. 907.98 N
5. ___ The force applied to a javelin by air resistance can both
d. 34.74 N
assist and retard its flight.
3. How much force must be exerted to accelerate a 240-N
6. ____The anteroposterior GRF in walking is much greater than
weight to 5.7 m/s2?
the mediolateral GRF.
a. 139.45 N
7. ____ An object cannot move unless a force is applied to it. b. 1368 N
8. ____ The rate at which work is performed is termed potential c. 42.1 N
energy. d. 413.1 N
9. ____ Force is a scalar quantity. 4. What is the coefficient of friction if the friction force is 77.4
N the normal force is 120 N?
10. ____ Concurrent forces acting in the same plane can be com-
a. 1.37
bined using composition.
b. 1.55
11. ____A spinning ball curves in the direction of the spin c. 0.65
because of the Magnus effect. d. 0.74
12. ____ An efficient force application to the rim in wheelchair 5. If an individual’s thigh exerts a force of 9.1 N at a velocity of
propulsion is not always directed tangentially along the rim. 1.4 m/s, what is the power generated by the thigh?
13. ____ Impulse can be measured directly by calculating the area a. 1.30 W
under a force-time curve. b. 7.70 W
c. 6.50 W
14. ____ All segmental movements in the body occur as a result
d. 12.74 W
of a contact force generated by muscles.
6. If the static coefficient of friction of a basketball shoe on a par-
15. ____ An object with a mass of 100 kg cannot be lifted unless ticular playing surface is 0.51 and the normal force is 820 N,
the force applied is greater than 981 N. what horizontal force is necessary to cause the shoe to slide?
16. ____ Two individuals are being measured on the force plat- a. 1607.8 N
form as they perform vertical jumps. The lighter of the b. 42.6 N
two individuals always generates a lower vertical impulse c. 418.2 N
value. d. 163.89
406 SECTION III Mechanical Analysis of Human Motion

7. An individual lifts a 95-kg weight to a height of 2.13 m. a. 0.31 m

When the weight is held overhead, what is the potential b. 0.22 m
energy? What is the kinetic energy? c. 1.03 m
a. PE ⫽ 202.4 Nm, KE ⫽ 202.4 Nm d. 0.10 m
b. PE ⫽ 202.4 Nm, KE ⫽ 0.0 Nm
12. An object accelerates at 4.7 m/s2 after a force of 810 N is
c. PE ⫽ 1985.1 Nm, KE ⫽ 0.0 Nm
applied. What is the mass of the object?
d. PE ⫽ 1985.1 Nm, KE ⫽ 1985.1 Nm
a. 78.33 kg
8. Calculate the impulse in the following graph. b. 82.56 kg
c. 165.14 kg
6
d. 172.34 kg
5
13. An object weighing 1100 N accelerates upward at a rate of
4 4.1 m/s2. How much force was applied?
Force (N)

