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MANAGEMENT OF FAMILY RESOURCES

Family resources are the means that can be used by the family to
cope with difficult situations; these include social, cultural, religious,
economic and medical resources. and are anything that can help you
accomplish your goals.

TYPES OF FAMILY RESOURCES

H: HUMAN (Individual/Personnel)

R: Resource (Manpower/Money/Material)

HUMAN RESOURCE – in simple words can be defined as the

Resource, which is in the form of Human. - refer to the individuals or
personnel or workforce within an organization responsible for performing
the tasks given to them for the purpose of achievement of goals and
objectives of an organization.

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN RESOURCES

 Recruitment – it means searching, finding, and recruiting the

best talent for an open job vacancy within the organization in specific time
and cost.

 Work place safety – it is a process that seeks to eliminate or

reduce risks of injury or illness to employees. The chief aim of workplace
safety is to protect an organization’s most valuable asset its people.

 Employee relations – refers to an organization’s efforts to create

and maintain a positive relationship with its employees.

 Compensation planning – is a complete package that details

your employees’ wages, salaries, benefits and terms of payment.
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 Labor law compliance – It is a process of defining policies and

procedures to ensure your employment and work practices demonstrate a
thorough understanding of applicable laws and regulations, while also
being aware of the company’s larger human capital resources objectives.

 Training – is the process of enhancing the skills, capabilities and

knowledge of employees for doing a particular job. Training process molds
the thinking of employees. It is a continuous and never ending on nature.

IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RESOURCE (HR)

HR is very important for any organization, because, behind

production of every product and services, their lies a human mind and his
efforts. No product or service can be produced without help of human
being. Human being is fundamental resource for making or construction of
anything. So, human resource plays a vital role in any organization. Every
organization’s desire is to have a skilled and a competent resource to
make their organization competent and best.

MATERIAL RESOURCES

Material Resources Tangible assets such as house and lot,

furniture and appliances, jewelry, automobiles, and cash are referred to as
the family's material resources. Every family must invest wisely in material
resources, making sure that they consider quality, durability and
appreciation value when choosing what to purchase. Real properties and
jewelry increase in value overtime while the value of furniture, appliances
and automobiles depreciate or go down as they get old and worn out.

Examples:

1. Money

2. Material goods (land, house, furniture and vehicles)

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3. Community facilities (parks, libraries, post office, police and fire

protection etc.)

NON-HUMAN RESOURCES

Non-human resources are tangible things or objects that exist

externally of people. They can be seen, experienced and used by people.
Non-human resources are also known as material resources. Examples
include cars, hospitals, banks, libraries, parks petrol, computers, books,
clocks, plants and money.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME

INCOME

Money receives by an individual or family in exchange for providing

goods or services.

FAMILY INCOME

The primary income and receipts from other sources received by all
family members during the reference period, as participants in any
economic activity or as recipients of transfers, pension, grants, interests,
food and non-food items received as gifts by the family.

Primary income includes:

 Salaries and wages from employment

 Commissions

 Bonuses

 Family and clothing allowance

 Transportation and representation allowance

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 Honoraria Notes: Receipts that are not considered as family

income are those which do not come from earnings, property income and
gifts received by the family. Examples are loan borrowed from the bank or
from other sources and withdrawal from savings account.

3 types of Family Income

a. Money Income

b. Real Income

c. Psychic Income

A. Money Income - Includes all the income received in the form of

money like salary or wages, house rent, gifts, interest earned from bank
deposits and other investment. –

According to D.H Robertson, ―Money is anything which is widely

accepted in payment for goods or in discharge of other kinds of business
obligations.‖

B. Real Income - It is the amount of money you have and the

buying power of that money, based on the rate of inflation. Real income
can go up and down based on whether the inflation rate is going up or
down. When real income goes up, a person’s purchasing power
increases. Likewise, when real income goes down, purchasing power
decreases.

- According to Donaldson, ― the real value of income received is the goods

and services, security and well-being that income (money) will purchase.‖

Real income has an impact on individuals, groups businesses,

organizations or even countries. Inflation impacts everyone who is buying
or selling items. There is an opposite, or inverse, relationship between
income and inflation. When income levels remain constant, an increase in
inflation causes a decrease in purchasing power (the cost of things go up
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and income stays the same). Again, when income levels remain constant,
a decrease in inflation causes an increase in purchasing power. When this
happens, the cost of items is going down and more items can be
purchased with the same amount of money.

C. Psychic Income - It is the flow of satisfaction derived by the

family from the use of money and real income.

- The pleasure and satisfaction that someone gets from doing their
job, rather than the money that they earn from doing it:

- These are all non-financial incentives which provide a form of

psychic income as opposed to financial income.

- Also called as ―enjoyment income.‖

Total Income

- Consists of money income received over a certain period of time

and the real income received during the same period from other sources
without spending one’s own money income.

- It is the sum of certain incomes (in cash, in some circumstances,

in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. - Your
total income is your gross income from all sources less certain deductions,
such as expenses, allowances and reliefs.

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT USED FOR FOOD PRESERVATION

● One of the important skills in preparing food is the proper

handling of kitchen tools and equipment.

● They contribute to the success of food preservation. Cutting

Tools
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● Knife - a cutting tool used in pairing. and peeling.

● Peeler - a tool used in removing the skin from fruit and

vegetables.

● Chopping Board - is where the food is placed when cut. Mixing

Tools

● Mixing Bowl - placing and mixing ingredients.

● Liquid Measuring Cup - used in measuring liquid ingredients.

● Measuring Spoons - measuring ingredients in small quantities.

● Weighing Scale - used to weigh required ingredients.

● Plastic Measuring Cups - used for measuring dry ingredients.

Other Tools and Equipment

● Tray - is a rectangular shallow container where ingredients are

placed during preparations.

● Colander - used to drain excess water from fruits and vegetables.

● Pressure Canner - capable of heating the food in the jars to hotter

than boiling water. The second thing to understand is which food can be
safely processed by which method.

● Grater - used to grate food into fine pieces.

● Funnel - a tube or pipe is wide at the top and narrow at the

bottom, used for guiding liquid or powder into a small opening.

● Strainer - used in straining food to remove liquid lumps or drain

food in small quantities.

● Hand Towel - used for wiping bottles or hands.

● Pots and Pans - used in frying, boiling, or cooking.

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● Zip Lock - designed for freeze use.

● Preservation Bottles - it is used for storing food for preservation.

DIFFERENT WAYS OF FOOD PRESERVATION

DRYING FOOD PRESERVATION

Drying or ―dehydrating‖ food is a method of food preservation that

removes enough moisture from the food so bacteria, yeast and molds
cannot grow.

TYPES OF DRYING:

Drying can be of mechanical or natural type

1. In natural method of drying there is influence of air, wind, light,

temperature and there is no control over temperature

2. In mechanical method of drying includes heated air, direct

contact of heated surface, application of energy from a radiating
microwave or dielectric source.

ADVANTAGES OF DRYING

1. Drying is advantageous for being cheaper than the other

methods of preservation with fewer requirements of equipment.

2. Storage of dried food products does not require special facilities

like refrigeration.

3. Dried food products are simple to store and pack because of

their low volume
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SALTING AND PICKLING

Salting or ―curing‖ - This process draws salt from the meat through
osmosis. - Consists of sodium chloride - Sugar or a combination of salt
and sugar is sometimes also used to cure meats. Nitrates and Nitrites -
Can also be used as a curing medium and these chemicals give meat a
pink colour and help to inhibit Clostridium Botulinum bacteria.

Two Methods

1. Dry Salting - method used salt and pounding to draw water out.
Meat is packed in dry salt or salt is rubbed with a coating of salt, but this
method does not preserve the meat as long as wet salting.

2. Wet Salting - method requires creating a brine with external

water and mixing it with salt. Meat is first rubbed with salt and salt is also
placed between the layers of meat; then brine is poured over the packed
salted meat and kept submerged in brine solution.

PICKLING

- It is the method of preserving food in an edible antimicrobial liquid.

a. Chemical Pickling - food is placed in an edible liquid that

inhibits or kills bacteria and other micro-organism. Common chemically
pickled foods include cucumber, peppers, corned beef, as well as mixed
vegetables like Atchara.

b. Fermented Pickling - the food itself produces the preservation

agent, typically by a process that produces lactic acid. Lactic Acid and the
bacteria that produces it are associated with several health benefits,
including improved gut health and increased nutrient absorption.
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FREEZING

Freezing -is the process of chilling foods to at least zero degree

fahrenhiet. It preserves food by slowing the action of enzymes, and
prevents the growth of microorganism.

Various Methods of Freezing Contact Freezing

- used for freezing products in bulk and in blocks. The product is

filled in tray or pans with water that acts as a freezing media.

Blast Freezing - in blast freezing it is air, which is cooled and

blasted or circulated over the product, which cools the product and take off
it’s heat.

Brine Freezing - brine freezing technology is considered to be old

and obselete freezing method yet it is still in use for commercial ice
production in several developing countries.

Cyrogenic Freezing - this is the efficient method of freezing, it is

not commercially viable. Liquid nitrogen is used is used as refrigerant and
sprayed directly over the product.

SMOKING

-It is one way of preserving food where we remove the moisture

from food which helps prevent bacterial and fungal growth which would
ruin stored foods. Smoking is a method of drying that also imparts flavor to
the food (usually meat items), and smoke helps keep bacteria-carrying-
insects away during the drying process. Examples of foods that can be
smoked: -hams, pork roasts, bacon, beef briskets, whole poultry, salmon,
herring, and oysters.

Two methods of smoking

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1. Hot smoking is the process where meat is slowly cooked and

smoked at the same time. In a smoker, the air temperature is increased
and carefully controlled to raise the meat temperature to produce a fully-
cooked food product. Frequently, meat, poultry, and fish are brined in a
salt water solution to help the meat retain moisture during the smoking
process.

2. Liquid smoke is another way to add smoke flavor to fish and

meat. There are two advantages to using liquid smoke. The first
advantage is the amount of smoke flavor is completely controlled. The
second advantage is the smoke flavor is immediate.

