(流體分析) .Esi.CFDRC Tutorials

CFDRC Tutorials
Version 2002
CFD Research Corporation

Cummings Research Park
215 Wynn Drive l Huntsville, AL 35805
Phone: (256) 726-4800 l Fax: (256)726-4806
Software Support: software@cfdrc.com/(256)726-4900
Software Sales: sales@cfdrc.com l www.cfdrc.com
CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, AL 35805
© 1997-2002 by CFD Research Corporation
All rights reserved. Published 2002
This manual is the confidential and proprietary product of CFD Research Corporation. Any unau-
thorized use, reproduction, or transfer of this manual is strictly prohibited. (Subject to limited dis-
tribution and restricted disclosure only.)
CFD-ACE™, CFD-ACE+™, CFD-VIEW™, CFD-GEOM™, and CFD-FASTRAN™ are regis-

tered trademarks of CFD Research Corporation.
CFD-GEOM contains SISL the SINTEF Spline Library

Copyright 1989-2002
by SINTEF Applied Mathematics, Oslo, Norway
Released March 2002
CFDRC Confidential
Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
Section 1 CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials Tutorials Summaries
Section 2 CFD-GEOM Tutorials Tutorials Summaries
Section 3 CFD-VIEW Tutorials Tutorials Summaries
Section 4 Simulation Manager Tutorials Summaries
Section 5 CFD-Micromesh Tutorials Summaries
Section 6 CFD-Maxwell Tutorials Summaries
Section 7 CFD-Fastran Tutorials Summaries
Section 8 CFD-VisCART Tutorials Summaries
CFDRC Tutorial iii

5/22/02
iv CFDRC Tutorial
Introduction
About this CFDRC provides tutorials for the following software packages:
Manual • CFD-ACE(U)
• CFD-GEOM
• CFD-VIEW
• Simulation Manager
• CFD-Micromesh
• CFD-Maxwell
• CFD-FASTRAN
• CFD-Viscart
This tutorial manual is divided into seven section. Each section
provides brief summaries of each tutorial for the respective software
package. Information about locating full versions of each tutorial’s
documention is also provided.
Locating CFDRC Complete tutorial documentation for all CFDRC packages except
Tutorial CFD-ACE(U) is located in the following directory:
CFDRCDIR\Tutorials\package\TutorialTitle\Docs
Documentation
where "package" is the CFDRC software package and "TutorialTitle"
is the title of the tutorial.
CFDRC Tutorials Manual v

5/22/02
Locating CFDRC Tutorial Docu-
CFD-ACE(U) Tutorial Docu-
CFD-ACE(U) CFD-ACE(U) tutorials are now divided into directories according to

Tutorial the module/feature that the tutorial demonstrates. The path to these
Documentation directories is as follows:
CFDRCDIR\Tutorials\aceu
Each of these module/feature directories contains one or more
subdirectories that represent the actual tutorial. The following table
lists each CFD-ACE(U) tutorial along with the name of the module
directory and tutorial subdirectory for that tutorial. These tutorial
subdirectories contain a "Docs" directory which contains the full
documentation necessary to run the respective tutorial.
Tutorial Title Directory

Tutorial 1 Laminar Flow Past a Backward Facing Step Flow\Laminar_Backstep
Tutorial 2 Turbulent Flow Past a Backward Facing Step Turbulence\Turbulent_Backstep
Tutorial 3 Conduction Between Concentric Thick-walled Heat_Transfer\Conduction
Cylinders
Tutorial 4 Natural Convection Between Concentric Thick- Heat_Transfer\Convection
walled Cylinders
Tutorial 5 Oil Flow through a Compliant Orifice Stress\Compliant_Orifice
Tutorial 6 Surface Reaction in a 2-D Axisymmetric Reactor Chemistry\Surface_Reaction
Tutorial 7 Turbulent Mixing of Propane and Air Chemistry\Propane_Jet
Tutorial 7a Propane Combustion by Instantaneous Chemical Chemistry\Propane_Jet
Reaction
Tutorial 7b Propane Combustion by Finite-Rate Chemical Chemistry\Propane_Jet
Reaction
Tutorial 8 Transonic Flow Over NACA 0012 Airfoil Flow\Transonic_NACA0012
Tutorial 9 Multi-step Reaction in a Gas Turbine Combustor Chemistry\Gas_Combustor
Tutorial 10 Low-Re Flow Past an Infinite Stationary Cylinder Flow\Cylinder
Tutorial 11 Binding Kinetics in a Biosensor Biochemistry\Biosensor
Tutorial 12 Electroosmotic Flow in a Cross Channel Device Electrokinetics\Electoroosmosis
Tutorial 13 Sematech Benchmark Case #5 Chemistry\Sematech
Tutorial 14 Simulating Inkjets with VOF (Volume of Fluid) VOF\Inkjet
Free Surface Modeling in CFD-ACE+
Tutorial 15 ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) Reactor with Plasma\ICP
Planar Coil in Argon
vi CFDRC Tutorials Manual

Locating CFDRC Tutorial Documentation
CFD-ACE(U) Tutorial Documentation
Tutorial Title Directory

Tutorial 16 PECVD of Silicon Dioxide Plasma\PECVD
Tutorial 17 CCP Reactor Plasma\CCP
Tutorial 18 Sample Stacking by Electrophoresis Electrokinetics\Electrophoresis
Tutorial 19 Momentum Resistance Modeling Momentum_Resistance\Show-
erhead
Tutorial 20 Microfluidic Flow in a Tesla-type Valve Flow\Tesla_Valve
Tutorial 21 Electrostatic Actuation of a Torsion Micromirror Stress\Micromirror
Tutorial 22 Cavitation in a Sharp-Edged Orifice Cavitation\Orifice
Tutorial 23 2D ICP-CCP Plasma\ICP_CCP_2D
CFDRC Tutorials Manual vii

Locating CFDRC Tutorial Docu-
CFD-ACE(U) Tutorial Docu-
viii CFDRC Tutorials Manual

CFD-ACE(U)TM
Tutorials
Version 2002

Phone: (256) 726-4800 l Fax: (256)726-4806


Copyright 1989-2002
Released March 2002
CFDRC Confidential
Table of Contents
Tutorial 1 Laminar Flow Past a Backward Facing Step
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Modules and Features Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
Tutorial 2 Turbulent Flow Past a Backward Facing Step
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Tutorial 3 Conduction Between Concentric Thick-walled Cylinders
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Tutorial 4 Natural Convection Between Concentric Thick-walled Cylin-

ders
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials iii

Table of Contents
Tutorial 5 Oil Flow through a Compliant Orifice

Tutorial 6 Surface Reaction in a 2-D Axisymmetric Reactor

Tutorial 7 Turbulent Mixing of Propane and Air

Tutorial 7a Propane Combustion by Instantaneous Chemical Reaction
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7a-1