a. 1559.73 N
3
b. 459.73 N
2 c. 4510 N
d. 268.29 N
1

0
14. A 7000-kg truck starts to roll down a road with a 30° incline.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 People rush to stop it. How much force must they apply to
Time (s)
stop it?
a. 32.0 Ns a. 68670 N
b. 25.5 Ns b. 3500 N
c. 29.0 Ns c. 34335 N
d. 28.5 Ns d. 59468 N
9. Consider the following free body diagram. Using static analysis, 15. A 115-kg football player is running toward you at 12 m/s.
solve for the horizontal and vertical forces of C that will maintain What impulse will you have to generate to stop him?
this system in equilibrium if A 110 N, B ⫽ 85 N, and W ⫽ 45 N. a. 9.6 N
b. 94 N
A
c. 13538 N
30° d. 1380 N
C
45° 16. A basketball player massing 105 kg applied a vertical force of
2980 N against the ground for 0.11 s. How high did his cen-
ter of mass rise during his rebound?
W
B
a. 0.46 m
b. 0.21 m
c. 0.50 m
a. Fy ⫽ 50.1 N; Fx ⫽ 155.4 N d. 0.34 m
b. Fy ⫽ 160.1 N; Fx ⫽ 155.4 N
17. What is the momentum of a 70-kg runner sprinting at 6.3 m/s?
c. Fy ⫽ 50.1 N; Fx ⫽ 35.2 N
a. 44.1 kgm/s
d. Fy ⫽ 160.1 N; Fx ⫽ 35.2 N
b. 441 kgm/s
10. Calculate the height of the center of mass above its starting c. 4326.21 Nm/s
height during a squat jump based on the following informa- d. 432.6 Nm/s
tion: BW ⫽ 670 N, total vertical force ⫽ 788 N, and time of
18. A woman with a mass of 60 kg dives from a 10-m platform.
force application ⫽ 0.9 s.
What is her potential and kinetic energy 7 m into the dive?
a. 0.78 m
a. KE ⫽ 420 J; PE ⫽ 420 J
b. 5.50 m
b. KE ⫽ 0 J; PE ⫽ 420 J
c. 0.12 m
c. KE ⫽ 0; PE ⫽ 4120.2 J
d. 1.45 m
d. KE ⫽ 4120.2 J; PE ⫽ 4120.2 J
11. Calculate the height of the center of mass above its starting
19. A 75-kg high jumper raises his center of mass 2.5 m. What is his
height during a jump based on the following hypothetical
potential energy and kinetic energy 0.1 s after he clears the bar?
graph (jumper’s weight ⫽ 700 N).
a. PE0.1 s ⫽ 1839.38 J; KE0.1 s ⫽ 36.1 J
1500 b. PE0.1 s ⫽ 1803.28 J; KE0.1 s ⫽ 36.1 J
c. PE0.1 s ⫽ 1839.38 J; KE0.1 s ⫽ 0 J
d. PE0.1 s ⫽ 1803.28 J; KE0.1 s ⫽ 0 J
Force (N)

700 20. A constant force of 160 N acts on a body in the horizontal

direction. The force moves the object forward 75 m in 2.3 s.
500
What is the mass of the body?
a. 231.27 kg
b. 11.28 kg
0
0 0.75 1.25 1.50
c. 5.64 kg
Time (s) d. 60 kg