VACUUM PACKAGING

Vacuum Packaging is a type of food preservation where air from

the interior of a package is removed in its entirely immediately prior to
sealing the package. This involves placing food products in a plastic film
package (or potentially a film package made with other polymer materials),
removing air from inside the package with a vacuum pump, and then
sealing the package (Church & Parsons, 1995).

Vacuum Packing – is a packaging process that preserves food by

creating a vacuum that removes the air before sealing, preventing the
growth of micro-organisms. Food can then be stored for longer, though
vacuum packing is not a substitute for refrigeration or freezing.

 It is necessary to take adequate precautions when vacuum

packing. Spoilage bacteria are less likely to grow with the removal of
oxygen. However, a pathogenic bacterium (which causes illness) may
have opportunity to reproduce and the changes they make to the food
may not be detectable by sight or smell.

Vacuum Packaging Machine

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 Equipment is required for vacuum packing food. Domestic

vacuum sealers to vacuum package food at home are available in Ireland
at cost of €40. Periodically they are available from multiple stores, and can
also be found online.

Food Safety Guidelines for Vacuum Packing Food

 Wash your hands before and during the vacuum packing

process.

 Try not to touch food with your bare hands.

 Keep all utensils, bags, and work surfaces clean.

 Label each package.

 Remember that foods which require refrigeration/freezing

ordinarily, must also be kept in the fridge/freezer once vacuum packed.

SALTING AND PICKLING

Salting or ―curing‖ - This process draws salt from the meat through
osmosis.

- Consists of sodium chloride - Sugar or a combination of salt and

sugar is sometimes also used to cure meats.

Nitrates and Nitrites

- Can also be used as a curing medium and these chemicals give

meat a pink colour and help to inhibit Clostridium Botulinum bacteria.

Two Methods
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1. Dry Salting - method used salt and pounding to draw water out.
Meat is packed in dry salt or salt is rubbed with a coating of salt, but this
method does not preserve the meat as long as wet salting.

2. Wet Salting - method requires creating a brine with external

water and mixing it with salt. Meat is first rubbed with salt and salt is also
placed between the layers of meat; then brine is poured over the packed
salted meat and kept submerged in brine solution.

PICKLING - It is the method of preserving food in an edible antimicrobial

liquid.

a. Chemical Pickling - food is placed in an edible liquid that

inhibits or kills bacteria and other micro-organism. Common chemically
pickled foods include cucumber, peppers, corned beef, as well as mixed
vegetables like Atchara.

b. Fermented Pickling - the food itself produces the preservation

agent, typically by a process that produces lactic acid. Lactic Acid and the
bacteria that produce it are associated with several health benefits,
including improved gut health and increased nutrient absorption

CANNING AND BOTTLING

What is Canning and Bottling?

Home canning or bottling is the process of preserving foods, in

particular, fruits, vegetables, and meats, by packing them into glass jars
and then heating the jars to create a vacuum seal and kill the organisms
that would create spoilage.

Why is Canning and Bottling so important?

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Canning is an important, safe method of food preservation if

practiced properly. The canning process involves placing foods in jars and
heating them to a temperature that destroys microorganisms that could be
a health hazard or cause the food to spoil.

Process on how to canning and bottling?

 Appert’s method consisted of tightly sealing food inside a bottle or jar,

heating it to a certain temperature, and maintaining the heat for a certain
period, after which the container was kept sealed until use.

JELLYING

Jellying - is a process of preserving food by cooking in a material

that solidifies to form a gel. In jelly making, the goal is to produce a clear,
brilliant gel from the juice of a chosen fruit. Jelly is a semisolid mixture of
fruit juice and sugar that is clear and firm enough to hold its shape. Fruit
jellies are semisolid, preserved mixtures of fruit juice and sugar. Jelly
making is a good way to preserve fruit flavors for enjoyment throughout
the year. Fruit jelly is an easy-to-prepare product for the beginning canner
and may be made at home without much special equipment.

Three Essential Ingredients in Jellying Substances essential for fruit jelly

making are pectin, sugar, and acid.

1. Pectin Fruits and their extracts obtain their jelly forming ability from a
group of substances called pectins. Pectin provides the three-dimensional
structure which results in a jellied product, which is why it is used in jellies
and jams.

Pectin is formed from a parent compound, protopectin, during the

ripening of fruit and during the cooking of underripe fruit to extract juice.
Fully ripe fruits contain less pectin than partially ripe fruits. For this reason,
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some jelly recipes specify the use of a portion of underripe fruit. All fruits
contain some pectin. Apples, crabapples, gooseberries, some plums, and
highbush cranberries usually contain enough pectin to form a pectin gel.

Other fruits, such as strawberries, cherries, or blueberries, contain little

pectin and can be used for jelly only if:

• Combined with fruit rich in pectin.

• Or combined with commercial pectin products (these methods are

described under short boil jelly).

Test for Pectin

If jelly is to be made without added pectin, it is a good idea to test

the pectin content of the fruit juice with this easy method.

Measure 1 tablespoon of rubbing alcohol into a small glass. Add 1

teaspoon of extracted fruit juice and let stand 2 minutes. If a good solid
mass forms, enough pectin is naturally present in the fruit juice to form a
pectin gel. If only a small weak mass forms, there is not enough pectin to
form a gel and a commercial pectin should be used in the jelly making. Do
not taste this mixture.

Sugar

Sugar helps in gel formation, contributes flavor to the jelly, and at

the concentration of 55 percent by weight, serves as a preservative. Cane
sugar or beet sugar (both sucrose) is the usual source of sugar in jelly.

3. Acid - A certain level of acidity (below pH 3.5) must be present

for a jelly to form. If the fruit juice is not sufficiently acidic, a gel will not
form. If too much acid is present, the jelly will lose liquid or weep.

Test of acid
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A rough index of the acidity of fruit juice is the juice's tartness. To

form a gel, fruit juice should be as tart as a mixture of 1 teaspoon of lemon
juice and 3 tablespoons of water. If the fruit juice is not this tart, add 1
tablespoon of lemon juice for each cup of fruit juice.

Extracting Juice

1. Use only firm fruits naturally high in pectin. Select a mixture of

about ¾ ripe and ¼ underripe fruit. Do not use commercially canned or
frozen fruit juices.

2. Wash all fruits thoroughly before cooking. Crush soft fruits or

berries; cut firmer fruits into small pieces. Using the peels and cores adds
pectin to the juice during cooking.

3. Add water to fruits. Put fruit and water in large saucepan and
bring to a boil. One pound of fruit should yield at least 1 cup of clear juice.

4. When fruit is tender, strain through a colander, then strain

through a double layer of cheesecloth or a jelly bag. Allow juice to drip
through, using a stand or colander to hold the bag. Pressing or squeezing
the bag or cloth will cause cloudy jelly.

Tests for Proper Gelling of Jellies Sheet or Spoon Test

Dip a cool metal spoon into the boiling jelly mixture. Raise the
spoon about 12 inches above the pan (out of steam). Turn the spoon so
the liquid runs off the side. The jelly is done when the syrup forms two
drops that flow together and sheet or hang off the edge of the spoon.

Processing Even though sugar helps preserve jams and jellies,

molds can grow on the surface of these products. Research shows that
the mold which people usually scrape off the surface of jellies may not be
as harmless as it seems. Mycotoxins have been found in some jars of jelly
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having surface mold growth. Mycotoxins are known to cause cancer in

animals; their effects on humans are still being researched.

Because of possible mold contamination, paraffin or wax seals are

no longer recommended for any sweet spread, including jellies. To
prevent growth of molds and loss of good flavor or color, fill products hot
into sterile Mason jars (canning jars), leaving ¼-inch headspace, seal with
self-sealing lids and process 5 minutes in a boilingwater or steam canner
(for altitudes of 0-1000 feet).

METHODS OF JELLYING

1. Standard or long boiled method - Extracted juice and sugar are

boiled long enough to form a gel. This method should be used only for
fruits that contain an adequate amount of pectin. It isn't possible to use
commercially canned juices because they don't contain sufficient pectin.
This type of jelly has a richer flavor than pectin-added jelly. The most
difficult part of this method is knowing when the jelly is done.

2. Short boil or pectin- added jelly - Powdered or liquid pectin,

sugar, and extracted juice are combined and quickly cooked to make a
gel. Use extracted fruit juice from fresh fruit or commercially canned fruit
juice. The order of combining ingredients depends on the type of pectin
used. When making pectin-added jelly, it is most important to carefully
follow the pectin product directions. Pectin-added jelly uses more sugar
and gives greater yield than jelly made by the standard method and avoids
the need to test for doneness.

HEALTHY AND SAFETY PRACTICE IN FOOD PRESERVATION

Food Safety

It is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation, storage,

and serving of food in ways that prevent food bourne illness
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Biological Explanation:

Several insects may transfer food poisoning bacteria to food.

Flies often land on animal fasces where they pick up large number
of bacteria on their hairy body. In addition, they poop and vomit previous
meals back on to the food as they feed.

Cockroaches has often lives in sewers and commonly feed on the

infected waste. They often hide in the most difficult to reach place is food
rooms.

Microbiological Explanation:

We have a microbiological contamination when we add

contaminated raw material or when we have improper handling.

Example: Bacteria, Viruses, Fungus, parasites

As mentioned before in the ―the personal hygiene‖, Micro-germs

are present everywhere. It is in the air, the soil and water, and in on plants
and animals including us, humans.

Why we study food health and safety?

To maintain guest safety

To maintain quality standard

To avoid loss of business

To avoid law suits

To maintain guest trust

MARKETING PRESERVED AND PROCESS FOODS

SOME TIPS TO SERVE AS YOUR GUIDE TO SUCEED IN THIS

LIVELIHOOD

Being successful means the achievement of desired visions and

planned goals. Furthermore, success can be a certain social status that
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describes a prosperous person that could also have gained fame for its
favorable outcome.

10 Tips to become Successful

1. Be Committed - Through commitment, you can gain motivation to

pursue success. You should make a list that includes your goal, your level
of commitment to the goal and what you are willing to do to achieve that
goal. Staying focused on your plan is crucial.

2. Learn from the Journey - Rather than focusing strictly on the results of
your accomplishments, take notice of the small steps needed to achieve
success. If you allow yourself to enjoy small victories along your journey,
reaching your goal will become a new adventure each day and you will be
more likely to stay on track.