Modules and Features Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7a-2
Tutorial 7b Propane Combustion by Finite-Rate Chemical Reaction
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7b-1

Modules and Features Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7b-2
Tutorial 8 Transonic Flow Over NACA 0012 Airfoil
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
Calculation of Simulation Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Tutorial 9 Multi-step Reaction in a Gas Turbine Combustor
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials iv
Table of Contents
Tutorial 10 Low-Re Flow Past an Infinite Stationary Cylinder
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Modules and Features Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
Tutorial 11 Binding Kinetics in a Biosensor
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
Tutorial 12 Electroosmotic Flow in a Cross Channel Device

Tutorial 13 Sematech Benchmark Case #5

Tutorial 14 Simulating Inkjets with VOF (Volume of Fluid) Free Surface

Modeling in CFD-ACE+
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-3
Tutorial 15 ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) Reactor with Planar Coil in

Argon
CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials v
Table of Contents
Tutorial 16 PECVD of Silicon Dioxide
Problem Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-2
Tutorial 17 CCP Reactor

Tutorial 18 Sample Stacking by Electrophoresis

Tutorial 19 Momentum Resistance Modeling
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1
Modeling Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-2
Reduced Model Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-5
Directory Contents Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-7
Full Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-7
Tutorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-8
Tutorial 20 Microfluidic Flow in a Tesla-type Valve
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1
Tutorial 21 Electrostatic Actuation of a Torsion Micromirror
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1
vi CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials
Table of Contents

Tutorial 22 Cavitation in a Sharp-Edged Orifice
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1
Tutorial 23 2D ICP-CCP

CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials vii

Table of Contents
viii CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials

Tutorial 1 Laminar Flow Past a
Backward Facing Step
Objectives
This tutorial covers the following subjects in detail:
• Importing a grid from CFD-GEOM.
• Setting the model title.
• Setting constant values for fluid density and viscosity.
• Setting boundary values appropriate for inlets and outlets of laminar flow.
• Setting initial conditions.
• Setting solution iterations.
• Setting the spatial differencing scheme.
• Setting the relaxation parameters.
• Requesting printed and graphical output.
• Submitting the model for solution.
Assumptions (requirements) for working this tutorial:
1. You are working in the directory where the tutorial problem resides.
Problem Description
Solve for the flow over a backward facing step at a Reynolds number of 200. The goal of the simu-
lation is to find the reattachment length (i.e., the point where the separation bubble disappears on
the channel floor.) The Reynolds number can be calculated as:
T99-A-02 CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials 1-1

3/26/02
Tutorial 1: Laminar Flow Past a Backward Facing Step
UD
Re = --------- ,
n
where U is the average inlet velocity, and D is the hydraulic diameter (equal to 2h).
The geometry is given in the figure below:
Inlet
h = 0.52 cm
1.01 cm
s = 0.49 cm
4 cm 20 cm
Figure 1-1. Backward Facing Step Geometry

Use fluid properties of air (density = 1.15 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity = 1.5e-5 m2/s).
The average inlet velocity required to obtain a Reynolds number of 200 can be calculated as:
–5
nRe 1.5 ´10 ( 200 )
U = ---------- = ------------------------------------ = 0.2885 m/s
D 2 ( 0.0052 )
1-2 CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials T99-A-02

Modules and Features Used
Modules Major Features Other Features

• Flow Gas Phase Reaction 3D
Heat Transfer (Heat) Surface Reaction • 2D Planar
Turbulence (Turb) 2D Axisym
Chemistry Arbitrary Interface BC
User Scalar (Scalar) Thin Wall BC Transient
Radiation (Rad) Cyclic BC
Spray
Free Surface (VOF) Fan Model
Two-Fluid (Fluid2) Momentum Resistance
Cavitation (Cav) Rotating System
Grid Deformation (Deform)
Stress Parallel Processing
Plasma User Subroutines
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Electroplating (Eplate)
Bio-Chemistry (BiChem)
Kinetic
Semi Device


Tutorial 2 Turbulent Flow Past a
Backward Facing Step
Objectives
• Setting constant values for fluid density and viscosity.
• Setting boundary values appropriate for inlets and outlets in turbulent flow.
• Setting the spatial differencing scheme.
Problem Description
Solve for the flow over a backward facing step at a Reynolds number of 100,000. The goal of the
simulation is to find the reattachment length (i.e., the point where the separation bubble disappears
on the channel floor.) The Reynolds number can be calculated as:

3/26/02
Tutorial 2: Turbulent Flow Past a Backward Facing Step
UD
Re = --------- ,
n
where U is the average inlet velocity, and D is the hydraulic diameter (equal to 2h).
The geometry is given in the figure below:
h = 0.52 cm
1.01 cm
s = 0.49 cm
4 cm 20 cm
Use fluid properties of water (density = 1000 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity = 1.0x10-6 m2/s).
The average inlet velocity required to obtain a Reynolds number of 100,000 can be calculated as:
–6
nRe 1.0 ´10 ( 100000 )
U = ---------- = --------------------------------------------- = 9.62 m/s
D 2 ( 0.0052 )


• Turbulence (Turb) 2D Axisym
Spray
Two-Fluid (Fluid2) Momentum Resistance
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetic
Semi Device


Tutorial 3 Conduction Between
Concentric Thick-walled
Cylinders
Objectives
• Setting constant values for fluid and solid properties.
• Setting thermal boundary values.
Problem Description
Solve for the heat transfer by conduction only between infinitely long concentric thick walled
cylinders. The inner and outer walls are maintained at a fixed temperature. The goal of the
simulation is to determine how much heat transfer is required to maintain the inner and outer walls
at the specified fixed temperatures. The geometry and boundary conditions are given in the figure
below:

