 Quantum mechanical model does not define the exact path an electron takes around the

nucleus. It estimates the probability of finding an electron in a certain position.

 The Principal Quantum Number (n) identifies the energy level of the electron being
referred to. The possible values of n are the positive integers from 1 to 7.
 The ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER (ℓ) specifies the sublevel or
subshell within a particular principal energy level. It can have a values of 0 to n-1.
 The MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (mℓ) indicates the specific orbital within the
sublevel where the electron is found. It can have values of - ℓ to + ℓ.
 The in quantum number ( mS ) specifies the relative spin direction ( either clockwise or
−1 +1
counterclockwise) of the electron. The value of mS is either ∨ .
2 2
 Electron configuration describes how the electrons are distributed in the various atomic
orbitals.
 The Aufbau principle states that electrons are added to the lowest energy orbitals first
before moving to higher energy orbitals. The first two orbitals (1s and 2s) are each
occupied first with two electrons.
 Orbital diagram is a diagram that shows the distribution of electrons in the orbitals and
the relative spins of the electrons.
 Pauli Exclusion Principle states that two electrons occupying an orbital should have
opposite spin.
 Hund’s Rule states that electrons should enter the orbitals of given sublevel singly with
the same spin before any pairing is done.

 Quantum mechanical model does not define the exact path an electron takes around the
nucleus. It estimates the probability of finding an electron in a certain position.
o Each electron in an atom has unique set of quantum numbers, of which there are four
classes: principal, angular, magnetic and spin.
o The principal quantum number identifies the energy level of the electron being referred
to and has a values of 1 to 7.
o The angular quantum number specifies the sublevel or subshell within a particular
principal energy level and can have a values of 0 to n-1.
o The magnetic quantum number indicates the specific orbital within the sublevel where
the electron is found.
o The spin quantum number specifies the relative spin direction ( either clockwise or
counterclockwise) of the electron.
o The sublevels of the electrons of an atom is divided into orbitals, with each orbital
capable of accommodating a maximum of two electrons. The different types of atomic
orbital namely s,p,d,and f orbitals.
o The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that only two electrons can occupy an orbital and
they must have opposite spins.
o The distribution of electrons in the atomic orbitals is dictated by the aufbau principle, and
is represented by the electron configuration.
o Hund’s Rule states that electrons should enter the orbitals of given sublevel singly with
the same spin before any pairing is done.
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