3. Have fun along the Way - If the journey to achieve something

becomes too tedious, it will be more challenging to succeed. Learning
what you are capable of can be fun and exciting, so it is important to keep
your goals light and fun in order to have an emotionally positive
experience and keep moving forward without losing perspective.

4. Think Positively - Developing a positive mindset is all about trusting

yourself and your ability to succeed. It is important to replace any negative
thoughts with positive ones in order to motivate yourself to keep trying no
matter what challenges come your way.

5. Change your Perspective - Sometimes along the journey, you have to

change your perspective to turn a challenging situation into a better one.
When you are having a bad day or week, imagine instead that it is a good
day or week.

6. Be honest with Yourself - If you find your goal is at a standstill, you

might need to be honest with yourself about why that is. After you have
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come to an understanding, try to find a solution to push yourself toward

success.

7. Take away Distractions - Make a list of things in your life that take up
your time or distract you. This could be a phone, a television show or even
a person who causes you stress. Shut off your phone and put it in a
different room when it is time to focus on your goal. Turn off the television
and put the remote across the room.

8. Count on Yourself - It can be beneficial to rely on others for emotional

support, but just as you have your needs, your friends and family have
their own as well. It is important to hold yourself accountable to achieve
your goals and make yourself happy.

9. Keep Planning - Stick to a schedule when working on your goals. Give

yourself challenges according to your personal calendar. If you plan your
goals and track them in a calendar, you will always have proof of your
progress.

10. Avoid getting Burned Out - It is important to focus on your goal, but
do not obsess over it. Keeping your journey productive but also fun will
ensure you are motivated without overworking yourself.

GUIDELINES IN DESIGNING PACKAGING

Packaging

 Packaging design involves the design and creation of a product's

container and how it looks to consumers who might purchase it.

 Packaging design is creating not only the graphics but also the
physical container of the product that a consumer buys.

5 Golden Rules of Packaging Design

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1. Your Packaging Design should be true reflection of your brand/product.

- Neither over-promise, nor under-deliver. Packaging should be

mirror image of your brand/product. It is quite human to form expectations
looking at the package. Your brand should not disappoint customers, or
trick them into something they don’t expect. Use the Front of Pack
(customer facing side) to clearly express what the brand stands for. Use
both visual + verbal methods to do so.

2. Your Packaging Design should be have clarity and simplicity.

- The package should clearly define the product and its brand. The
contents, usage, specifications etc should be limited and as direct as
possible since customers cannot grasp a lot of information at once.
Minimal information therefore, can help you win customers.

3. Your Packaging Design should be consistent.

- Your product may have multiple variants, packaging formats, or

may be sold in varied sizes. It is important to have all of them look
consistent. Own a visual and verbal style and know that your customers
will recognize you with it. Consistency always inspires trust.

4. Your Packaging Design should be different and own-able.

- A unique packaging pops out on the shelf. Differentiate your

packaging by means of format, shape or color palette. So we instantly
know it, without even reading brand names. That’s the power of
differentiation.

5. Your Packaging Design should be honest.

- ―Provide what you convey, convey what you can provide‖. Today,
consumers are able to connect to your brand only if it is real, natural and
honest. A misleading brand will not be able to sustain itself in the market
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for long. Therefore, it is very important to display what’s inside the box so
that there is limited post-purchase dissonance.

SEWING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT

MEASURING TOOLS

Measuring Tape  used in taking body measurements. The front

has the measurement of 150 cm and 60 inches on the other side.

Sewing Gauge  used for measurement at hem lines, button holes

and areas where other small measurements require checkin

Ruler  useful tool to have for measuring and drawing straight

seam lines and cutting lines.

Yard Stick  used for marking hem lines and checking grain lines
when.

Tailor’s L-Square  used to transfer measurements to draft

pattern.

French Curve  used to shape the depth of the neck hole and
armhole of the pattern.

Quilting Ruler  used to help you keep a straight grain when

placing your pattern.

Flexible Curved Ruler  it helps to measure and draw any curved

or straight line.

Curve Runner  it is particularly useful in checking sleeves and

necklines.
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CUTTING TOOLS

1. FABRIC SHEARS

These will be one of your most used and important cutting

tools for sewing. The best sewing scissors are specially designed to
cut fabric.

Your fabric scissors (also called shears) should be sharp

enough to cut through several layers of fabric at the one time. This
means they will need to be medium to large-sized. Small scissors
just don't cut through fabric and often leave burred, messy edges.
They will also hurt your fingers and leave major indents by the end of
most cutting tasks.

2. ALL-PURPOSE (CHEAP) SCISSORS

I always have a few cheap pairs of scissors from local discount

stores in my cupboard to cut paper patterns.

3. THREAD SNIPPERS

These are one of my must-have cutting tools for sewing. I always

have a pair next to my machine when sewing to quickly snip threads.
Thread snippers have no handles, so they quickly snip by pressing the
blades together. Just watch your fingers as they are usually very sharp.
The added advantage of thread snippers is that they are great for cutting
the ends of stitching close to the fabric.

4. EMBROIDERY SCISSORS

Ever notice those vintage stork shaped little scissors your Grandma
had? These are embroidery scissors. Small with thin blades, they are
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designed to snip away stray threads close to the fabric. Modern pairs may
look a little plainer but still, do a great job of snipping threads.

5. ROTARY CUTTERS

Rotary cutters are mainly used to cut straight edges such as

squares for quilting, but I have also seen some very competent cutters use
them for cutting entire pattern pieces, curves, and all. When using a rotary
cutter, may sure you keep extra blades handy. Blunt blades make it harder
to cut and more likely to slip. It will also burr the edges of some fabrics like
Lycra.

EXTRA EQUIPMENT FOR USING CUTTERS

When using a rotary cutter you need a few extra items to make
your job easier.

CUTTING MAT

– You will need a self-healing cutting mat underneath when cutting,

so you don’t mark your table. The cutting mats usually have grid lines on
them to accurately cut squares.

QUILTING RULER

– The other item which is necessary is a quilting ruler or metal ruler

which you will use to guide the cutter straight. Freehand cutting is for more
experienced sewers and those wanting to cut curves – but don’t worry as
you will get there! Just start with a ruler and learn to cut straight first. You
can purchase non-slip rulers which grip the fabric and as the name
suggests stop them from slipping while you are cutting.

6. PINKING SHEARS
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I love my pinking shears. Pinking shears have a zig-zag edge

instead of a straight edge like regular scissors. As well as looking pretty
they stop the edges of fabric from fraying and are great for trimming
curved seams. Make sure you test them in-store adequately before
buying, as cheap pairs often don’t cut very well and burr the edges of the
fabric. Read more about pinked seams. Keep your pinking shears away
from paper crafts as they can be hard to sharpen and are generally quite
pricey to start with.

7. LEFT-HANDED SCISSORS

My mother is left-handed and often struggles to use my fabric

shears over long periods so I had to add in this section. If you are left-
handed consider investing in a specialty pair of scissors for lefties
designed to make your life more comfortable.

SEAM RIPPERS

While this is neither scissors nor a cutter, a seam ripper is a very

useful tool for cutting threads. Depending on where you live, this may be
called an unpicker. Seam rippers have one longer pointed end and
another shorter end with a red ball on it to prevent the fabric from ripping
by accident.

Just make sure you keep a few handy and stock up regularly as the
cutting part of the blade does get dull quickly. Luckily they are really cheap
cutting tools for sewing.

BUTTONHOLE CUTTERS

Buttonhole cutters cut the middle out of a buttonhole once it has

been sewn. If you have ever cut a buttonhole with scissors or a seam
ripper then you know that the potential for overcutting is very real. These
handy little cutting tools for sewing will cut a clean slit with very little effort.
 25

A buttonhole cutter must be used with a small cutting mat

underneath so it doesn’t mark your table. Always start from the outside
edge of the buttonhole and then if you need the slit to be longer, move to
the opposite outside edge. When you use this little tool you generally don’t
need to use a fray stop solution on the edges of the fabric.

MARKING TOOLS

What is Marking tools?

• Marking tools are used to transfer the pattern symbols onto the
fabric to accurately make the garment. It is essential to transfer these
symbols for correct fitting and sewing. Purpose of Marking tools

• The purpose of the marking tool is to transfer all the little notations
that appear on your pattern, the ones that tell you where to cut, fold, sew,
or place adjoining pieces. The pattern instructions work together with
these notations to tell you exactly how to manipulate each pattern piece.

6 Types of Marking

• Tracing wheel and dressmaker’s paper- Dressmaker’s paper is

something like carbon paper, in that it transfers markings with applied
pressure. Place it between your pattern and your fabric, then use the
tracing wheel to draw over the lines on the pattern to transfer them to the
fabric.

• Water soluble pencil- These look like colored pencils, and come
in a range of colors which are suitable for different fabrics. They should
wash out of your fabric easily, but always test on a swatch to be sure.

• Markers and pens- Markers are similar to pencils. Some markers

I’ve used seem to produce fat lines, and also tend to dry out quickly.
 26

• Tailor’s chalk- Tailor’s chalk comes in triangular pieces. You

must keep it sharp or you end up with lines that are a bit too fat. It can also
be slightly messy, and breaks easily.

• Chalk pen- It’s held line a pen, but leaves a fine layer of chalk,
and the bright colors are great for a variety of fabric colors.

• Pins: Sometimes you can just use a pin to mark specific points on
your pattern piece. It may seem a bit lazy, but it’s usually no less accurate.

SEWING TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES

WHAT IS SEWING?

- Sewing is the activity of making mending clothes or other things

using a needle and thread.

IMPORTANCE OF SEWING

- Sewing helps you develop fine motor skills, improves your focus
and concentration, artistic and teaches the importance of patience and
self-control.

TYPES OF SEWING

 Running stitch

 Lockstitch

 Cover stitch

 Overlock

SEWING TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES

Needle - a small slender usually steel instrument that has an eye

for thread or surgical sutures at one end and that is used for sewing.
 27

Thread - Sewing thread is the yarn used to combine two or more

fabric pieces together in garments, accessories, and other textile products.