3/26/02
Tutorial 3: Conduction Between Concentric Thick-walled Cylinders
steel
r1 = 0.03 m
air r2 = 0.05 m
r2 r3
r1 r3 = 0.13 m
r4
r4 = 0.15 m
Ti Ti = 273.5 K
To = 272.5 K
To
Use solid properties of steel (density = 7750 kg/m3, specific heat = 712 J/kg-K, conductivity = 40
W/m-K) and fluid properties of air (density = 1.1563 kg/m3, specific heat = 1000 J/kg-K,
conductivity = 0.024 W/m-K).
There is an analytic solution to this problem:
Ti – To
Q = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ln ( r 2 ¤ r 1 ) ln ( r 3 ¤ r 2 ) ln ( r 4 ¤ r 3 )
-----------------------
- + ------------------------ + ------------------------
2pk s 2pk a 2pk s
substituting in the known values yields
273.5 – 272.5
Q = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = 0.1578 W/m
ln ( 0.05 ¤ 0.03 ) ln ( 0.13 ¤ 0.05 ) ln ( 0.15 ¤ 0.13 )
----------------------------------- + ----------------------------------- + -----------------------------------
2p ( 40 ) 2p ( 0.024 ) 2p ( 40 )


Flow Gas Phase Reaction 3D
• Heat Transfer (Heat) Surface Reaction • 2D Planar
Spray
Two-Phase (Fluid2) Momentum Resistance
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 4 Natural Convection
Between Concentric
Thick-walled Cylinders
Objectives
• Activating gravitational body forces.
• Setting constant values for fluid and solid properties.
• Setting thermal boundary values.
Problem Description
Solve for the heat transfer by conduction and convection between concentric thick walled
cylinders. The inner and outer walls are maintained at a fixed temperature. The goal of the
simulation is to determine how much heat transfer is required to maintain the inner and outer walls
at the specified fixed temperatures. The geometry and boundary conditions are given in the figure
below:

3/26/02
Tutorial 4: Natural Convection Between Concentric Thick-walled Cylinders
steel
r1 = 0.03 m
air r2 = 0.05 m
r2 r3
r1 r3 = 0.13 m
r4
r4 = 0.15 m
Ti Ti = 273.5 K
To = 272.5 K
To
g = 9.81 m/s2
Use solid properties of steel (density = 7750 kg/m3, specific heat = 712 J/kg-K, conductivity = 40
W/m-K) and fluid properties of air (density = Ideal Gas Law (Mol. Wt. =29), viscosity (kinematic)
= 1.71e-5 m2/s2, specific heat = 1000 J/kg-K, conductivity = 0.024 W/m-K).


• Heat Transfer (Heat) Surface Reaction • 2D Planar
Spray • Gravity
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 5 Oil Flow through a
Compliant Orifice
This is a 2D-axisymmetric flow of engine oil through a compliant orifice. The effects of thermal
stress and fluid-structural coupling are included in this simulation.
In this tutorial we will learn to do the following:
• Basic CFD-GUI usage.
• Activating a stress simulation with grid deformation.
• Specify model options for a stress simulation.
• Define volume condition properties for a stress simulation.
• Set boundary conditions for a stress simulation.
• Post processing a stress simulation.
• Running with different stress options (i.e, no stress, fluid only, thermal only)
• Simulation of iterating with an external stress solver
2. You have just started the CFD-GUI application
Problem Description
2D-Axisymmetric flow of engine oil through a compliant orifice. Include the effects of thermal
stress and fluid-structural coupling. Determine the inlet static pressure, maximum flow velocity,
and orifice tip deflection. To understand the need for a full fluid-structural coupled solution, you
are encouraged to simulate the same case with flow only (no stress of any kind), fluid-structural
coupling only (no thermal stresses), and thermal stress only (no fluid forces).

3/26/02
Tutorial 5: Oil Flow through a Compliant Orifice
GEOMETRY DIMENSIONS
0.01m R=0.005m
0.005m 0.005m
0.0015m
0.01m
0.015m 0.001m
FLOW / THERMAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

All Walls are No-Slip Adiabatic
Fixed
Fixed Pressure
Velocity Outlet:
PTFE Rubber
Inlet: P=0 Pa
U=0.045 m/s T=350 K
V=0 m/s
T=350 K
Axis of Symmetry
STRESS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
PTFE Rubber:
Stress free @ 300K
Applied
Fluid
Force
Applied Fluid Force
Axis of Symmetry

Required solid and fluid properties are given below:
Table 5-1. PTFE Rubber Solid Properties [1]
Property Value
Young’s Modulus 2.7e+06 Pa
Poisson’s Ratio 0.3
Expansion Coefficient 2.4e-4 m/(m-K)
Density 1550 kg/m3
Specific Heat 1670 J/(kg-K)
Thermal Conductivity 0.2 W/(m-K)
Table 5-2. Engine Oil Fluid Properties [2]
Property Value
Density 854 kg/m3
Viscosity (dynamic) 0.0356 kg/(m-s)
Specific Heat 2120 J/(kg-K)
Conductivity (Prandtl) 546
[1] Dyneon Aflas FA-150E Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Fluoroelastomer,

properties can be found at MatWeb (http://www.matls.com)
[2] Incropera and Dewitt, “Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer”, 2nd ed.,
Wiley Publishing, New York, 1985.


• Heat Transfer (Heat) Surface Reaction 2D Planar
Turbulence (Turb) • 2D Axisym
Spray
• Grid Deformation (Deform)
• Stress Parallel Processing
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetics
Semi Device

Tutorial 6 Surface Reaction in a 2-D
Axisymmetric Reactor

• Set the model name and title.
• Import a DTF grid.
• Define a mixture and mixture properties.
• Define a surface reaction mechanism.
• Set fluid and solid properties using volume conditions.
• Set boundary conditions and initial conditions.
• Set solution and output parameters.

3/26/02
Tutorial 6: Surface Reaction in a 2-D Axisymmetric Reactor
Problem Description
Outlet Boundary (P = 0 N/m2)
Reacting Wall
Aluminum
Heated Wall Reacting Wall

(600 K)
Inlet Boundary
50% AR
50% CL2
U = -0.691 m/s
T = 300 K
Heated Wall Reacting Wall
(600 K)
This problem investigates the etching on an Aluminum surface due to Chlorine gas when a mixture
of Argon (Ar) and Chlorine (Cl2) flows over an Aluminum substrate. The chamber pressure is 1333
N/m2. The surface reaction mechanism uses the sticking coefficient method to model the reaction:
2AL + 3CL2 -> 2ALCL3
with the reaction rate determined using the following rate coefficients:
• Ap =5.6e7
• n=0
• Ea/R = 0

Tutorial 7 Turbulent Mixing of
Propane and Air
In this tutorial we will learn how to do the following:

• Basic CFD-GUI usage.
• Specify model options for a chemistry simulation.
• Define mixtures using the Property Manager.
• Define volume condition properties for a chemistry simulation.
• Set boundary conditions and initial conditions for a chemistry simulation.
• Set solution and output parameters for a chemistry simulation.
• Post processing a chemistry simulation.
Problem Description
Farfield Boundary
Air
Inlet Outlet
7.5 cm
Propane
Inlet
Axis of Symmetry
4 cm 41.6 cm
The problem investigates the turbulent mixing of two streams of gases. There is a jet of propane gas
emerging from a pipe into a co-flowing air stream. The pipe inner diameter is 0.52 cm and the outer
diameter is 0.90 cm. The 3-D problem is solved using a 2-D axisymmetric model.

