HISTORY WORKSHEET

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1. Answer these questions in more than one paragraph

2. Upload your work at the end of the class to IDUKAY
3. Need to use APA 7 standards for quoting and references
4. Paste pictures

World/Country context

What was going on in the country/world before the leader rose to power?

Benito Mussolini wanted to capitalize on the feelings of discontent of Italian

society by calling for war against the leftist parties, whom he pointed out as the
culprits of such a disaster. In 1919 he founded the combat organization,
brigades or armed groups of agitation that operated with total impunity against
the left-wing combatants and was the origin of the future National Fascist Party,
founded by Mussolini himself in November 1921.

In a context marked by collective disillusionment after the futile sacrifices of the

Great War, by the general discredit of the parliamentary system, by the
economic crisis and a high degree of social conflict (the growing development of
workers' and peasants' movements, with the occupation of factories and land, of
the wealthy classes, fear of social networks), the Fascists spoke out against
democracy and the class struggle which they saw as a weakening and division
of the nation. (Biografías y vidas, 2004)

 El fusilamiento de Mussolini, 2020 (image)

https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/fusilamiento-
mussolini_15259

Ideology/Form of government
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What was the ideology of the leader, his motivations, aims?

Fascism refers to the period in Italian history when the European kingdom was
ruled by a regime based on the ideology of fascism and led by the dictator
Benito Mussolini, the founder of fascism and the National Fascist Party.
(Wikkipedia, 2022)

In a limited sense, fascism is an ideology and political movement that emerged

in Italy in 1919, shortly after the Great War, and came to power in Italy in 1922
and held it until 1922 under Benito Mussolini under the leadership of Benito
Mussolini. (Wikkipedia,2022)

Mussolini led the so-called Fascist revolution and sought allies among the
aristocracy and other groups who feared a socialist coup. Armed with this
consensus, the Fascists seized the seat of government and threatened to incite
civil war if they did not gain power. (Caracteristicas, 2021)

 Manuel P. Villatoro, 2019 (image) “Las olvidadas tropelías de Mussolini,

el pionero del fascismo que Hitler admiraba y envidiaba”
https://www.abc.es/historia/abci-olvidadas-tropelias-mussolini-pionero-
fascismo-hitler-admiraba-y-envidiaba-201912210106_noticia.html

What was the leader’s form of government that was set up?

Fascism came to power with the support of conservatives, mainly agricultural

landowners, and was strengthened by its ability to present itself as the central
core of a defense of the conservative order, capable of defending the
democratic bourgeoisie, above all. It was the first time in the history of the
country that it was supported by the socialists, with their communist side. With
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the meeting, for the first time in December 1922, of the General Assembly of the
Fascists, began the consolidation of the party, which soon emerged from its
extreme anti-Semitism with gestures of relationship towards Catholicism and
the Holy See, at the same time as political repression increased. (Biografías y

vidas, 2004)

 Benito Mussolini, 2004 (image) “El Duce en actos propagandísticos”

https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/m/mussolini.htm

How and why did this leader rise to power?

The victory in the elections gave more prominence to the so-called Blackshirts,
a volunteer militia of the Fascist party whose mission was to bring violence to
create tension in Italian society. Gradually, these violent groups took over the
major Italian cities, initiating a fascist revolution in which they took control of the
nation through the conquest of cities.
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 Alfredo Serra, 2018 (image) “Benito Mussolini, el niño mudo y violento

que se convirtió en un histriónico tirano asesino”
https://www.infobae.com/america/historia-america/2018/04/21/benito-
mussolini-el-nino-mudo-y-violento-que-se-convirtio-en-un-histrionico-
tirano-asesino/

Witnessing the brilliant success of his campaign, Mussolini decided to seize

power in Italy and met with a large number of blacks in Naples and claimed
Fascist rule over the country. (un profesor,2020)

Reinforced power

What was the role of the army, police, and special forces?