Measuring Tape - A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible

ruler used to measure size or distance. It consists of a ribbon of cloth,
plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip with linear measurement markings.

Chalk/fabric marker - Chalk sticks, used as writing and

drawing. - fabric marker, which is usually purple or blue, will show up
most fabrics. They wash away with water. Seam ripper - A seam ripper is
a small sewing tool used for cutting and removing stitches. Fabric scissors
- an instrument used for cutting cloth, paper, and other thin material,
consisting of two blades laid one on top of the other and fastened in the
middle so as to allow them to be opened and closed by a thumb and finger
inserted through rings on the end of their handles.

Rotary Cutter - A Rotary Cutter is a cutting tool for fabrics. It is a

sharp blade wheel, in a handle, used to slice through multiple layers of
fabric and resembles a pizza cutter.

Mat - It is a soft rubber in a square. Use to protect surface from

Knicks and scratches. Seam gauge - seam gauge is a ruler, allowing
people to measure fabric, but it includes a special slider which can be
used to mark a desired measurement.

Pins - Pins or Straight Pins are used to hold fabric together at the
seam line before sewing. Clips - They hold fabric in place, but unlike pins,
they won't prick you as you work or leave holes in your fabric.

Pin cushion - A small cushion into which pins are stuck for
convenient storage.

Magnet - Magnets are commonly most used for sewing in the form
of closures for handbags.
 28

Sewing kit - A sewing kit is a small package containing tools used

for sewing.

Electric Iron - Ironing is the use of a machine, usually a heated

tool (an iron), to remove wrinkles and unwanted creases from fabric. The
heating is commonly done to a temperature of 180–220 °Celsius (356-428
Fahrenheit), depending on the fabric.

Sewing Machine - Sewing machine, any of various machines for

stitching material (such as cloth or leather), usually having a needle and
shuttle to carry thread and powered by treadle, waterpower, or electricity.
It was the first widely distributed mechanical home appliance and has
been an important industrial machine.

TIPS TO KEEP YOUR SEWING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT LONGER

Machine Care Tips

• Protect your sewing machine with a cover to prevent dust build

up.

• Use new and high-quality thread (like Guterman) to prevent dust

build up on the interior of the machine.

• Dust inside the bobbin case with a tiny brush.

• Use your sewing machine manual to clean each part of the

machine properly.

• Wipe the machine down with a soft cloth after each use to avoid
future damage.

• Plug the machine into a surge protector.

• Unplug the machine when it’s not in use.

 29

• Store machine in a safe temperature controlled area where it

won’t endure damage.

• Leave the presser foot down when not in use or when traveling
with the sewing machine to prolong the longevity of the spring. Care for
iron

• Clean the bottom of the iron with an iron cleaner to get rid of
melted residue.

• If you experience clogging in your steam port, try using distilled

water instead of tap water.

• Store tools like embroidery hoops in a place where they won’t get
warped or damaged. Care for cutting tools

• Buy quality scissors in any variety you need.

• Keep tools dry and clean.

• Only cut designated materials with their respective tool.

• Avoid pins and zippers when using cutting tools to prevent

damage.

• Don’t drop or hit shears—This can cause damage.

• Buy a sharpening tool to keep cutting tools in tip-top condition.

• Keep small tools in organized compartments where they are safe

and easy to find. Invest in quality tools like metal shears.

• Avoid cutting fabric using just the tip of the scissors to avoid
misalignment and to create sharp, precise cuts.

• Wipe off cutting tools with a soft cloth to remove fuzz or threads.
Care for other notions
 30

• Use sharp new needles. Remember to replace after 8 hours of

sewing or between projects for best results.

• Use the right needle for the weight and fabric being used.

• Keep thread in a dry area where they will be free from damage.
Keep pins in a container to avoid injury.

• Roll-up measuring tape to prevent a tangled mess.

• Use a bobbin topper to keep threads protected and free of

tangles.

PARTS AND FUNCTION OF SEWING MACHINE

What do you mean by sewing machine?

Sewing Machine- A sewing machine is a machine used to sew fabric and

materials together with thread. It is designed to join pieces of fabric or
leather by means of either a lockstitch or a chain stitch.

Two Major Parts of Lockstitch Sewing Machine

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Upper Parts of Sewing Machine and their Functions

1. Head is the complete sewing machine without a cabinet or stand.

Head of the machine has two main parts:

 Arm
 Bed

 Arm- is the curve part of the head containing mechanism for

operating needle.

 Bed- is the flat portion of the machine and beneath is the feed
dog where it is mounted, and the shuttle and lower thread are
placed.
 32

Parts of Sewing Machine in the Arm and their Functions

1. Spool Pin- is a thread holder that serves to put thread spools

during the sewing process.

2. Thread Guide- is used to control the direction of the thread. It

also helps plenty of supply of thread.

1. Arm thread guide

2. Faceplate thread guide

 33

3. Needle thread guide

3. Thread Take Up Lever- This is a movable thread guide that

moves up and down, pulling the thread from the spool at the top of
the machine and feeding it through the bottom.

4. Tension Regulator- control the looseness and tightness of

stitches.
 34

5. Presser Foot- hold the fabric in place while sewing.

6. Presser Bar Lifter- is used for raising and lowering the pressure
foot

7. Needle- is a slender tools attached the needle clamp used for

sewing. It is used to form a stitch in the garments.

8. Needle Bar
- hold the needle in place.
 35

9. Needle Clamp- hold and tightens the needle on the sewing

machine.

10. Bobbin Winder- is a small spool wheel that serves to fill the
yarn into the bobbin.

11. Stitch Regulator- check the length of the stitches.

12. Balance Wheel- Balance wheel or Handwheel is part of sewing

machine that is shape like a wheel. It serves as a tool to start and
stop the sewing machine.
 36

13. Stop Motion Screw- hinders moving when loosened and

starts.

14. Belt- connect the balance wheel to drive the wheel.

 37

Parts of Sewing Machine under Bed and their Functions

1. Feed Dog- moves the fabric while sewing.

2. Throat Plate- is the window of the feed dog and it is where

bobbin threads come out. Throat plate has holes or slots for the
needle to pass through as it moves up and down to stitch the
fabric.

3. Slide Plate- is a movable plate that covers the shuttle and

bobbin case.
 38

4. Bobbin- is a metal spool for winding thread. Bobbin supplies

the bottom thread during the stitch formation.

5. Bobbin Case
- hold the bobbin.

6. Shuttle
- hold the bobbin case while sewing.
 39

The Lower Parts of the Lock Stitch Sewing Machine and

their Functions

1. Band Wheel- lead the balance wheel through the belt

connection.

2. Band Wheel Crank- Moves the band wheel.

3. Pitman Rod- hold the treadle to band wheel Crank.

 40

4. Belt Guide- hold the belt to its place.

5. Belt Shifter- removes the belt from the wheel.

6. Dress Guard- it protects the dress from the wheel.

 41

7. Treadle- It controls the speed of the sewing machine. If you

apply more pressure to the pedal you can sew more faster.

 Manual

 Electric

8. Legs- support the cabinet of the machine.

9. Cabinet- hold the head of the machine by interlocking

screw on the hinges.
 42

PROJECT PLAN FOR HOUSEHOLD’S LINE

Project Planning- is a formal document design used to guide both

project control and project execution.

Household Linen- Items made of cloth such as pillowcases, table

cloth and etc. used for home.

PARTS OF PROJECT PLAN

I. NAME

- Found at the top part of the plan - Name of the project plan should
be short and concise but must still be able to give the reader an idea. -
Example: Making a pillow case.

II. OBJECTIVES

- State the goals that you aim to achieve.

- Goals should be specific and realistic - Ensure that you do not go

beyond the expected outcome.

III. MATERIALS & TOOLS NEEDED

- List of materials and tools needed for a project plan.

IV. Design or Drawing of the of the Project Plan

- An illustration of the project to be done.

V. Procedure

- Steps in making the project companied by illustrations of clarity.

VI. EVALUATION

- A set of criteria use for determining project success.

 43

GUIDELINES IN PLANNING A PROJECT PLAN

- Study the project, make a detailed illustrations and list down the
materials to be used.
- Choose the fabric most suitable for the project
- Decide on the design of the project
- Plan the steps to be followed in making the project
- Prepare the sewing tools and sewing machine

SUPPLIES/ MATERIALS AND TOOLS NEEDED FOR THE PROJECT

Types of Fabric

1. Cotton - This cloth is smooth, durable, and absorbent. It is appropriate

for tropical climate.

2. Wool – This cloth is suitable for the cold season. It is thick and slightly
rough

3. Silk –This is an expensive fabric. It is quite difficult to cut and saw

because of its fine, smooth, and lustrous texture

4. Linen – This fabric comes from the flax plant

5. Synthetic –made from man-made fibers woven in to different fabrics

like rayon, banlo.

TOOLS NEEDED FOR PROJECT

Gingher Dressmaker’s shears Offer along ercut ideal for cutting

patterns, trimming seams or cutting long swaths of fabric

Pinking shears – Shears with a serrated blade, used to cut a

zigzag edge in fabric to prevent it from fraying
 44

A sewing gauge is a ruler, typically 6 inches long used for

measuring short spaces. It is typically a metal scale marked in both inches
and centimeters with sliding pointer, similar in use to a caliper

Cloth tape measure- a tape measure is used primarily for taking

body measurement as well as for specifying the length of agarments and
measuring the curves and corner

Water soluble pens- it is designed for marking the fabric-beitlines

for quilting projects, clothes patterns or some intricate embroidery design

Chaco pen or tailor’s chalk – A powder-based chalk for drawing

thin and beautifullines. The length and thickness have been designed to
achieve the pen-like easy for use

Glass head pins- One of the most widely used pins among sewers
it is made out of nickel plated steel, they’re strong but not overly flexible.
The length of a perfect size is 13/8.