3/26/02
Tutorial 7: Turbulent Mixing of Propane and Air
The goal of this simulation is to determine the propane mass fraction along the centerline of the
system.

• Turbulence (Turb) • 2D Axisym
• Chemistry Arbitrary Interface BC
Spray
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetics
Semi Device

Tutorial 7a Propane Combustion by
Instantaneous Chemical
Reaction

• Load a previously setup DTF file.
• Setup and use an instantaneous reaction mechanism.
• Use a previously run simulation as initial conditions
• Change the model name during the solver submit process.
1. You have successfully completed tutorial 7 and have the results from that simulation.
Problem Description
Farfield Boundary
Air
Inlet Outlet
7.5 cm
Propane
Inlet
Axis of Symmetry
4 cm 41.6 cm
In the previous tutorial, we simulated a mixing process only. In this and the next variations, we will
also compute the chemical reactions by two reaction models: instantaneous chemistry in this first
variation, and finite-rate chemistry will be presented in the next variation. The reaction to be
modeled is: C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O
T00-A-02a CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials 7a-1

3/26/02
Tutorial 7a: Propane Combustion by Instantaneous Chemical Reaction
The goal of this simulation is to determine the temperature and species concentration fields.

• Flow • Gas Phase Reaction 3D
Spray
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
7a-2 CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials T00-A-02a

Tutorial 7b Propane Combustion by
Finite-Rate Chemical
Reaction

• Load a previously setup DTF file.
• Setup and use a finite-rate reaction mechanism.
• Use a previously run simulation as initial conditions
• Change the model name during the solver submit process.
1. You have successfully completed tutorial 7a and have the results from that simulation.
Problem Description
Farfield Boundary
Air
Inlet Outlet
7.5 cm
Propane
Inlet
Axis of Symmetry
4 cm 41.6 cm
This tutorial performs the propane combustion simulation utilizing a finite rate reaction
mechanism. The reaction to be modeled is: C3H8 + 5O2 -> 3CO2 + 4H2O
The goal of this simulation is to determine the temperature and species concentration fields.
T00-A-02b CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials 7b-1

3/26/02
Tutorial 7b: Propane Combustion by Finite-Rate Chemical Reaction

Spray
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
7b-2 CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials T00-A-02b

Tutorial 8 Transonic Flow Over
NACA 0012 Airfoil
Objectives
In this tutorial we will cover the following subjects:
• Calculation of simulation conditions.
• Setting problem type options.
• Setting model options for compressible flow.
• Setting fluid properties through volume conditions.
• Setting boundary and initial conditions appropriate for inlets and outlets in external flow.
• Setting Solver and Output parameters.
• Post processing for resultant Forces.
Problem Description
The problem to be simulated is the flow of air past a NACA 0012 airfoil at 2.26 degrees angle-of-
attack. The simulated altitude is 7000 meters and the free stream Mach number is 0.799. This
geometry has been gridded both with a structured (quad) grid as well as an unstructured (triangle)
grid. The user can run either grid and is encouraged to try both.

3/26/02
Tutorial 8: Transonic Flow Over NACA 0012 Airfoil

Heat Transfer (Heat) Gas Phase Reaction 3D
• Flow
• Turbulence (Turb) Surface Reaction • 2D Planar
Chemistry 2D Axisym
User Scalar (Scalar) Arbitrary Interface BC
Radiation (Rad) Thin Wall BC Transient
Spray Cyclic BC
Free Surface (VOF)
Two-Phase (Fluid2) Fan Model
Cavitation (Cav) Momentum Resistance
Grid Deformation (Deform) Rotating System
Stress
Plasma Parallel Processing
Electric (Electr) User Subroutines
Magnetic (Magnet)
Heat Transfer (Heat)
Kinetics
Semi Device
Calculation of Simulation Conditions

Since the physical conditions of the flow past the airfoil refer to conditions prevailing at an altitude
of 7000 m in the atmosphere, we need to first calculate what the conditions are at that altitude. This
is done using standard relations, but has to be done before we start assigning properties. So our first
step will be to calculate the “simulation conditions.”
Given: h = 7000 m, Mach = 0.799, angle-of-attack = 2.26 degrees

Find: Free stream pressure, temperature, velocity, and turbulence quantities

From standard atmosphere relations:
T = T o – Bh
Bh 5.26
p = p a æ 1 – -------ö
è To ø
where
To = 288.16 K
B = 0.00650 K/m
pa = 101,300 Pa
Solving for T and p,
T = 288.16 – 0.00650 ( 7000 ) = 242.66 K
0.00650 ( 7000 ) 5.26

p = 101300 1 – ------------------------------------ = 41023 Pa
288.16
To find the velocity we first need to know the speed of sound
a = gRT
For standard air g = 1.4, R = 286.7, substituting
a = ( 1.4 ) ( 286.7 ) ( 242.66 ) = 312.1 m/sec

Solving for the free stream velocity gives
U = a ( Mach ) cos ( a ) = 312.1 ( 0.799 ) cos ( 2.26 ) = 249.2 m/sec
V = a ( Mach ) sin ( a ) = 312.1 ( 0.799 ) sin ( 2.26 ) = 9.834 m/sec

In order to determine the free stream turbulence values we need to assume a value for the
turbulence intensity. For atmospheric flight the values will usually be quite low (0-1%), for a wind
tunnel simulation the values can be somewhat larger (1-5%). For this simulation we will assume
1% turbulence intensity. The free stream turbulence kinetic energy (K) can then be calculated as
follows:

