UNIT 3

Section 2.7
Chapter 2 Section 2.8
Forces Section 2.9
Contact forces
 Normal Force
The normal force is one component of the force that a surface exerts on
an object with which it is in contact – namely, the component that is
perpendicular to the surface.

Slide 2
 

𝑵 = 𝑾 𝑵 = 𝑾 𝒄𝒐𝒔∅ 𝑵 = 𝑾 + 𝑭

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FN  11 N  15 N  0
FN  26 N

FN  11 N  15 N  0
FN  4 N

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 Force of Friction
The component of the surface force that is parallel to the
contact surface is the force of friction. The force of friction
acts between two objects while their surfaces are in contact,
opposing the motion of one object slipping along the other.

The force of friction is caused by irregularities in the

surfaces that are in contact with each other.

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 Static Friction
Static friction is the force that prevent objects from moving
with respect to a contacting surface, and allows them to
maintain their stationary status.

f sMax   s N
In which S is the coefficient of static friction, and N is the normal force.

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The magnitude of the static frictional force can have any
value from zero up to a maximum value.

fs  f s
MAX

fsMAX
  s FN
0  s  1

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 Kinetic Friction

f k  k N
Where k is the coefficient of kinetic friction

k  s

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Note that the magnitude of the frictional force does
not depend on the contact area of the surfaces.

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Concept Question 1
A box is pushed across a horizontal floor. What effect does
the weight of the box have on the kinetic friction between
the box and the floor.

REASONING:
More weight on the box requires a larger normal force from the floor
on it. A larger normal force produce a larger frictional force on it.

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Concept Question 2
A car is parked on a ramp that makes an angle  with the
ground.

(A) What forces act on the car?

(B) What force keeps it stationary on the ramp?
REASONING
(A) The forces are: weight, normal force, and friction.

(B) Force of friction (static) keeps the car on the ramp.

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Example 2.12
Example 2.8 involved sliding a 750-N chest to the right at
constant velocity by pushing it with a horizontal force of
450 N. We found that the contact force on the chest due to
the floor had components Cx = −450 N and Cy = +750 N,
where the x-axis points to the left and the y-axis points up.

Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction for the chest-floor

surface?

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Example 2.12
Strategy

To find the coefficient of friction, we need to

know what the normal and frictional forces are.

They are the components of the contact force that are

perpendicular and parallel to the contact surface.

Since the surface is horizontal (in the x-direction), the x-

component of the contact force is friction and the y-
component is the normal force.

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Example 2.12
Solution

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Example 2.14
A safe is to be moved up a ramp to a height of 1.5 m above the floor.
The mass of the safe is 510 kg, the coefficient of static friction along
the incline is s = 0.42, and the coefficient of kinetic friction along the
incline is k = 0.33. The ramp forms an angle θ = 15° above the
horizontal.
(a) Calculate how hard do the movers have to push to start the safe
moving up the incline. Assume that they push in a direction parallel to
the incline.
(b) To slide the safe up at a constant speed, with what magnitude force
must the movers push?

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Example 2.14
Solution

Slide 16
Example 2.14
Solution
(a)

Slide 17
Example 2.14
Solution

Slide 18
Example 2.14
Solution
(b)

The movers push with a force of magnitude 2900 N directed

up the incline.
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 Tension Force

𝑇 𝑇
An object can pull on another through the use of a string, cord, rope,
chain, wire, tendon, cable or other such object
An ideal cord (rope, string, tendon, cable, or chain) pulls in the
direction of the cord with forces of equal magnitude on the objects
attached to its ends as long as no external force is exerted on it
anywhere between the ends. An ideal cord has zero mass and zero
weight.

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APPLICATION: IDEAL PULLEYS
• A pulley can change the
direction of the force exerted by
a cord under tension.
• An ideal pulley has no mass and
no friction.
• An ideal pulley exerts no forces
on the cord that are tangent to
the cord—it is not pulling in
either direction along the cord.
• As a result, the tension of an ideal cord that runs
through an ideal pulley is the same on both sides of
the pulley.

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Example 2.15
Figure 2.37 shows the bowstring of a bow and arrow just
before it is released. The archer is pulling back on the
midpoint of the bowstring with a horizontal force of 162 N.

What is the tension in the bowstring?

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Example 2.15
Solution

Slide 23
Example 2.15
Solution

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Example 2.16
A 1804-N engine is hauled upward at
constant speed.

What are the tensions in the three

ropes labeled A, B, and C?

Assume the ropes and the pulleys

labeled L and R are ideal.

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Example 2.16
Solution There are two forces acting
on the engine: the gravitational force
(1804 N, downward) and the upward
pull of rope A.

These must be equal and opposite,

since the net force is zero.

Therefore TA = 1804 N.

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Example 2.16
Solution

Slide 27
Example 2.16
Solution

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SELF ASSESSMENT (A)
A student presses a book between his hands, as Fig. A
figure A indicates. The forces that he exerts on
the front and back covers of the book are
perpendicular to the book and are horizontal.
The book weighs 31 N. The coefficient of static
friction between his hands and the book is 0.40.
To keep the book from falling, calculate is the
magnitude of the minimum pressing force that
each hand must exert.

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SELF ASSESSMENT (B)
In figure B, a standard man
(mass = 70 kg) uses crutched. The
crutches each make an angle of
 = 250 with the vertical. Half the
standard man’s weight is
supported by the crutches; the
other half is supported by the
normal force acting on the sole of
the feet. Assuming the standard
man is motionless, calculate the
magnitude of the force supported
Fig. B
by each crutch

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SELF ASSESSMENT (C)
A standard man (mass = 70kg)
shown in the figure C is hanging
motionless from a horizontal bar.
Fig. C
Assume that the arms are stretched at
200 to the vertical on either end.
Calculate the magnitude of the force
acting on each arm.

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SELF ASSESSMENT (D)
Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the force applied
to the patient’s head by the
traction device shown in
figure D.

Fig. D

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