Seam ripper- a small suwing tool used for cutting and removing
stitches. The head is usually forked with a cutting surface situated at the
based of the fork

Iron- A clothes iron is a small appliances that, when heate disused

to press clothes to remove wrinkles and unwanted creases

Ironing board- Along narrow board covered with soft material and
folding legs on which clothes, sheet set care ironed

Needles – a very fines lender piece of metal with apoint at one end
and a hole or eye forth read at the other used in sewing

All purpose thread –All – purpose thread made of polyester,

cotton, or a combination of the two, this medium weight thread is suitable
for most sewing projects in fabrics ranging from light to medium-heavy
weight
 45

Beeswax or Thread Heaven – Is a synthetic chemical compound

(itsnon-toxic, non-petroleum, acid-free, vegan, and won’t melt or freeze)

Rotary cutter –is a tool generally used by quilters to cut fabric. It

consist of a handle with a cIrcular blade that rotates

Self healing cutting mat- Are manufactured from separate tiny

pieces of material which are pressed together creating a solid surface to
cuton

Thimbles – a metal or plastic cap with a closed end, worn to

protect the finger and push the needle in sewing

IMPORTANCE OF PLANTING TREES

PLANTING TREES

- The roots of trees hold the soil in place as it fights erosion that
causes landslide. It also absorbs and store rainwater that helps reduce
runoff and sediment deposit after the storms. It also helps recharge
ground water supply, prevents transport of chemicals into streams as well
as prevents flooding

THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANTING TREES

- Trees reduce the amount of storm water runoff, which reduces

erosion and pollution in our waterways and may reduce the effects of
flooding.

- Many species of wildlife depend on trees for habitat.

- Trees provide food, protection, and homes for many birds and
mammals.

- Trees are an important part of ecosystem.

 46

- Trees give us oxygen which are need to breath.

- Trees give us fruits.

- Trees also provides animals with foods and shelter

- Trees are also an important source of medicine.

IMPORTANCE OF PLANTING AND PROPAGATING TREES AND

FRUIT BEARING AND MARKETING SEEDLINGS

Plant propagation

 The process of reproducing or creating a new plant or seedling.

 It is an important part of gardening, whether out doors or indoors.

 It is a method of growing new plants from seed or from parts of

existing plants. Two types of Plants propagation

1. Sexual Propagation

 The propagation using valuable seeds.

 These seeds have the capacity to germinate and grow.

2. Asexual Propagation

 The production of new plants from leaves, stems, and roots

 It can be done manually either naturally or using scientific

approach.

Benefits Derived from Planting Trees and Fruit – Bearing Trees

1. Sources of food and medicine.

2. Provide shade and keep the environment cool, fresh, and beautiful.
 47

3. Provide oxygen to breath.

4. Support wild life.

5. Trees filter the heat of the sun.

6. Trees can help control flood and soil erosion.

Importance of marketing seedlings.

 To ensure the physical condition of seedlings

 To preserve the quality of seedlings

 Away of increasing the production of trees and fruit – bearing

Why marketing seedlings is important?

 Seedlings are a great way to diversify your product offering,

jazzup your display area and build a loyal customer base. Once they get a
few of their own plants going, they'll be even more enthusiastic about
visiting the market, asking you questions and buying additional products.

ELEMENTS TO BE OBSERVED IN PLANTING TREES AND FRUIT

BEARING TREES

A. PROPER CARE OF PLANTS AND SOIL

Water your plants regularly

Getting the proper balance of water for houseplants can be tricky:

too much water, and the roots will start to rot because of poor drainage,
and too little water and they'll dry out. The specific amounts of water
needed will vary from plant to plant, as some like to be very wet all the
time while others (like cacti and succulents) only need watering once
every few weeks. However, most plants will thrive when watered 2-3 times
 48

a week. Use a spray bottle or small watering can, and add enough water
each time so that the soil is moist without being muddy. Fertilize your
plants every few weeks.

Fertilizer

Is a soil additive that supplies plants with nutrients. It is particularly

important to fertilize indoor plants every 2-3 weeks, because there is no
organic matter being added to the soil naturally like there would be
outdoors.

Clean dust off your plants

Indoor plants will become coated in a thin layer of dust over time.
This dust takes away from the plants' natural beauty, and it also makes it
harder for them to grow by clogging the 'pores' on the leaves. As a result,
it is important to clean off any dust you notice on a regular basis.
Depending on the size of your plant, there are two different general
cleaning methods: wipe them off with a cloth, or rinse them in the sink
under running water. If you choose to wipe down your plants, mix a small
amount of warm water with a bit of dish soap or plant soap, and dip a
clean rag into the mixture before carefully wiping down the leaves. If you
run them under water, just turn on warm water in your sink and carefully
rinse each leaf with your hands or a clean dish rag.

Move your plant away from air vents.

Moisture levels inside of houses tends to be lower than moisture

levels outside of houses. As a result, it is common for houseplants to
become dried up due to a lack of humidity. Although regular watering can
help prevent this, a bigger issue causing this is placing your indoor plants
near air vents. Whether the heater or the air conditioner is the one
working, the constant air flow will dry out the leaves of the plants and
cause them to die off. To solve this problem, move them away from any
 49

vents in the room. You can also incorporate a humidifier into your décor
nearby to add moisture to the air.

Make sure your plants are getting enough water.

Caring for plants in a garden relies heavily on the natural elements

and environment in proximity. As a result, the amount of watering you
need to do is dependent on what the weather and soil is like in your area.
It's generally a good rule of thumb to water your plants 2-3 times a week
either by hand with a watering can, or with a sprinkler system. The soil of
your garden should be damp without being soggy, and not so dry that it is
crumbly and dusty.

Weed your garden regularly.

Weeds can spring up overnight and ruin a perfectly lovely garden.

Weeds aren't only an eyesore, they also take up valuable growing space
and use nutrients in the soil that could otherwise go towards growing your
garden. As a result, you should try to pull weeds whenever you see them
pop up. Grasp each weed as close to the ground as you're able, and then
pull it straight up. doing this will increase the likelihood of pulling out the
root system and slowing the growth of future weeds. Mulch your garden
every few months. Mulch is a type of organic compost that is added to the
top of your garden soil to prevent weeds from growing and to trap
moisture. Mulching will also add nutrients to the soil as it mixes in over
time, helping your plants to grow even larger.

Cut off any dead or diseased plants.

Plant disease can spread quickly through a garden, if not

contained. The same is true for a plant that is injured; if you don't remove
the dying limbs, it can continue to spread to the rest of the plant.
Whenever you notice plants that are browning, dry, brittle, or otherwise
sickly looking, use a pair of gardening shears to cut off the branches from
 50

the base. Throw these branches away rather than leaving them in your
garden as compost, because if they do contain a plant disease, it can still
spread to nearby plants.

Deadhead your flowers.

The term 'deadhead' refers to the practice of cutting off the dead
flower heads on a plant. This will stimulate new growth, and remove the
brown and dying flower. To do this, simply use a pair of gardening shears
to snip the flower just below the bud. Over the next few days, you should
notice a new bud begin to form and bloom.

Proper care of soil

Soil is made up of many minerals (the inorganic particles in soils

that weather from rocks). The plants that are grown in soil can be used for
food, clothing, recreation, aesthetics, building materials, medicines etc.
Soil has vital nutrients for plants.50

Healthy soils are essential for healthy plant growth, human

nutrition, and water filtration. Healthy soil supports a landscape that is
more resilient to the impacts of drought, flood, or fire. Soil helps to
regulate the Earth's climate and stores more carbon than all of the world's
forests combined.

The easiest way to maintain good soil health is by regular

applications of organic matter to boost populations of friendly soil micro-
organisms and replace any minerals lost from the system by harvesting
and pruning.

B. PREPARING SEEDS FOR PLANTING

SEVEN STEPS FROM SEED TO PLANTING

1. FIND THE RIGHT CONTAINERS

 51

You can start seeds in almost any type of container, as long as it’s
atleast 2-3‖ deep and has some drainage holes.

2. PREPARE THE POTTING SOIL

Choose the potting soil that’s made for growing seedlings. Do not
uses oil from your garden orre-uses oil from your house plants. Start with
a fresh, sterile mix that will ensure healthy, disease-free seedlings.

3. START PLANTING

Check the seed packet to see how deep you should plant your
seeds. Some of the small ones can be sprinkled right on the soil surface
while the larger seeds will need to be buried.

4. WATER, FEED, REPEAT

As the seeding grow, use a mister or a small watering can to keep

the soil moist but not soggy. Let the soil dry slightly between watering. Set
up a fan to ensure good air movement and prevent disease

5. FERTILIZED

Start feeding your seedlings after they develop their second set of
true leave, applying a half-strength liquid fertilizer weekly.

6. Light, Light, Light

Seedlings need a lot of light. If you’re growing in a window, choose

a south-facing exposure. Rotate the pots regularly to keep plants from
leaning into the light. If seedling don’t get enough light, they will be leggy
and weak. If you’re growing under lights, adjust them so they’re just a few
inches above the tops of the seedlings. Set the lights on a timer for 15
hours a day. Keep in mind that seedlings need a darkness too so they can
rest

7. MOVE SEEDLINGS OUTDOORS GRADUALLY

 52

It’s not a good idea to move your seedlings directly from the
protected environment of your home into the garden. You’ve been
coddling these seedlings for weeks, so they need a gradual transition to
the great outdoors. The process is called hardening off.

SEED GERMINATION

Seed Germination is the beginning or the process of development

of a seed (a fertilized ovule containing an embryo, which forms a new
plant upon germination). Hydration of a seed, which is called imbibition
(imbibere in Latin means to drink), is an essential step for seed
germination.

Four Factors of Seed Germination

1. Moisture - Of all Factors that determine seed Germination, water is the

first and most important. Without water it cannot happen and seed will stay
dormant.

2. Oxygen - Seeds need access to oxygen, which is one reason soaked

soil is counterproductive. Soil should have a medium texture, not too pack
or too light in order to provide oxygen to germinating seed.

3. Temperature - The optimum temperature for germination rate is

typically higher than that required to achieve maximum percentage
germination in partially dormant or partially deteriorated seed populations.

4. Soil Depth - Good seed depth is 1.5 to 2.0 inches or even deeper is
recommended in dry conditions to ensure good moisture availability for
successful seed germination.
 53

PREPARATION OF SEEDLINGS BEFORE TRANSPLANTING

 Broadcast pre-germinated seeds in thoroughly puddled and

leveled soil.

 Construct drainage canals for proper water removal.