1 2 2 2
K = --- ( u' + v' + w' )
2
where u' is the turbulent fluctuation velocity and is equal to the turbulence intensity multiplied by
the free stream velocity,
1 2 2
K = --- [ ( 0.01 ( 249.2 ) ) + ( 0.01 ( 9.834 ) ) ] = 3.11 m2/sec2
2
Determining the turbulence dissipation rate requires that we assume a ratio of turbulence viscosity
over laminar viscosity ( b = m t ¤ m ) For an external flow simulation the Fairfield turbulence
viscosity should be less than or equal to the laminar viscosity. For this simulation, we will choose b
= 0.2. The dissipation rate can then be determined from the following equation,
2
rC m K
D = -----------------
bm
where
Cm = 0.09
the density is given by the ideal gas law,
P 41023
r = ------- = ---------------------------------------- = 0.5897 kg/m3
RT ( 286.7 ) ( 242.66 )
the laminar viscosity can be calculated by Sutherland’s Law,
1.5
AT
m = ------------------
(B + T)
for air A = 1.4605e-06, and B = 112. Substituting and solving for viscosity gives
–6 1.5
( 1.4606 ´10 ) ( 242.66 ) –5
m = --------------------------------------------------------------- = 1.557 ´10 kg/(m-sec)
( 112 + 242.66 )
Solving for the dissipation rate,
2 2
rC m K ( 0.5897 ) ( 0.09 ) ( 3.11 ) 5
D = ----------------- = ------------------------------------------------------- = 1.65 ´10 J/(kg-sec)
bm ( 0.2 ) ( 1.557 ´10 )
–5



Tutorial 9 Multi-step Reaction in a
Gas Turbine Combustor
Objectives
In this tutorial we will do the following:
• Read a DTF grid system and scaling the geometry.
• Activate a turbulent, reacting flow solution including conjugate heat transfer.
• Activate the Swirl feature for 2D axisymmetric geometries.
• Define a multi-step gas phase reaction using the Reaction Manger
• Define mixtures and mixture properties using the Property Manager.
• Set boundary values appropriate for inlets and outlets in turbulent, reacting flow with swirl.
2. You have either just started the application or just performed a File/New operation.
Problem Description
Metal Liner
Cooling Air
Combustion Air
Fuel
The problem consists of turbulent combustion of propane and air injected in a coannular fashion in

3/26/02
Tutorial 9: Multi-step Reaction in a Gas Turbine Combustor
an axisymmetric combustion chamber. The hot reacting mixture is cooled by cold air which is
flowing on the outside of a thin metal liner (see figure above). We want to compute the chemical
reaction that occurs as the components mix in the course of flow.
The goal of this simulation is to determine the temperature and species fraction fields.

Spray • Swirl
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetics
Semi Device

Tutorial 10 Low-Re Flow Past an
Infinite Stationary
Cylinder
Objectives
• Loading a DTF file into CFD-GUI.
• Setting properties of a fluid.
• Setting Boundary and Initial conditions.
• Setting Solution Controls such as iteration count; requesting graphics output etc.
• Post-processing for drag force.
Problem Description
U = 1.0 m/s
D = 0.2 m

3/26/02
Tutorial 10: Low-Re Flow Past an Infinite Stationary Cylinder
The problem to be simulated consists of laminar flow at a Reynolds number of 1.0 around an
infinite stationary cylinder. The “infiniteness” of the cylinder is captured by performing a 2D
simulation (i.e. thus assuming it to be infinite in the 3rd dimension.) The goal of the simulation is to
determine the drag force on the cylinder.
The Reynolds number can be calculated as:
UD
Re = --------- ,
n
where U is the average inlet velocity, D is the cylinder diameter, and n is the kinematic viscosity.
For this simulation the cylinder diameter is 0.2 m. We will use an inlet velocity of 1.0 m/s and a
kinematic viscosity of 0.2 m2/s2 to produce the desired Reynolds number of 1.0.


Spray
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Bio-Chemistry
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 11 Binding Kinetics in a
Biosensor
Objectives
This is a 3D model of chemical binding kinetics in a millimeter-scale biosensor. The objective of
the model is to investigate the effects of various kinetic parameters on the simulated response. A
general objective of modeling such problems (not covered here) could be to evaluate the
effectiveness of the mathematical model for extracting kinetic parameters from the sensogram.
• Read the grid model into the GUI and set up the physical model
• Activate Bio-Chem module needed for binding kinetics modeling
• Specify transient solution process
• Specify model input parameters expected by the solver for binding kinetics
• Define volume and boundary conditions for binding kinetics
• Set initial conditions, solver parameters and run the solution
• Post-process the solution
Problem Description
A schematic of the Spreeta sensogram to be modeled is shown in figure 11-1 on page 11-2. The
sensogram is basically a bio-reactor. A sample containing an analyte passes through the orifice in
the steel plate and a teflon block before entering the teflon flow cell through a circular inlet port.
The bottom surface of the teflon flow cell is a gold-coated glass-slide on which the binding

Revised 3/26/02
Tutorial 11: Binding Kinetics in a Biosensor
molecules are attached. When this surface is exposed to the sample, the analyte molecules bind to
the sensor’s surface via their specific interaction with the binding molecules. This biomolecular
binding is detected by the device.
The reactor has one inlet and one outlet and dimensions as shown; the main chamber dimensions
are 11.2 mm length x 2 mm width x 0.5 mm depth. The inlet and outlet tubes are 4.5 mm in length
and 1.2 mm in diameter. Figure 11-2 shows a schematic of the ‘stripped-down’ version (model) of
the actual device that will be used for modeling purposes. All the dimensions are maintained in the
model since these are relevant to the analysis. The other elements of the sensogram such as the
glass-slide, steel-block etc which are not directly relevant (they don’t affect the flow solution) are
removed from our model. The data relevant to this particular problem is given in Table 11-1 and is
used in the process of the model set-up during the course of the tutorial.
Figure 11-1. Schematic of System

A n a lyte In le t
G e o m e try
A n a ly te O u tle t
x
y
Figure 11-2. Model of Spreeta Sensogram (Not to Scale)
It can be seen from figure 11-2 that the model exhibits a symmetry about the XZ plane. This
symmetry can be utilized for the analysis by building a grid that uses only half of the geometry (the
symmetrical half about the XZ plane) and applying the symmetry BC on that plane. This is indeed
exploited during the course of our analysis. The model is also symmetric about its center, about a
plane parallel to the YZ plane. This symmetry cannot be used because, the flow is not symmetric
about this plane (one is an inlet tube and the other is an outlet tube for the fluid flow, hence the
asymmetry about that plane.)