21. A 15,000-kg truck is traveling at 25 m/s. What would be the
velocity of a 6500-kg truck with the same momentum?
a. 32.69 kgm/s
b. 56.59 kgm/s
c. 57.69 kgm/s
d. 35.67 kgm/s
22. A running back is tackled with a force of 3800 N by a line-
backer weighing 1000 N. What was the acceleration of the
linebacker?
a. 37.3 m/s2
b. 3.8 m/s2
c. 26.2 m/s2
d. 4.1 m/s2
23. What is the pressure on the bottom of the foot for a 75-kg
person on the balls of one foot making contact over an area
of approximately 100 cm2?
a. 7500 N/cm2
b. 0.75 N/cm2
c. 7.36 N/cm2
d. 73.6 N/cm2
24. The work calculated at time 1 and time 2 was 178 Nm and
345 Nm, respectively. Calculate the power if the time interval
was 0.049 s.
a. 8.183 W
b. 167 W
c. 10673.5 W
d. 3408.2 W
25. How much power is generated in the horizontal direction by
a force of 850 N applied to an object at an angle of 25°,
causing the object to move horizontally 4 m in 1.6 s?
a. 2125.0 W
b. 1925.9 W
c. 898.1 W
d. 3081.5 W
REFERENCES
1. Alexander, R. M. (1984). Elastic energy stores in running ver-
tebrates. American Zoologist, 24:85–94.
2. Andres, R. O., Chaffin, D. B. (1985). Ergonomic analysis of
slip-resistance measurement devices. Ergonomics, 28:1065–1079.
3. Asmussen, E., Bonde-Peterson, F. (1974). Apparent efficiency
and storage of elastic energy in human muscles during exer-
cise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 92:537–545.
4. Ayoub, M. M., Mital, A. (1989). Manual Materials
Handling. London: Taylor & Francis.
5. Barthels, K. M., Adrian, M. J. (1975). Three-dimensional spa-
tial hand patterns of skilled butterfly swimmers. In L. Lewillie,
J. P. Clarys (Eds.). Swimming II. Baltimore: University Park,
154–160.
6. Bates, B. T., et al. (1979). Variations of velocity within the
support phase of running. In J. Terauds, G. Dales (Eds.).
Science in Athletics. Del Mar, CA: Academic, 51–59.
7. Bergmann, G., et al. (1995). Is staircase walking a risk for the
fixation of hip implants? Journal of Biomechanics, 28:535–553.
8. Bobbert, M. F., et al. (1991). Calculation of vertical ground
reaction force estimates during running from positional data.
Journal of Biomechanics, 24:1095–1105.
9. Boda, W. L., Hamill, J. (1990). A mechanical model of the
Maxiflex “B” springboard. Proceedings of the VI biannual
CHAPTER 10 Linear Kinetics 407
meeting of the Canadian Society of Biomechanics. Quebec City:
109–110.
10. Boniger, M. L., et al. (1997). Wrist biomechanics during two
speeds of wheelchair propulsion: An analysis using a local
coordinate system. Archives Physical Medicine Rehabilitation,
78:364–371.
11. Brancazio, P. J. (1984). Sports Science. New York: Simon &
Schuster.
12. Buck, P. C. (1985). Slipping, tripping and falling accidents at
work: A national picture. Ergonomics, 28:949–958.
13. Caldwell, G. E., Forrester, L. W. (1992). Estimates of
mechanical work and energy transfers: demonstration of a
rigid body power model of the recovery leg in gait. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(12):1396–1412.
14. Cajori, F. (1934). Sir Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles
(translated by Andrew Motte in 1729). Berkeley, CA:
University of California.
15. Cavagna, G. A., et al. (1976). The sources of external work in
level walking and running. Journal of Physiology,
262:639–657.
16. Cavanagh, P. R. (1989). The biomechanics of running and
running shoe problems. In B. Segesser, W. Pforringer (Eds.).
The Shoe in Sport. London: Wolfe, 3–15.
17. Cavanagh, P. R., Lafortune, M. A. (1980). Ground reaction
forces in distance running. Journal of Biomechanics, 15:397–406.
18. Chaffin, D. B., Andersson, G. B. J. (1991). Occupational
Biomechanics (2nd Ed.). New York: Wiley.
19. Clarke, T. E., et al. (1983). The effects of shoe cushioning
upon ground reaction forces in running. International
Journal of Sports Medicine, 4:376–381.
20. Cohen, H. H., Compton, D. M. J. (1982, June). Fall accident
patterns. Professional Safety, 16–22.
21. Councilman, J. E. (1968). Science of Swimming. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
22. Detrembleur, C., et al. (2000). Motion of the body center of
gravity as a summary indicator of the mechanics of human
pathological gait. Gait and Posture, 12:243–250.
23. DeVita, P., Skelly, W. (1992). Effect of landing stiffness on
joint kinetics and energetics in the lower extremity. Medicine
and science in sports and exercise, 24:108–115.
24. Dixon, S. J., et al. (2000). Surface effects on ground reaction
forces and lower extremity kinematics in running. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32:1919–1926.
25. Dowling, J. J., Vamos, L. (1993). Identification of kinetic and
temporal factors related to vertical jump performance. Journal
of Applied Biomechanics, 9:95–110.
26. Dufek, J. S., Bates, B. T. (1990). The evaluation and predic-
tion of impact forces during landings. Medicine and Science in
Sports and Exercise, 22:370–377.
27. Dufek, J. S., Bates, B. T. (1991). Dynamic performance
assessment of selected sport shoes on impact forces. Medicine
and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23:1062–1067.
28. Elftman, H. (1939). Forces and energy changes in the leg
during walking. American Journal of Physiology, 125:339–356.
29. Elliott, B. C., White, E. (1989). A kinematic and kinetic
analysis of the female two point and three point jump shots in
basketball. Australian Journal of Science and Medicine in
Sport, 21:7–11.
30. Fallon, L. P., et al. (2000). Determining baseball bat perform-
ance using a conservation equations model with field test vali-
dation. In A. J. Subic, S. J. Haake (Eds.). The Engineering of
Sport: Research, Development, and Innovation. Oxford:
Blackwell Science, 201–211.