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PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Phạm Thị Mai Khanh (Ph.D.)

phamthimaikhanh.cs2@ftu.edu.vn

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Unit Name: Project Management

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Learning Objec0ves
A4er comple0ng this chapter, you should be able to:
•  Recognize the variety of constraints that can affect a project,
making scheduling and planning difficult.
•  Understand how to apply resource-loading techniques to
project schedules to iden0fy poten0al resource overalloca0on
situa0ons.
•  Apply resource-leveling procedures to project ac0vi0es over the
baseline schedule using appropriate priori0za0on heuris0cs.
•  Follow the steps necessary to effec0vely smooth resource
requirements across the project life cycle.
•  Apply resource management within a mul0project
environment.

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PMBOK Core Concepts

Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK) covered in
this chapter includes:
1.  Es0mate Ac0vity Dura0ons (PMBoK 6.4)
2.  Plan Human Resource Management (PMBoK 9.1)

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The Basics of Resource Constraints

Types of Constraints

Physical Time Resource Mixed

Allocate Resources to the Project

•  Projects compete with each other for resources
1.  If resource is used but not consumed, which project
must wait to use resource
2.  If resource is consumed during use, may not be available
for other projects or other projects must wait for
replacement
•  In either case, one project must wait
–  One project is delayed
•  Likewise, different ac0vi0es on the same project
may compete for resources
•  Trade-offs must be made

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The Basics of Resource Constraints

Time and Resource Scarcity
TABLE 12.1 Ac@vity Precedence Table

Figure 12.2 Sample Ac@vity Network with conflicts

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The Basics of Resource Constraints

Time and Resource Scarcity

Figure 12.3 Resource Usage table Demonstra@ng Over-alloca@on 8

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Resource Loading
•  Refers to the amounts of specific resources
that are scheduled for use on specific
ac0vi0es or projects at specific 0me
•  It is usually presented in the form of a list or
table

Construct a resource-loading chart

To construct a 0me-limited resource loading chart for
resource scheduling, there are six main steps to follow:
1.  Create ac0vity network.
2.  Produce table for each ac0vity, resource requirements,
dura0on, early start 0me, slack, and late finish 0me.
3.  List ac0vi0es in order of increasing slack.
4.  Draw an ini0al resource-loading chart with each ac0vity
scheduled at its earliest start 0me.
5.  Rearrange ac0vi0es within their slack to create a profile that
is as level as possible
6.  Use judgment to interpret and improve ac0vity leveling.

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Resource Loading Issues

•  Most project management so4ware assumes
that any resource assigned to an ac0vity will
work on that ac0vity 100 percent of the 0me
available
–  Can be resolved by alloca0ng a specific
percentage of 0me to project
•  It is easy to over u0lize human resources
–  Over0me is expensive

Resource Leveling
A process that address the complex challenges of
project constraints

Objectives:
•  To determine the resource requirements so that
they will be available at the right time
•  To allow each activity to be scheduled with the
smoothest possible transition across resource usage
levels

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Resource Leveling
•  Resource leveling aims to minimize the period-by-
period varia@ons in resource loading by shi$ing task
within their slack allowances.
•  To perform resource leveling, move ac0vi0es so that
resources do not exceed their capacity
–  Using available slack first
–  Extending project dura0on where using slack does not
work
•  Project manager may not try to level all resources
•  A working schedule may require more resources
•  A more-or-less steady state demand for human
resources is highly desirable

Resource Leveling
A process that address the complex challenges of
project constraints

Objectives:
•  To determine the resource requirements so that
they will be available at the right time
•  To allow each activity to be scheduled with the
smoothest possible transition across resource usage
levels

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Priori0za0on Rules for Leveling

1.  Smallest amount of slack
2.  Smallest duration
3.  Lowest ID number (FCFS)
4.  Greatest number of successor tasks
5.  Requiring the most resources

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General Procedure for Leveling

1.  Create a project activity network diagram.

2.  Develop resource loading table.

3.  Determine activity late finish dates.

4.  Identify resource overallocation.

5.  Level the resource loading table.

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Sample project network

(figure 12.17)

4 B 5 5 D 9 9 E 11
Res = 2 Res = 7 Res = 3

0 A 4
Res = 6 11 F 12
Res = 6
4 C 7
Res = 2

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Crea0ng Resource Loading Charts

Activity Resource Duration ES Slack LF
A 6 4 0 0 4
B 2 1 4 0 5
C 2 3 4 4 11
D 7 4 5 0 9
E 3 2 9 0 11
F 6 1 11 0 12

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Resource-loading chart

(figure 12.18)

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Modified resource-loading chart when

splidng task C

(figure 12.19)

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Managing resources in
mul0project environments
Ø Schedule Slippage
Ø Resource Utilization
Ø In-Process Inventory
Ø Resolving Resource Decisions in Multiproject
Environments
Ø First In Line
Ø Greatest Resource Demand
Ø Greatest Resource Utilization
Ø Minimum Late Finish Time
Ø Mathematical Programming

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