The following data can be used for the set-up:
Table 11-1. Kinetic and fluid parameters for adsorption modeling in Spreeta Biosensor
Property Value
Association rate constant: Ka 1E+9 M-1s-1
Dissociation rate constant: Kd 0.001 s-1
Initial Analyte concentration in 5E-6 M

bulk solution: Co
Maximum possible surface 2E-6 moles/m2

analyte concentration: Ps
Density of sample: r 1000 kg/m3

Viscosity of sample: n 0.86E-6 m2/s
Diffusivity of analyte: D 4E-7 cm2/s
Inlet volumetric flow rate: Q 300ml/min


• Flow Gas Phase Reaction • 3D
Heat Transfer (Heat) Surface Reaction 2D Planar
Spray
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
• Bio-Chemistry (BiChem) Binding Kinetics
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 12 Electroosmotic Flow in a
Cross Channel Device

• Setup an electroosmotic flow problem.
• Set fluid properties using volume conditions.
2. You have a basic understanding of CFD-GUI operation.

3/26/02
Tutorial 12: Electroosmotic Flow in a Cross Channel Device
Problem Description
P = 0 Pa
f = 50 V
3
W = 1000e-6 m
P = 0 Pa P = 0 Pa
f = 100 V f=0V
1 h = 30e-6 m 2
P = 0 Pa
f = 50 V 4
H = 1500e-6 m
This simulation models a two-dimensional cross channel geometry connecting four sample
reservoirs. The process considered is electroosmotic driven flow from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2.
The model examines the coupled fluid flow and electrostatic field at steady state.
Boundary Conditions
Inlet (RES1): Fixed static pressure inlet (0 Pa, 300K), the electric potential is fixed at 100 V.
Outlet (RES2): Fixed static pressure outlet (0 Pa, 300K) the electric potential is fixed at 0 V.

Walls: A Debye thickness of 1e-9 m and a zeta potential of -0.1 V is applied to all of the walls.
Volume Conditions:
The working fluid is water (density = 1000 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity = 1e-6 m2/s, relative
permittivity = 78.5).

Spray
• Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 13 Sematech Benchmark
Case #5
In this tutorial we will learn to do the following:.

• Scale the Geometry.
• Activate Gravity.
• Setup and Apply Radiative Properties.
• Define a Mixture and Mixture Properties.
• Define and Apply a Surface Reaction Mechanism.
• Set fluid and solid properties using volume conditions.
3. You are running CFD-GUI and CFD-ACE(U).

3/26/02
Tutorial 13: Sematech Benchmark Case #5
Problem Description
R 9.0
R 3.5
0.1
Top
Inlet
Outlet 1
2.5
3.2
4.3
Side 5.0
Wafer
Outlet 2 0.0675
0.5
Window
R 7.5
R 11.0
CL
This simulation models a two-dimensional axisymmetric geometry based on a Jipelec RTP reactor.
The process considered is polysilicon deposition from silane. The model examines the coupled
fluid flow, species transport, radiative heat transfer, and temperature distribution at steady state in
the reactor. The wafer is modeled as a conducting body interacting thermally with the surrounding
gas. A single surface reaction mechanism is used to model the deposition of silicon. Kinetic theory
models for the transport properties are invoked.
Boundary Conditions
Inlet: The inlet flow rates are 2000 sccm of Argon and 100 sccm of Silane (standard conditions
taken as 300 K and 760 torr). The temperature of the inlet gas is 300 K, as if it were injected
through a porous distributor plate water-cooled at 300 K. (Inlet emissivity is taken as 0.15)

Outlet: The outlet shall maintain a fixed pressure of 10 torr (effectively fixing the chamber pressure
to 10 torr). (Outlet emissivity is taken as 1.0)
Wafer: Wafer emissivity is 0.65.
Top: The temperature of the top wall is 300 K. The emissivity of the top wall is 0.15.
Side: The temperature of the side wall is 300 K. The emissivity of the side wall is 0.15.
Window: The quartz window is divided into an inner and outer region. The inner region is held at
1023 K and has an emissivity of 1.0, the outer region is held at 600 K and has an emissivity of 0.92.
Volume Conditions
Wafer: Radial heat conduction shall be incorporated into the model of the wafer. This is to permit
radial temperature nonuniformities to be predicted by the model. Conduction across the thickness
of the wafer is not required. The density and specific heat of the wafer are 2330 kg/m3 and 712 J/
kg-K respectively. The wafer is assumed to be opaque for radiative purposes. The thermal
conductivity of the wafer is approximated by a polynomial curvefit expression, valid between 300
K and 1273 K:
–2 2
k ( W ¤ m – K ) = 966.4 – 5.288 ( T ) + 1.210 ´10 ( T )
–5 3 –9 4 – 12 5
– 1.374 ´10 ( T ) + 7.675 ´10 ( T ) – 1.682 ´10 ( T )
Process Gas: The mixture density will be calculated by ideal gas law. The viscosity and thermal
conductivity of the pure-species (argon, hydrogen, and silane) shall be determined from kinetic
theory. The specific heat will be determined by JANNAF curve fits and the species diffusivity by
Schmidt number (0.9). The process gas is assumed to be non-participating for radiative purposes.
Chemical Reaction
The chemical reaction occurs only on the surface and has the following stoichiometry:
SIH4(g) -> SI(s) + 2H2(g)
This reaction occurs on both sides of the wafer and on all interior surfaces of the reactor. The
reaction rate for this surface reaction is derived from kinetic theory considerations as the rate of
arrival of SIH4 molecules to the surface times a reaction rate probability (“sticking coefficient”),
and can be expressed in Arrhenius form as
– 5021 ¤ T
g = 0.0414e
The results shown in Coltrin, et. al. indicate that this reaction mechanism captures the true
deposition rate at low temperatures where gas phase decomposition of silane is not important. This

reaction mechanism is employed at all temperatures only for the purpose of keeping the chemistry
simple for this model. Nonetheless, the trend of kinetically limited growth at low temperature and
mass transport limited growth at high temperature will be produced by the given reaction rate.

