BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022

Management

Week 12

DESIGN OF SUDS
DETENTION BASINS

Department of Civil Engineering (Doornfontein Campus)

CDS8X02 Honours Syllabus

Week Date Content Readings
Introduction: Environment, Climate Change,
Chapter 1, WRC:
1 18 July Separate stormwater systems, Combined
TT5813
stormwater systems, SUDS. ASSIGNMENT/PROJECT
Urban Hydrology: Introduction, Catchment, Chapter 3,
2 25 July
Precipitation. Karamouz
Urban Hydrology: Precipitation, Precipitation Chapter 3,
3 1 Aug
characteristics, Runoff. ONLINE TEST 1 Karamouz
Urban Hydrology: Runoff, Runoff estimation Chapter 3,
4 8 Aug
methods, Principles behind urban hydrology. Karamouz
Planning Considerations: Introduction, Natural
5 15 Aug Drainage System in Johannesburg, Stormwater RED BOOK: L.3
management vs the Environment. ONLINE TEST 2

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CDS8X02 Honours Syllabus

continue …
Week Date Content Readings

Planning Considerations: Drainage systems under climate RED BOOK:

6 22 Aug
change, Stormwater Management Planning. L.3
Planning Considerations: Stormwater Management RED BOOK:
7 29 Aug
Planning. L.3
8 5 Sep MID BREAK
Planning Considerations: Stormwater Management RED BOOK:
9 12 Sep
Planning. ONLINE TEST 3 L.3
Design Considerations: Introduction, Stormwater RED BOOK:
10 19 Sep
management options. L.3
Design Considerations: Sustainable drainage systems RED BOOK:
11 26 Sep
(SuDS) L.3
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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

CDS8X02 Honours Syllabus

continue …

Week Date Content Readings

Design Considerations: Sustainable drainage systems RED BOOK: L.3
12 3 Oct
(SuDS)
Design Considerations: Review of ecological
13 10 Oct RED BOOK: L.2
processes in SUDS. CLASS TEST
Design Considerations: Design of major stormwater
14 17 Oct RED BOOK: L.4
systems.
Design Considerations: Design of major stormwater
15 24 Oct RED BOOK: L.4
systems.
16 31 Oct ORAL PRESENTATIONS
17 7 Nov GOOD LUCK TO YOU ALL!!!!!

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Stormwater Management
• Introduction.
• Climate change.
• Urban hydrology (Precipitation, Runoff, Catchment).
• Stormwater and the Environment.
• Land use (urbanization).
• Sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS).
• Natural drainage system in Johannesburg.
• Stormwater management planning.
• Examples of SUDS.
• Design considerations of SUDS.
• Major and minor stormwater.

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Steps in Stormwater collection system design

⚫Define the drainage areas serving the project area.

⚫Determine the hydrologic response and runoff from these drainage
areas, given a particular design or actual storm event.
⚫Design the stormwater conveyance conduits.
⚫Analyze the effect of increased stormwater quantity.
⚫Analyze the effect of decreased stormwater quality.
⚫Mitigate any negative impacts as a result of increased quantity or
reduced quality of stormwater.

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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS) Options

⚫ Source Controls:
➢ Greenroofs.
➢ Rainwaterharvesting.
➢ Soakaways.
➢ Permeable pavements.
⚫ Local Controls:
➢ Filter strips.
➢ Swales.
➢ Infiltration trenches.
➢ Bioretention areas.
➢ Sand filters.
⚫ Regional Controls:
➢ Detention ponds.
➢ Retention ponds.
➢ Constructed wetlands.

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Examples of common Detention Basins

(Keywest Mall in Krugersdorp)

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Keywest Mall Detention Basin

(The Lake)

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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

Keywest Mall Detention Basin

(The Lake, Downstream)

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Keywest Mall Detention Basin

(The Lake, Discharge point)

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Keywest Mall Detention Basin

(The Lake, Outlet point)

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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

Detention Basins Planning

(Florida areas)

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Detention Basins
(Florida Lake and adjacent Wetland)

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Detention Basins
(Florida Lake and environmental challenges)

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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

Detention Basins
(Florida Lake Outlet point)

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Detention Basins Planning

(Westden and Emmarentia Dams)