the unsuspecting defeat of the Italian army in Greece, Libya and East Africa, as
well as the subsequent advance of the Allied troops (on July 10, 1943, an
impossible landing began. Impeded on the island of Sicily, with the aim of
invading Italy), the leader of the General Assembly deposed Mussolini (25 July
1943). The following day, Victor Emmanuel III ordered his arrest and
imprisonment. Two months later, the new Prime Minister, Pietro Badoglio,
signed an armistice with the Allies. (Biografías y vidas, 2004)
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 Wiki, 2021 (Image) “Benito Mussolini”

https://sucepedia.fandom.com/es/wiki/Benito_Mussolini

What role did propaganda and censorship play?

Propaganda is an important part of Nazism and Fascism to spread their political

ideas.
Therefore, since their rise to power, Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini have
focused their efforts on controlling the media. Thus, they can manipulate public
opinion and spread certain ideas among the population. (La vanguardia, 2020)

 Julia Maxima Uriarte, 2021 (image) “Mussolini se inclinó hacia una

ideología relacionada al autoritarismo.”

https://www.caracteristicas.co/gobierno-de-mussolini/#ixzz7ctyG6LN9

Foreign policies (1 paragraph each)

What were Mussolini’s main foreign, economic, education and social

policies?

In fact, until 1929, Mussolini's foreign policy depended on domestic and

financial policy for two main reasons: first, it was subjective, that is, because the
"Duce's" needs were focused above all on strengthening his internal strength
and equipping himself with the tools and institutions necessary to establish a
more dynamic and flexible foreign policy; and second, objectively, because the
immobility of the international context did not allow him to make decisions
different from those he actually took2. This attitude was also influenced by the
relationship between the economic powers and fascism, and the opinions that
other countries had about Mussolini's Italy. (Scielo, 2014)
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Tok question

To what extent did a dictator try to be popular and why?

Authoritarian governments can be persuasive in different ideologies and

represent different social classes, at least in theory. They impose political,
economic and social rules on a country's citizens. They silence, often in the
worst possible way, any critical or dissenting voices that may arise against
them. (Caracteristicas, 2022)

REFERENCES:

 Biografías y vidas, 2004

https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/m/mussolini.htm
 Wikkipedia, 2022
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definiciones_de_fascismo
 Wikkipedia, 2022
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_fascista
 Caracteristicas, 2021
https://www.caracteristicas.co/
 Un Profesor, 2020
https://www.unprofesor.com/ciencias-sociales/como-llego-mussolini-al-poder-
4256.html
 La Vanguardida, 2020
https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/junior-report/20200429/48788119597/
propaganda-nazismo-fascismo-dictaduras-hitler-mussolini.html
 Scielo, 2014
https://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php
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Italian participation in WWI

What was the participation of Italy in WWI?