 Add organic manure (decompose) and a small amount of

inorganic fertilizer as basal dressing. This increases seed vigor and allows
easier uprooting for transplanting.

INDIRECT PLANTING

Indirect planting - is practical among plants with small seeds such

as cabbage, pechay, mustard, tomatoes, eggplants and spinach. - they
are sown in seedboxes or seedbeds in rows to produce seedlings which
are then transplanted into the field.

TYPES OF ORCHARD

FARMS

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IMPLANTING FRUIT TREES FOR YOUR

ORCHARD

1. A soil test is important to ensure the tree has the proper pH level and
nutrients available to the roots.

2. Spacing is important

3. Fruit trees should be selected according to fruit type, varieties,

pollination, harvest and root stock.

4. Water is important throughout the growing season.

5. Some fruit trees varieties may require attention during cold weather.
 54

6. Monitor your young trees for insect and disease infestations.

TREES SUITED FOR ORCHARD GARDEN BASED:

Location  Picking the right tree for the right place is very
important. Trees will be more productive when they are planted in a place
suitable for them.

Climate  The right time, season or condition of the place is

equally important as choosing the landscape where tress should be
planted.

Market Demand  This is something to consider especially when

an orchardist is inclined to a business.

PROPER WAY OF PROPAGATING FRUIT

Plant propagation is the process by which new plants grow from a

variety of sources: seeds, cuttings, and other plant parts. Plant
propagation can also refer to the man-made or natural dispersal of seeds.
Propagation typically occurs as a step in the overall cycle of plant growth.

How to Propagate Plants From Cuttings

In a miracle on par with that of a germinating seed, it is possible to

cut off a stem or branch of a mature plant, stick the stem cutting in the
ground, and watch it grow roots and new shoots. Adhering to a few basic
procedures will increase your chances of success:

1. Ensure that your cutting has two nodes. Use a good, quality pair of
scissors or garden pruners to make the cleanest possible cuts. You need
at least two nodes—the bumps on stems and branches where leaves and
side shoots emerge—on each cutting. That’s because you need at least
 55

one node below the soil or water (this is where roots will form) and one
node above (where new leaves and shoots will grow).

2. Remove the lower leaves. Take off all but two leaves from the stem, as
too much greenery may drain the moisture needed to grow roots (the
remaining leaves should be at the tip of the cutting).

3. Start your cutting in water. A cutting will root in a growing medium such
as potting soil or vermiculite, but starting the rooting process in a jar of
water allows you to watch the roots form.

4. Use a rooting compound. Lastly, you may wish to invest in a jar of

rooting compound, which contains naturally occurring rooting hormones
that stimulate root growth.

How to Propagate Plants By Layering

Layering is a type of plant propagation similar to propagating from

cuttings, but rather than removing a stem cutting from the parent plant and
letting new roots to form in water or soil, layering involves encouraging
roots to grow straight out of a stem while it is still attached to the stock
plant. Layering is an advanced propagation technique that works well for
woody plants.

There are a few different methods of layering:

1. Simple layering: Bend the stem of a plant down to the ground and bury
the middle of the stem under the soil. Then, secure the stem in the soil
with a U- shaped pin. Roots will form from the part of the stem that is
buried. Use the simple layering method during a plant's dormancy in the
early spring.

2. Tip layering: Tuck the very tip of the stem into a small hole in the
ground and bury it. Eventually, the tip will grow roots. This method works
especially well for berries, many of which naturally propagate this way.
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3. Compound layering: Also known as serpentine layering, this method is

a more involved version of simple layering. Bend one branch or stem
down to the ground, then alternately cover and expose portions of the
branch to produce multiple new rootstocks. This method works well for
vine-type houseplants like pothos.

4. Air layering: Peel bark away from the center of a branch and cover the
exposed area with sphagnum moss and a clear plastic bag or aluminum
foil. For plants that do not have bark; make a cut in the plant tissue and
use a wet toothpick to hold the cut open, then wrap with moss. The new
roots will develop within the moss, and you can then cut the roots away
from the parent plant and transplant them.

BEARING TREES

A. CUTTING

- A plant cutting is a piece of a plant that is used in horticulture for

vegetative (asexual) propagation. A piece of the stem or root of the source
plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil

TYPES OF STEM CUTTINGS

There are two main types of stem cuttings:

Softwood cuttings (leafed cuttings) are young soft succulent cuttings

with leaves (sometimes pruned).

Hardwood cuttings are made of matured, dormant hardwood after the

leaves have been shed.

Tip - cuttings possess terminal buds; basal cuttings are without terminal
buds.
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B. MARCOTTING AIR LAYERING

It is the process of rooting branches, twigs, or stems that are still

attached to a parent plant, as by placing a specially treated part in moist
soil. To make it short, marcotting or air-layering is the process of putting
soil to the branch. It is usually take about 6-10 weeks to form new roots.

Steps for Air Layering or Marcotting

Easy-to-Follow Instructions for Air Layering Materials

 Sharp Knife

 Plastic sheet or film, 3 inches wide and 6 inches long - 1 pc

 Tie wires, 1 1/2-inch-long - 2 pcs

 Coconut Husk

 Coconut Dust Cutting a Wound on the Branch for Marcotting

1. Make two parallel cuts (bottom cut and top cut) about 1/2 to 1 inch apart
around the stem and through the bark and cambium layer. "Bottom" here
refers to the part of the air layer wound closer to the plant roots. Use a
sharp knife to cut around (ring cut) the branch's perimeter. Hold the
branch firmly but not tightly to avoid breaking the branch.

2. Make a ring cut at the top of the wound area as in the above.

3. Using the knife, slice off the bark layer in strips. It is easier to make the
cuts towards you. Remove the ring of bark, leaving the inner woody tissue
exposed. Scrape the newly bared ring to remove the cambial tissue. This
prevents a bridge of callus tissue from forming.

Wrapping the Potting Medium on the Air Layer

1. Prepare a piece of coconut husk that is about 1 1/2 inches wide and
around 3 inches long.
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2. Take a small amount of coco dust enough to cover the air layering
wound and put it on top of the coconut husk as shown below.

3. Soak the husk and the coco dust in water so that it becomes moist. An
alternative is to pour a little water on the coco dust. Squeeze out surplus
water before using, since excessive moisture will result in decay and
deterioration of the plant tissue. It is also difficult to work with the air
layering materials with potting medium (coco husk and dust) that's
dripping wet.

4. Position the potting medium under the exposed wound, ensuring that
the potting medium will cover the wound entirely.

5. Wrap the potting medium around the wound with the coconut husk
holding together the coco dust. When packing the potting medium material
around the plant's wound, form the material into a ball with your fingers, so
that the potting medium is mostly surrounding just the wound. This will
allow you to have tapered ends at the top and bottom of the marcot ball.

6. While maintaining the potting medium ball around the air layering
wound with one hand, wrap around a clear thin plastic sheet with the other
hand as shown below.

7. Twist the ends of the air layer in the direction of the plastic sheet
wrapping.

8. With a couple of twist ties, tightly close the ends of the air layer. For
consistency, I just twist the two ends of the tie wire in a clockwise
direction. To prevent the spilling of the coco dust material, close the
bottom end first.
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STEPS IN MARCOTTING

A. GRAFTING

Grafting -is the act of placing a porton of one plant (bud or scion)
into or on a stem, root, or branch of another (stock) in such a way that a
union will be formed and the partners will contnue to grow. The part of the
combinaton that provides the root is called the stock; the added piece is
called the scion. Grafting and budding are hortcultural techniuues used to
join parts from two or more plants so that they appear to grow as a single
plant. In grafting, the upper part (scion) of one plant grows on the root
system (rootstock) of another plant. In the budding process, a bud is taken
from one plant and grown on another.

B. BUDDING

Insert a single bud from a desirable plant into an opening in the

bark of a compatible root stock to create an advantageous variety and
rootstock combination. Form of a sexual reproduction in which a new
individual develops.

Budding is an asexual mode of producing a new organism. In this

process, a new organism developed from a small part of the parent’s
body. A bud which formed detaches to develop organism. The newly
developed organism remains attached a sit grows further. It is separated
from the parent organism when it gets matured by leaving scart issues
behind.

SOURCES OF FRUIT BEARING TREES

Fruit-bearing trees are available and sold in different stages of

growth and ready to be transplanted.

Among their sources are:

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•Commercial Nursery – Run by private individuals usually offering

landscaping materials and services.

•Agricultural Institution – A school that offers a course related to

agriculture and other plant studies.

- Agricultural institutions means agricultural growers, shippers,

packers, brokers, distributors, wholesalers, receivers and jobbers, or
affiliated, associated and related suppliers, industries or firms.

•Department of Agriculture – Responsible for any agricultural

activities in terms of vegetables and fruits. Role of Department Of
Agriculture: The Department is the government agency responsible for the
promotion of agricultural development by providing the policy framework,
public investments, and support services needed for domestic and export-
oriented business enterprises.

•Bureau of Plant Industry – They develop scientific improvement

for each plant species in a locality and adjacent places Role of BPI: As
created through series of laws, Executive and Administrative Orders, BPI
has the primary tasks of: Promoting the development of plant industries
through research and development; Crop production, Crop protection and
etc.

Tips to Care for Fruit-Bearing Trees

When maintained the right way, a fruit-bearing tree can be a

beautiful attribute to your property. Not only do they provide the obvious
benefit of nutritious and tasty fruit—whether it be oranges, apples,
peaches or other tasty treats—they are also wonderful to look at and enjoy
during the appropriate seasons.

There are some tips you should take into account to make sure
your trees thrive and produce plenty of fruit for you to eat. If you’re unsure
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of maintenance, call a family tree service to come and look at your trees.
This way, you can ensure that your trees last for many years to come.

First, Research

Before you even have your tree planted, you need to do some
research. What trees thrive in your area? What do they need to flourish? If
you are unsure of which kind of fruit-bearing tree to bring to your property,
call a family tree service expert. They should be able to provide you with
some valuable advice.

Pay Attention to the Soil

Then, to know how to keep your trees thriving, you need to start at
the bottom— the soil. Fruit-bearing trees need moderately-rich, well-
drained soil. Of course, you need to place these trees in an open area with
plenty of access to the sun. You don’t want to put it too close to other
trees or shrubs either, because it needs room to grow on its own.
Overlapping doesn’t help that at all.