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Emmarentia Dam

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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

Detention Basins in general

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Detention Basins in general

… continue

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Detention Basins in general

… continue

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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

Detention Basin Designs – Hydrographs

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Detention basin designs

• Detaining or slowing down runoff and then releasing it, typically over a
period of from 24 to 72 hours.
• Detention basins vs Retention basins.
• Retention basins: Runoff not released downstream, but instead, is
released through:
➢Evaporation.
➢Infiltration through a porous bottom.
• Detention basins can be:
➢In-line.
➢Off-line.
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Detention Basin Designs – Fundamentals

• Basic fundamental sizing of detention basins.

• Proposed conditions hydrograph vs Existing conditions hydrographs.
• Storage volumes.
• Proper sizing of the outlet of the basin.
• Detention basins are designed to reduce the peak flow for the project
proposed conditions to the level of project existing conditions.
• Constraints include space in densely populated areas.
• Land could be too costly.

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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

Detention Basin Designs – Procedure

• Develop the runoff hydrograph for existing-conditions for the project area.
• After designing the drainage collection system or system improvements for
the project area, develop the proposed-conditions runoff hydrograph for the
project area.
• Compare the existing-conditions hydrograph to the proposed-conditions
hydrograph.
• Then, determine the detention volume needed to reduce the proposed peak
discharge.
• Size the detention outlet and basin to use the storage provided and to govern
the discharge as desired.
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Design of detention basin outlets

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Design of detention basin outlets

… continue
• Outlets maybe in form of weir,
orifice or culvert.
• Design of detention basin
outlets can best be done
using the concept of
Reservoir Routing.

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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

Reservoir Routing

• Also called Storage Routing.

• Outflow hydrograph is developed using:
➢Inflow hydrograph.
➢Storage characteristics of site.
➢Hydraulic properties of outlet.
• Data required to perform reservoir routing.
➢Inflow hydrograph.
➢Elevation vs Storage relationship for reservoir.
➢Elevation vs Outflow Discharge (Rating Curve) for outlet device.

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Why Reservoir Routing?

• Sizing (design) of outlet device.

• Storage determination of the reservoir.
• Evaluation of downstream flooding.
• Detention basin design.

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Reservoir Routing - Modified Puls

(Houghtalen et al, 2010)
• Also referred to as the storage-indication method.
• This method is probably most often applied to RESERVOIR ROUTING.
• The method may also be applied to river routing for certain channel
situations.
• The heart of the modified puls equation is found by considering the
finite difference form of the continuity equation.

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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

Modified Puls – Continuity Equation

• The equation may be expressed as:

S
= I −O
t
• Where:
S
➢ t = Rate of change of storage with respect to time.
➢I = Instantaneous inflow.
➢O = Instantaneous outflow.
• Considering average rates of inflow and outflow:
S
= I −O
t

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Modified Puls – Continuity Equation

… continue
• Finally, applying Finite Difference and assuming linearity of flow across the
time step,
S j − Si Ii + I j Oi + O j
= −
t 2 2
• Where
• Subscripts i and j designate whether the inflow is at the beginning or end of the time step.
• Rearranging the equation,
2Si 2S j
Ii + I j + − Oi = + Oj
t t
• The solution to the modified puls method is accomplished by developing a
graph (or table) of O -vs- [2S/Δt + O]. In order to do this, a stage-discharge-
storage relationship must be known, assumed, or derived.
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Procedure for Modified Puls Method

(Houghtalen et al, 2010)
• Determine the appropriate inflow hydrograph for the reservoir.
• Select a routing interval (∆t). Usually, ∆t = Tp/10.
• Determine the Stage vs Storage relationship for the reservoir site and the
Stage vs Outflow relationships for the outlet device selected.
• Establish the Storage vs Outflow relationship using the appropriate table.
• Generate the graph of [(2S/∆t) + O] vs [O] relationship.
• Perform storage routing computations using the appropriate table.

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BEng Tech (Hons), Drainage & Stormwater 3 October 2022
Management

Example 12.1

• Coming soon.

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Example 12.2

• Coming soon.

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Additional Readings:
• Detention Ponds.
• Reservoir routing.
• Hydrographs.
• SUDS designs.

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