• Heat Transfer (Heat) • Surface Reaction 2D Planar
• Radiation (Rad) Cyclic BC
Spray • Gravity
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)

Tutorial 14 Simulating Inkjets with VOF
(Volume of Fluid) Free Surface
Modeling in CFD-ACE+
Objectives
• Read the grid model into the GUI and set up the physical model
• Activate Free Surface (VOF) module needed for volume of fluid modeling
• Specify transient solution process
• Specify model input parameters expected by the solver for free surface
• Define volume and boundary conditions for free surface
Problem Description
It can be seen from that the model exhibits a symmetry about the XZ plane. This symmetry can be
utilized for the analysis by building a grid that uses only half of the geometry (the symmetrical half
about the XZ plane) and applying the symmetry BC on that plane. This is indeed exploited during
the course of our analysis. The model is also symmetric about its center, about a plane parallel to
the YZ plane. This symmetry cannot be used because, the flow is not symmetric about this plane
(one is an inlet tube and the other is an outlet tube for the fluid flow, hence the asymmetry about
that plane.)
Inkjets are used in inkjet printers. Generally a forcing function in a boundary moving wall (for

Revised 3/26/02
Tutorial 14: Simulating Inkjets with VOF (Volume of Fluid)
example, electrostatically actuated vibrating diaphragm) which moves a wall, and causes ink to
eject from a capillary or an opening onto a surface (paper). The objective of modeling this
phenomenon is to determine the physical parameters which will produce certain characteristics in
the ejected ink, such as droplet size, which produces an effect known as non-splashing. These
characteristics are dependent upon a combination of fluid properties and geometrical parameters.
Modeling offers a visual description of this process, as well as providing information such as
pressure profiles and forcing function characteristics. Thus modeling is an effective aid in
optimizing these design parameters in order to obtain high-quality printing from inkjet printers.
The following data is used for the set-up.:
Table 14-1. Kinetic and liquid parameters for VOF modeling in an Inkjet printer
Property Value
Density: ( ( r ) 1000 kg/m3
Viscosity: ( n ) 1.0 E-6 m2/s
Surface Tension: ( s ) 1.45 N/m
Maximum possible surface

analyte concentration: Ps
Density of sample: r
Viscosity of sample: n
Diffusivity of analyte: D
Inlet volumetric flow rate: Q
Table 14-2. Properties of Gas Phase (air)
Property Value
Density: ( ( r ) 1.1563 kg/m3
Viscosity: ( n ) 1.71 E-5 m2/s

Geometry
The 2D axisymmetric section as shown in figure 14-2 will be used for the CFD model.
Figure 14-1. Schematic of the full inkjet geometry
Figure 14-2. 2D axisymmetric section of the full inkjet geometry.


Spray
• Free Surface (VOF) Fan Model
• Grid Deformation (Deform)
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetics Binding Kinetics
Semi Device

Tutorial 15 ICP (Inductively Coupled
Plasma) Reactor with
Planar Coil in Argon
This tutorial shows how to do the following:

• Activate a reacting flow solution.
• Define mixtures and mixture properties.
• Define a surface reaction model.
• Set boundary values appropriate for walls, coils, and heat sources in a reacting flow.
• Set initial conditions.
• Set solution iterations.
• Set under-relaxation factors.
• Request graphical output.
• Submit the model for solution.
Problem Description
The goal of this Tutorial is to set up simulations
of simplest inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The geometry is axisymmetric cylinder with a spiral
coil on top. The coil can be modeled as two separate rings. The coil is covered by a metallic case
containing an atmospheric air inside the case. For simplicity, the air can be modeled as solid with
air properties. The thickness of a dielectric window separating the low pressure plasma chamber

3/26/02
Tutorial 15: ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) Reactor with Planar Coil in Argon
from the coil can be neglected.
Case
Coils
Gas Chamber

Spray


• Plasma User Subroutines
Electric (Electr)
• Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 16 PECVD of Silicon Dioxide

• Import a grid from CFD-GEOM.
• Activate a plasma reacting flow solution.

3/26/02
Tutorial 16: PECVD of Silicon Dioxide
Problem Geometry
Coils
Case
Outlet
0.18 m
Gas Chamber
Inlet
0.20 m


Spray
Electric (Electr)
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 17 CCP Reactor

• Import a DTF grid .
Problem Description
The problem to be simulated consists Capacitively Coupled Plasma (CCP) in a 2-D axisymmetric
reactor. The Geometry is shown in the figure below.

3/26/02
Tutorial 17: CCP Reactor
Figure 17-1. 2-D Axisymmetric Reactor

Heat Transfer (Heat) • Surface Reaction 2D Planar
Spray


Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 18 Sample Stacking by
Electrophoresis

• Setup and run a transient electrophoresis simulation.
• Define transient inputs and output options.
• Define species and species properties
• Set fluid properties using volume conditions.
• Set initial conditions on a volume by volume basis.
2. You have a general understanding of how the CFD-GUI program works.
3. You are running CFD-GUI / CFD-ACE(U).

3/26/02
Tutorial 18: Sample Stacking by Electrophoresis
Problem Description
0V 100V
3mm 1mm 2mm 4mm
0.01
Mass Fraction Concentration of A- in Buffer
0.0001
Mass Fraction Concentration of B- in Buffer
This case investigates the stacking of an ionic sample (B-) in the presence of a buffer solution
which contains (in some regions) the ionic material A-. The channel is 0.01 m long and 200e-6 m
wide (only half of the channel is gridded to take advantage of symmetry). A potential difference of
100 Volts is applied across the length of the channel. In order to simulate this type of problem, we
will take advantage of the feature to allow the electrical conductivity to be calculated as a function
of ion concentration.
The mass diffusivity of A- is 2.5e-9 and the mass diffusivity of B- is 5.5e-9. The molecular weight
of both A- and B- is 18. The background buffer is to be taken as water.
The goal of this simulation is to determine the concentration profile of the sample (B-) versus time.


User Scalar (Scalar) Thin Wall BC • Transient
Spray • Volume based ICs
Magnetic (Magnet)
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 19 Momentum Resistance
Modeling
Introduction
Momentum resistances are used to model physical resistances in the flow domain. They are mostly
used when the physical size of the obstructions are smaller than the desired grid resolution.
Examples include but are not limited to porous media, perforated plates, showerheads (in
semiconductor equipment) and tube-bundles. In engineering systems, the above mentioned types of
elements generally act in a manner to provide a resistance to flow (i.e. momentum resistance)
which results in a pressure drop in the flow domain and uniformity of flow downstream of the
elements.
This effect (i.e. pressure drop) can be modeled without having to build a grid which will resolve the
small scale features of the elements, thus saving on total grid size and yet achieving the same effect.
This approach is called momentum resistance modeling and excludes the fine physical features of
the element to be modeled.
The following example will illustrate the important steps in determining the parameters in
momentum resistance modeling. This tutorial is self contained but is best studied in conjunction
with Chapter 7 of the CFD-ACEU User Manual.
Problem Description
Figure 19-1 shows the schematic of a typical CVD chamber. A gas mixture flows through the
vertical mixing tube, turns and spreads radially into the thin gap above the blocker plate when it
impinges on it. It then flows downward through the holes in the blocker plate and enters a second
thin gap between the blocker plate and the face plate (also called showerhead.) The showerhead
also is perforated with many holes in it (of a different size). The gas flows through the holes in the
showerhead and finally enters the CVD chamber below it.