Sticking with the soil, plenty of nutrients are important to make sure
you get efficient fruit production. That means, at the planting stage, the
soil should be built up with plenty of organic materials, such as compost or
manure. There’s an extra benefit as well, as your tree will have better
drainage because of these materials.

Once the tree is planted, you need to remember to feed it. It’s not a
daunting task either, as you only have to apply an all-purpose organic
fertilizer twice per year. Doing this provides healthy growth. The two times
of year it’s necessary to do this are in early autumn and spring. You may
be asking yourself if you can grow fruit trees in grass. That’s certainly not
advisable because grass competes for the tree’s moisture and nutrients,
which doesn’t allow the fruit to thrive and the tree to grow. Also, if you live
in a farmable area, chickens are actually a good companion for trees. If
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they’re strolling nearby, they help control against many insects that go
after your fruit.

Take Care of Them

You need to keep a close eye on the hygiene of your trees. That
means constantly raking and removing diseased leaves around the base
of your trees. It also means getting rid of rotted fruit, especially at the
ground level.

If you don’t keep up your tree, fungal problems can run rampant
and then you’d likely have to call a family tree service to come and help
alleviate your problems. If your tree is getting the proper tender love and
care, you shouldn’t have to go through that trouble.

Now, to keep these trees thriving, you need to remember to water

them. If you live in an area where rain is frequent, you obviously don’t
have to worry as much, but if the top two inches of the soil is dry, the area
needs water replenishment. As the plant develops its root system,
watering can be done less often, but especially early on in a tree’s life, you
need to be on top of this. To produce a juicy crop, all fruit trees need an
occasional deep soaking, whether it’s by you or the rain.

Keep an Eye Out For Pests

It’s important to take precautions against pests which can infect,

and ultimately destroy, your trees if left unacknowledged. A lot of these
issues actually take place during winter, but if you use a dormant oil spray,
this can be alleviated. The oil will actually smother the pests, which
ultimately protects your fruit trees.

Pruning is Likely Necessary

Some trees will require pruning, and the purpose of this is to

remove dead or damaged limbs. If you already know how to perform this
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task, excellent! However, if you’re uncertain, it’s advisable to call a family

tree service expert to come help. If you over-prune or don’t prune enough,
this could lead to big problems for your tree.

At the end of the day, you have all the tools to plant, feed, and
maintain a healthy and vibrant fruit-bearing tree for both you and your
family to enjoy. It’s just a matter of knowing what you’re doing and putting
in the work.

If you get lazy, your tree could suffer, but if you do what is
required, your tree should produce tasty fruit for years to come. There’s
just nothing like a sweet and delicious treat to cap off your day! And, as an
added bonus, your grocery bill will shrink. Over time, if you have multiple
fruit trees and even plant your own garden, you won’t even have to stop in
the produce section at the store. You’ll only have to take a short stroll to
your own backyard.

PREPARING THE SITES SEVERAL SYSTEMS OF ORCHARD LAYOUT

A. SQUARE SYSTEM

In this system, trees are planted on each comer of a square

whatever may be the planting distance. This is the most commonly
followed system and is very easy to layout. The central place between four
trees may be advantageously used to raise short lived filler trees.

It is the most commonly used method and easy to layout in the

field. In this system, plant to plant and row to row distance is the same.
The plants are at the right angle to each other, every unit of four plants
forming a square.

B. RECTANGULAR SYSTEM

The plot is divided into rectangles instead of squares.

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Trees are planted at the four corners of the rectangle in straight

rows running at right angles.

Facilitates the intercultural/ intercropping.

Advantages:

Intercultural operations can be carried out easily.

Light can penetrate to the orchards through the large spaces in

row.

Better supervision is possible.

Intercropping is possible.

Disadvantages:

A large area of the orchard between the rows is wasted.

Less numbers of trees are planted.

C. QUINCUNX SYSTEM/DIAMOND PATTERN

This system of planting trees is similar to square system, except

that a fifth tree is planted at the center of each square. As a result, the tree
number in a unit area becomes almost double the number in the square
system. The additional tree in the center is known as ―filler‖. A filler is
quick growing, early maturing and erect type fruit trees like banana,
papaya, pomegranate, etc., which are remove as soon as the main fruit
trees planted at the corner of the square come into bearing. The planting
of filler trees provides an additional income to the grower in the early life of
the orchard.
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D. HEXAGONAL / TRIANGULAR SYSTEM

A grid of consecutive equilateral hexagons forms of layout. Trees

can be found at each vertex as well as at the center of each hexagon,
equidistant from all of the vertices. Six trees are planted making a
hexagon. The seventh tree is planted in the center and called septule.
This requires fertile land.

Triangular System

A triangle forms of layout. Trees can be found at each vertex. Three

trees are planted making a triangle form. This layout is also considering a
hexagonal form if planted widely.

Advantage and Disadvantage

Accommodates 15 % more plants than the square system.

However, comparatively less number of trees is accommodated in given
area.

E. CONTOUR SYSTEM

It is adopted in hilly areas for planting fruit plants where land is undulated
and soil erosion is great threat.

Determining home Orchard size

Step 1. Make a list of all the fruits your family likes.

Step 2. Do a little research to find out what varieties will actually grow in
your climate.

Step 3. Learn what trees are self fertile and which one are not.

Step 4. Determine how much space you have available to plant

Step 5. Planting
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PERFORMING SYSTEMATIC AND SCIENTIFIC WAYS OF CARING

ORCHARD TREES/SEEDLINGS

A. WATERING

Watering Seedlings need water to keep them healthy. Keep the soil moist
by watering the seedling in the early morning or late afternoon.

Ways of Watering Plants:

• Natural- This is nature’s way of providing water for plants through the
rain. example: raindrops

• Manual- It is using pail and dipper or sprinkler to water the plant

• Artificial- Water supply is artificially produced from a deep-well, dams,

and river with the help of motors.

B. CULTIVATING

Nature takes a toll on the soil as the elements actively dry it into a
crust. Cultivating breaks up the crusty soil surface allowing for a much
easier penetration of air, nutrients and water deep into the soil where plant
roots can gain access to them.

C. APPLYING FERTILIZERS

FERTILIZER

Are organic or inorganic substances chemical elements to improve

the growth of plants and the fertility of these oil.

Methods in applying fertilizer

1. Broadcasting- It is the application of fertilizer uniformly over a piece of

land by either hand or by a machine.

2. Drilling- It is the application of fertilizer in to holes close to seeds.

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3. Ringing- It is when fertilizer are placed in a circular way around the

plant so that it is equidistant from the plant.

4. Side dressing- This involves applying fertilizer at the sides crop’s base.

5. Spraying- It is a method of applying fertilizer is which liquid fertilizer are

dispersed on the leaves of crops using a sprayer fertilizer.

Why plants need fertilizer?

We need to apply fertilizer to our plants, because not all plants can
access the key nutrients found in the soil or in the air.

TIPS IN APPLYING FERTILIZER

Don’t apply liquid fertilizer at the same time you plant.

The fertilizer will reach the roots immediately and enter the mat the
broken points burning the mand causing further die back.

Wait to 2 to 3 weeks after planting before you fertilize.

2 TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION

A. ORGANIC FERTILIZER

Organic fertilizers are fertilizers that are naturally produced.

Fertilizers are materials that can be added to soil or plants, in order to
provide nutrients and sustain growth.

The main organic fertilizers are, peat, animal wastes, plant wastes
from agriculture.

Manure

It is made from animal excreta (cow dung & goat droppings). Cattle
manure is a good source of nitrogen and organic carbon while goat
manure is rich in nitrogen and potash.
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B. INORGANIC FERTILIZER

Are prepared by using natural element by making them undergo

chemical changes in the factories.

Examples: Urea. Ammonium sulphate, Super phosphate, and Foliar

fertilizer spray.

IDENTIFYING KINDS OF FOUR-LEGGED ANIMAL’S FISH BEING

RAISED AS MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD
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POSSIBLE HAZARDS OF ANIMALS RAISING TO PEAOPLE IN

COMMUNITY

Physical Injuries

Animals that are stressed, uncomfortable and unfamiliar with

humans, tend to be wild. They may end up kicking, biting, rushing, and
trampling people including their handlers.

Air Pollution

Chemical pesticides and animal waste that is not properly disposed

and left exposed in the backyard can produce a very unpleasant smell
causing air pollution that is harmful to human. Likewise, the animal waste
can attract flies and insects which can be carriers of disease causing
bacteria and other microorganisms.
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Noise Pollution

Exposure of animal raisers and farmers to loud noises from both

animals and equipment in the farm might induce hearing damage to farm
workers.

Infectious Diseases

Several infectious diseases that may be transmitted to humans are

ascariasis, animal influenza , scabies, ringworm, salmonellosis, and other
animal disease.

Insect and Pest Infestation

If not controlled flies nad ither insect can multiply fast and spread
out in the community.

Danger of Slipping the Needle

While vaccinating gibing medications, drawing blood from animals

and even recapping a used needle is dangerous when the animal is
moving.

Possible Workplace Accidents

These are untoward incident that may exist because of

carelessness, disarrayed workplace, wet floor, damaged, or not well-
maintained electrical and other equipment.

WAYS TO PREVENT HAZARDS BROUGHT ABOUT RAISING

ANIMALS

 Animals are unpredictable, especially during the joining (mating)

 Make sure yards, sheds and equipment are in good repair.

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 Ensure that workers are appropriately trained and familiar with the
temperament of the animals on farm.

 Take care when visiting other people’s farm or sale yards

METHODS AND IMPORTANCE OF ENHANCING/DECORATING

FINISHED PRODUCTS IMPORTANCE

 Finished products tend to be more saleable to customers when

enhanced and decorated.

 Enhanced and decorated finished products help maintain their durability

to harsh elements

 Finished products that are enhanced or decorated beautify the product

itself.

METHODS OF ENHANCING/DECORATING BAMBOO AND WOOD

PRODUCTS

Wood turning

-In hikimono or wood turning, a piece of wood is rotated on a lathe

and a blade is applied to create the desired shape. It is suitable for making
round trays, containers, and bowls. A wide range of forms can be made
depending on the angle of the blade. Balanced, symmetrical forms are
made by keeping the lathe spinning at a consistent speed.