When World War I began in July 1914, Italy was a partner in the Tripartite
Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary, but decided to remain neutral.
However, there was a strong feeling among the population and political factions
that wanted to go to war against Austria-Hungary, Italy's historical enemy.
(National WWI Museum and Memorial, 2022)
What is the treaty of London?
The Treaty of London was a secret agreement signed by Italy, Great Britain,
France and Russia on April 26, 1915, by which Italy entered World War I on the
side of the Contracting Parties. It therefore had a major impact on the conflict.
(Encyclopedia 1914-1918, 2019)
What is the battle of caporetto?
Italian military disaster during World War I in which Italian troops retreated
before an Austro-German offensive on the Isonzo front in northeastern Italy,
where the Italian and Austrian forces had been stalemated for two and a half
years. In the wake of the successful Austrian and German advance, more than
600,000 war-weary and demoralized Italian soldiers either deserted or
surrendered.(Britannica, 2021)
What is the triple alliance?
Triple Alliance, secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
formed in May 1882 and renewed periodically until World War I. Germany and
Austria-Hungary had been closely allied since 1879. Italy sought their support
against France shortly after losing North African ambitions to the French. The
treaty provided that Germany and Austria-Hungary were to assist Italy if it were
attacked by France without Italian provocation; Italy would assist Germany if
Germany were attacked by France. In the event of a war between Austria-
Hungary and Russia, Italy promised to remain neutral. This abstention would
have the effect of freeing Austrian troops that would otherwise have been
needed to guard the Austrian-Italian border.(Britannica, 2020)
What were the important details from war against Germany Austria and
Hungary war?
His assassination sparked a Europe-wide war that lasted until 1918. During the
conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (the
Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania,
Canada, Japan, and the United States. United States (Allied Powers). Thanks
to new military technologies and the horrors of trench warfare, the World War
became a pan-European war.
became a pan-European war that lasted until 1918. During the conflict,
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman (Central) Empire fought
against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Romania, France, Italy,
Romania and the United Kingdom. France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Canada,
Japan and the United States (Allied Powers). Thanks to new military
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technologies and the horrors of trench warfare, the Second World War was a
great success. (History, 2022)
What was the economic impact of WWI in Italy?
The war provoked an important expansion of the Italian industry, which was
"distorted" by the demands of the conflict. In addition to that, companies
specialized in war production expanded their production facilities or managed to
take advantage of machines that had not been used up to that time.
(Encyclopedia 1914-1918, 2015)

Explain the socialist party

The Italian Socialist Party was an Italian political party of the left, the oldest
political party in modern terms and the first organized formation of the left in
Italy, besides having also represented the prototype of a mass party. During its
foundation in 1892 in Genoa, in the hall of the Garibaldian association Genoese
Carabinieri, it adopted the name of Italian Workers' Party. Later, in Reggio
Emilia in 1893, it changed its name to the Socialist Party of the Italian Workers,
while at the Parma congress of 1895 it assumed the definitive name of Italian
Socialist Party. (Wikipedia, 2022)

REFERENCES:

 https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/about-wwi/italy-enters-world-war-
i#:~:text=When%20World%20War%20I%20began,%2DHungary%2C%20Italy's
%20historical%20enemy.
 https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/
london_treaty_of_1915#:~:text=The%20Treaty%20of%20London%20was,crucial
%20impact%20on%20the%20conflict.
 https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Caporetto
 https://www.britannica.com/event/Triple-Alliance-Europe-1882-1915
 https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/world-war-i-history
 https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/post-
war_economies_italy#:~:text=Virtually%20all%20scholars%20agree%20that,most
%20of%20previously%20underutilized%20machinery.
 https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Socialista_Italiano

Paper 1 Practice

The Treaty of London, signed by Britain, France, Italy and Russia on 26 April
1915

ARTICLE 4
By the future treaty of peace, Italy is to receive the district of Trentino; the entire
Southern Tyrol up to its natural geographical frontier, which is the Bremner
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Pass; the city and district of Trieste; the Country of Gorizia and Gradisca; the
entire Istria.

ARTICLE 9:
France, Great Britain and Russia admit in principle that fact of Italy’s interest in
the maintenance of the political balance of power in the Mediterranean, and her
rights, in case of a partition of Turkey, to a share, equal to theirs, in the basin of
the Mediterranean.

ARTICLE 11:
Italy is to get a share in the war indemnity corresponding to the magnitude of
her sacrifices and efforts.

Question first question part A:

What, according to the Treaty of London, did Italy expect to gain by
entering the First World War?

The Treaty of London was originally a secret treaty between neutral Italy and
the Allied forces of France, Britain and Russia with the aim of bringing Italy into
World War I. Secondly, the Allies wanted Italy's participation because it
bordered Austria. Secondly, the Allies wanted Italy's participation because it
bordered Austria. Italy was promised Trieste, South Tyrol, North Dalmatia and
other territories in exchange for a commitment to wage war within a month. And
finally, despite the objections of most Italians, who favored neutrality, Italy
entered the war against Austria-Hungary in May.