Chapter 4: Environmental Science

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1. referred to as the idea that human beings should Sustainable devel-

sustain by meeting their basic needs, while also mak- opment
ing sure that the future generations are able to meet
their basic needs.

2. it is a way of organizing the society by which it can SUSTAINABLE

exist for a long duration without compromising on the DEVELOPMENT
availability of resources for future generations.

3. NEEDS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - From the last two

or three decades,
we have seen that
for the sake of eco-
nomic growth, the
health of the envi-
ronment has taken
a toll. - As a result,
there has been
an impact on the
environment such
as decline in air
quality and climate
change due to
greenhouse gas-
es.

4. OBJECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1. Economic

Growth:
2. Social Inclusion:
3. Protecting the
Environment:

5. For creating an economy Economic Growth:

that is sustainable and growing in the right
direction.

6. This objective focuses on providing the facility of Social Inclusion:

housing for future generations and assisting in cre-
ating healthy, strong and vibrant global communities.

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7. This objective focuses on contribution by humans Protecting the En-
towards protecting and enhancing the natural vironment:
environment, by minimizing pollution and
waste, also working towards reducing the
global carbon footprint.

8. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS • To promote the

kind of develop-
ment that min-
imizes environ-
mental problems.

• To meet the
needs of the exist-
ing
generation without
compromising with
the quality of the
environment for fu-
ture generations.

9. ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT • It can be

achieved by re-
stricting
human activities.
• Technological de-
velopment should
be input effective
and not input utiliz-
ing.
• The rate of con-
sumption should
not surpass the
rate of salvation.
• For renewable re-
sources, the rate
of consumption
should not sur-
pass the rate of

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production of re-
newable
substitutes.
• All types of pollu-
tion should be
minimized.
• It can be
achieved by sensi-
ble use of natural
resources.

10. EXAMPLE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT • Wind energy

• Solar energy
• Crop rotation
• Sustainable con-
struction
• Efficient water
fixtures
• Green space
• Sustainable
forestry

11. WIND ENERGY Wind turbines do

not release emis-
sions that can pol-
lute the air or water
(with rare excep-
tions), and they do
not require water
for cooling.

12. may also reduce Wind turbines

the amount of electricity generation from
fossil fuels, which results in lower total air
pollution and carbon dioxide emissions.

13. SOLAR ENERGY do not produce air

pollution or green-
house gases when
operating.
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- can have a posi-
tive, indirect effect
on the environ-
ment when solar
energy replaces or
reduces the use
of other energy
sources that have
larger effects on
the environment.

14. - helps return nutrients to the soil without synthetic CROP ROTATION
inputs.
- The practice also works to interrupt pest and
disease cycles, improve soil health by
increasing biomass from different crops'
root structures, and increase biodiversity
on the farm.

15. - By relying more frequently on building SUSTAINABLE

materials produced sustainably, structures CONSTRUCTION
themselves will be more eco-friendly during
their entire lifecycle.
- Recycled materials are readily available, and much
can be reused.
- This both keeps debris out of the waste stream and
makes demolition itself a more sustainable
practice.

16. Water conservation can be accomplished by EFFICIENT WA-

installing water efficient plumbing fixtures, TER FIXTURE
taking shorter showers and turning off taps
while brushing teeth or shaving.

17. in cities contribute to the GREEN SPACE

mitigation of and adaptation to climate
change, minimize the risks of natural
disaster, and support biodiversity
conservation by cooling, noise reduction

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and air filtration of pollutants (Kabisch et al.,
2015).

18. - can protect or encourage forest regeneration. SUSTAINABLE

- They include putting up a fence to exclude FORESTRY
deer, controlling weeds and other plants,
and removing some trees to allow more
sunlight to reach down into the forest.

19. refers to a situation Environmental cri-

when an environment fails to perform its vital sis
function of life sustenance.

20. The environment becomes suitable as soon as the ÏResource extrac-

following happens: tion remains be-
low the rate of re-
source generation.
Ï Generation of
waste remains
within the absorp-
tion capacity of the
environment.

21. REASONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS POPULATION EX-

PLOSION
RISE IN ECO-
NOMIC ACTIVITY
RAPID INDUS-
TRIALIZATION
URBANIZATION
DEFORESTA-
TION
INCREASED USE
OF
FERTILIZER AND
PESTICIDES

22. ÏThe high rate of growth of population POPULATION EX-

adversely affects the environment. PLOSION
Ï It increases the demand for
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environmental resources, but their supply
is limited.
Ï This results in overuse and misuse of
resources.

23. ÏThe rise in economic growth results in RISE IN ECO-

affluent consumption and production of NOMIC ACTIVITY
goods and services.
Ï It generates wastes that are beyond the
absorptive capacity of the environment.

24. ÏRapid industrialization has led to RAPID INDUS-

deforestation, and depletion of natural TRIALIZATION
resources.
Ï It leads to contamination of water due to
the accumulation of increasing quantity
of toxic substances and industrial wastes
in the water bodies.

25. ÏA large migration of population from rural URBANIZATION

to urban areas results in the fast growth
of slum areas.
Ï It leads to the excess burden on the
existing infrastructural activities.

26. ÏDeforestation refers to cutting down of DEFORESTA-

trees, clearing forest, etc. TION
Ï It adversely affects the environment
and causes other problems.

27. ÏFarmers and workers suffer health INCREASED USE

problems due to the increased use of OF
poisonous insecticides, pesticides, and FERTILIZER AND
chemical fertilizers. PESTICIDES
Ï The crop generated also contains
chemical elements in it.

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