HAND CARVING

What is Hand carving?

• The art or technique of carving objects by hand from wood or of carving

decorations into wood. Something made or decorated in such a manner.
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Hand Carving Tools

• Chisel- A sharp wood chisel can cut mortises, shave rough surfaces,
chop out corners and scrape off glue.

• Mallet- Wooden mallets are usually used in carpentry to knock wooden

pieces together, or to drive dowels or chisels.

• Chip Carving knife- a short-bladed knife used to make triangular

shaped cuts to create intricate designs in wood. Designs carved in this
fashion are cut into the wood or incised, not relieved.

PYROGRAPHY

Pyrography or pyrogravure is the free handed art of decorating

wood or other materials with burn marks resulting from the controlled
application of a heated object such as a poker. It is also known as
pokerwork or wood burning.

The term means "writing with fire", from the Greek pur (fire) and
graphos (writing). It can be practiced using specialized modern
pyrography tools, or using a metal implement heated in a fire, or even
sunlight concentrated with a magnifying lens. "Pyrography dates from the
17th century and reached its highest standard in the 19th century. In its
crude form it is pokerwork.

Pyrography is also popular among gourd crafters and artists, where

designs are burned onto the exterior of a dried hard-shell gourd.

FLOCKING

Flocking is the process of depositing many small fiber particles

(called flock) onto a surface. It can also refer to the texture produced by
the process, or to any material used primarily for its flocked surface.
Flocking of an article can be performed for the purpose of increasing its
value in terms of the tactile sensation, aesthetics, color and appearance.
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INLAYING

is the addition of an often contrasting, colored material into a shape

that's cut out to accept the inlay. It is fit flush with the item it's added to.

GILDING

Gilding - A decorative technique which consist of applying a very

thin sheet of gold or other metal leaf to a surface.

Gilding techniques- Gilding is the application of gold to wood,

metal, glass or ceramic. It is also, by way of extension, the application of
copper or another metal that imitates gold, for example, a silver layer
covered with yellow varnish.

STAINING

It is used to color wood to give an illusion of texture. This may come

in two varieties. First pigment-based stain well color large pores of wood,
while dye-based stain color small pores of the wood.

PAINTING

The expression of ideas and emotions with the creation of certain

aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language. Is the practice
of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface called
Matrix.
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CREATIVITY AND INNOVATIVENESS IN ENHANCING DECORATING

BAMBOO, WOOD AND METAL PRODUCTS
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METAL CRAFT ENHANCING TECHNIQUES ENGRAVING

METAL CRAFT ENHANCING TECHNIQUES

A metal craft enhancing technique used to make designs or

pictures on a metal plate by using acid that produces corrosive action. In
modern manufacturing, strong chemicals are used on other types of
material. Products made of metal are much in demand both in the local
and international market. With the evolving needs of today's consumers,
many entrepreneurs are continuously creating and innovating products in
order to cater to the demands of the market.

1. ETCHING

 WHAT IS ETCHING?

Simply removing unwanted materials from the surface to form a

required pattern.

 TWO CLASSES OF ETCHING PROCESS

• Wet etching is where the material is dissolved when immersed in a

chemical solution.

• Dry etching is where the materials is sputtered or dissolved using

reactive ions or vapor phase etchant.

2. METAL ENHANCING MEDIA

Adding metal enhancing media such as metal paints, copic markers

and antiquing kits give color to the metal product. Metal paints may be
applied using a brush or spray.

TEXTURING AND EMBOSSING IN METAL ENGRAVING

Metal embossing is used to impart a design upon metal sheets. The

metal is pushed with an embossing tool or stylus in order to create a
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raised effect on the opposite side. By placing the metal sheet on a rubber
or foam pad, the positive impression has a smooth surface that will shine
or can take pigment. Embossed metal sheets can be used to decorate
items like tins, lanterns, windows or doors. Smaller pieces can also be
used to decorate greeting cards or scrapbooks. Embossing metal does not
require many tools. The steps below will present you with a tried and true
method of metal embossing.

Steps

Transfer your design to the metal sheet.

Print out or draw your design on a piece of paper. It can be helpful

to use a piece of paper that is the same size as your metal sheet.

Tape the edges of your metal sheet to the piece of paper with your
template design. Place a piece of tape on all sides to ensure the page
does not slip. This will ensure that your lines are true to the design.

Using the stylus, trace over the lines of your template design. Use
as little pressure as possible, so that you are not committed to a high
relief. This cannot easily be undone, so follow the lines as close to exact
as possible.

Remove the paper and tape from the metal sheet.

Deepen the lines on the metal sheet using the stylus to your
preference. The harder you press, the deeper the line.

Fill in the lines with the embossing tool. Again, more pressure
yields more relief (negative from the side you're working, positive from
opposite side).
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Tips

If you're embossing words or anything that has a specific direction,

make sure that you are embossing the correct side of the metal sheet.

If you want to add color to your embossing, use permanent markers

or certain paints, such as window paint.

You can emboss both sides of the metal sheet to develop stronger
contrast between lines.

You can use the stylus or embossing tool to make other decorative
marks as well, such as dots. Simply press the tool down onto the metal
sheet and lift-do not drag the tool over the metal as you would when
embossing a line.

If you're working with copper, add a burnished look by applying

heat either in a fire place or with a lighter. Take care as the metal may
become hot to the touch.

Warnings

The cut edges of a metal embossing sheet can be sharp. Take care
when handling to avoid cutting your hands.

Things You'll Need

Metal sheet

Metal stylus

Metal embossing tool

Rubber mat

Scissors

Tape
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SIMPLE SURVEY USING TECHNOLOGY AND OTHER DATA

GATHERING METHODS.

A. CONDUCTS SIMPLE SURVEY USING TECHNOLOGY AND OTHER

DATA GATHEREING METHOD TO DETERMINE THE FOLLOWING:

1. MARKET TRENDS ON PRODUCTS MADE OF BAMBOO, WOOD,

AND METAL

 Philippine products are in demand not only within the local market but
also in the international market.

 Locally manufactured products intended for the global market have

unique designs and high quality craftsmanship that demand higher value
and earn profits for entrepreneurs.

PRODUCTS MADE OF BAMBOO

Bamboo is a popular eco-friendly material due to its fast-growing

rates and other characteristics. It’s a very strong and durable material
which is surprising giving its gentle and delicate nature.

Bamboo can also be used to create beautiful lighting fixtures such

as chandelier.

MARKET TRENDS ON PRODUCTS MADE OF BAMBOO

The global bamboo furniture market size was valued at USD 10.9
billion in 2018 and is expected to expand at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2019 to
2025. The growth is primarily attributed to rising investments in
infrastructure developments coupled with the use of sustainable raw
materials for furniture.
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WOODEN PRODUCTS

Wood products include lumber, veneer and plywood, furniture,

poles, piling, mine timbers, and posts; and composite wood products such
as laminated timbers, insulation board, hard-board, and particle board.

2. CUSTOMERS PREFERENCES OF PRODUCTS

It is what type of product an individual customer likes and dislikes. It

can be measured by their satisfaction with a specific item.

3. TYPES/SOURCES OF INNOVATIVE FINISHING MATERIALS,

ACCESORIES AND DESIGN

Finishing materials are usually designed for interior or exterior

finishing.

A. Shellac - A natural thermoplastic: which means that it is a

material that is soft and has the ability to flow under pressure when
heated.

B. Glue - It is use as a paste for wood materials.

C. Varnish- It provides protection and enhancement to the

appearance of wooden floors and furniture.

D. Sandpaper - It is commonly used for smoothening and polishing

surface.

E. Paint - a colored substance which is spread on a surface in a

thin coat. The body of paint is a mixture of four elements: pigment, vehicle,
thinner, and drier.

F. Lacquer -a synthetic finish that is liquid in form and is made of

shellac dissolved in alcohol or other synthetic material.
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G. Stain - a coloring material applied to the surface of a wood to

improve its appearance.

4. PROCESS IN ENHANCING DECORATING FINISHED PRODUCTS

Finishing

 It is the method of beautifying the project. It is the last step in the

completion of the project.

 To protect the product and enhance it appearance. Most

importantly, to achieve the good look of the finish product.

Functions of Finishing

1. PROTECTION – the surface of the furniture is protected against

destruction such as warping, cracking, shrinkage, and swelling.

2. DECORATION – the transparent finish brings out the natural beauty of

the product, emphasizing the grain texture and its brilliant color.

3. SANITATION – a well-finished product can easily be cleaned.

4. SALABILITY – product’s salability depends on the pleasing functional

design and attractive appearance.

EFFECTS OF INNOVATIVE FINISHING MATERIALS AND CREATIVE

ACCESSORIES ON THE MARKETABILITY OF PRODUCTS AND
ENHANCEMENTS

1. ENHANCING BAMBOO, WOOD, METAL AND OTHER FINISHED

WOOD ARTS ALTHOUGHT SKETCHING, SHADING AND OUTLINING

2. STEPS IN ENHANCING BAMBOO, WOOD, METAL AND OTHER

FINISHED WOOD ARTS ALTHOUGHT SKETCHING, SHADING AND
OUTLINING PRODUCT MARKETABILITY
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3. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATIVENESS IN ENHANCING/DECORATING

BAMBOO WOOD AND METAL PRODUCTS

4. CREATIVITY AND INNOVATIVENESS IN ENHANCING PRODUCTS

- Improves product worth: product marketability depends a lot on

presentation to the target audience, a distinctive and innovative finishing
offers respect to a product among its peers, hence increasing its worth
upon sighting.

- Better product brand : A brand known for creative designs and

finishing has made a name for itself, hence in terms of marketing newer
products, such firms will have minimal challenges due to past
performance.

- Higher sale probability : From research, it has been established

that better packages products sells very much faster Than ordinarily
packaged products.

- Better revenue yield : Increased and better product sale will

result in more quantities sold and definitely more revenue which result in
better profit.

- Established name for future product sale : As innovation and

creativity in product design and packing continues, brand name becomes
more rigid and established which paves way for ease in marketing future
products.