Revised 3/26/02
Tutorial 19: Momentum Resistance Modeling
Mixing Tube
Gap above Blocker-plate (5 mm)

Face Plate (10 mm)
Gap above face-plate (5 mm) Blocker Plate (2 mm)
CVD Chamber
Figure 19-1. Typical CVD Chamber
The blocker plate and showerhead essentially serve to provide a uniform flow at their exits, but in
the process, also produce a large pressure drop. It is computationally intensive to grid all the holes
of the blocker and face plates even in a 2D model. Hence, the objective of momentum resistance
modeling is to determine a suitable way to model the pressure drop using lumped parameters called
momentum resistance coefficients.
Modeling Approach
The momentum resistance concept is used to model losses caused by geometric features that are
much smaller than the typical grid dimensions of a model. It is implemented by adding source
terms to the momentum equations that will induce the same pressure gradients as would be induced
by the original small-scale features of the physical model. The formula used in the model is given
by the equation 7-1 of the CFD-ACEU User Manual and reproduced here for convenience:

æ K Kq Ki ö
l
ÑP = r ç ---------- + V ----------- – -------------------------------÷ · V (19-1)
ç 2b 2 V ( V + U 0 )÷ø
è 2b
The above generalized 3D vector equation can be reduced to a 1-D form as follows:
¶p 2
------ = K l r
--- × --u- + K q r
--- × æ --u-ö (19-2)
¶z 2 b 2 è bø
In this equation,
b = Porosity = (Flow area)/(Total area)
Kl = Linear Resistance Coefficient
Kq = Quadratic Resistance Coefficient
The central problem in this modeling approach is to determine values of Kl and Kq, the desired
resistance coefficients. Knowing these, the source terms are easily computed by the solver.
This equation can be applied to any flow problem. The holes in the blocker and showerhead plates
can be thought of as numerous “pipes” in parallel. The approach is to first create a “reduced model”
of the problem. This “reduced model” will model the flow through a single hole (or some smaller
and suitable symmetric segment) of the blocker/face plate for various velocities and determine the
corresponding pressure drops. Once this is done, we can fit a second degree equation to the data of
pressure-gradient versus velocity of the form shown in equation 19-2 above, and obtain values for
Kl and Kq. We can then use these values in the larger model directly.
Reduced Model
The process of creating a reduced model is to first examine the pattern of holes in the blocker plate
(or face-plate) to be modeled. These patterns are generally known beforehand or can be determined
by an examination of the physical equipment. Some sample patterns are shown below.

Smallest symmetric segment which can be modeled
(a) ‘Square’ Pattern P1 (b) ‘Hexagonal’ Pattern P2
Figure 19-2. Square and Hexagonal Patterns
In this tutorial, we will assume that the blocker plate has the pattern P1, and the showerhead (face-
plate) has the pattern P2.
In the event that the exact the pattern(s) (with dimensions) for the showerhead and/or blocker plate
to be modeled are not available, you can model a generic orifice at the expense of a little accuracy.
In either case, the reduced model must preserve the exact same dimensions in the axial
direction of the specific blocker-plate/face-plate assembly that is to be modeled.
Reduced Model Grid

The 3D grids of the reduced models of the blocker and face-plates are available in the Reduced
Modes/Blocker/Fresh sub-directory of this tutorial directory. They are named Blocker.GGD for the
blocker and Showerhead.GGD for the showerhead.
The cross-section of the reduced models for the blocker and showerhead are shown in the figure
below:

p 2 – 06 p 2 – 07
A hole = --- r = 9.817e Ahole = ------ r = 2.618e
8 12
0.0005
lw – 06
A plate = ------ = 4.5e
Aplate = 1--- lw = 1.538e
– 06
2
2
b = Ahole ¤ A plate = 0.0218
b = 0.1701
0.0025
0.00133
0.003 0.001 0.0013094

Blocker Modeled Cross-Section Showerhead Modeled Cross-Section
Figure 19-3. Blocker and Showerhead Cross-Sections in 3D “Reduced Models”
Model Input Calculations

The inlet velocity to be used for the reduced model can be calculated for a range of mass-flow rates
which may be typical for the CVD chamber whose blocker and showerheads are being modeled.
For this tutorial, a velocity range of 0.5 m/s to 2.5 m/s was used as the average axial velocity in the
gap between the mixing tube and blocker plate. This same range was also used for the average
velocity in the gap between the blocker and the face-plate.
(These velocities are calculated using the mass conservation principle between the mixing tube and
the gap between the blocker plate; and between this gap and the gap before the showerhead. This is
the velocity that the holes in the blocker and face-plates ‘see’, or are exposed to.)
We can assume a turbulence model to model the entrance effects of the flow in the vicinity of the
holes and use appropriate K and D values. Assume K = 0.02, and D =1.0
Reduced Model Results

The reduced models as shown in figure 19-3 above, were run for five inlet velocities, starting from
0.5 m/s, with an increment of 0.5m/s. For every case, the dP/dx across the hole (only) was found
from CFD-VIEW as follows:
• Plot z v/s P in CFD-VIEW using a line-plot object between the inlet and outlet
• 'Save' the plot in a text datafile

• Find dP; divide dP by the hole length dz (dz = thickness of the blocker/face-plate whichever is
being modeled.)
We can also calculate the ‘porosity’, b of the blocker and faceplates. The porosity is the total hole
area divided by the total plate area in the real case. (Alternately, we can leave b=1, so long as we
also use that value when we set up our momentum resistance model. In our simulation below, a
non-unity value of b was used for the curve-fitting process and the same value was used in the
momentum resistance setup in the CFD model.)
The data for the blocker-plate and showerhead is tabulated as follows:
Blocker Plate Showerhead
w dP dP/dz w dP dP/dz
0.5 601.2 300600 0.5 13.2 1320
1.0 2321.1 1156050 1.0 44.1 4410
1.5 5113.5 2556750 1.5 92.83 9283
2.0 8983.9 4491950 2.0 158.96 15896
2.0 13917 6958500 2.5 242.45 24245
Fit a second-degree curve to the data using Matlab, Lotus, or Excel, of the form
2
dP ¤ dz = C q w + C L w . Then the coefficients Cq and CL are used to calculatethe Kl and Kq values
2
that we desire to have: K q = 2b C q ¤ r and K L = 2bCL ¤ r .
MS Excel was used in fitting a curve for the above data (see Blocker\Results\blocker.xls and
Showerhead\Results\showerhead.xls). This modeling methodology resulted in the following values
for the block plate, assuming the square (P1) pattern for the holes:
KL = 2855.5 and
Kq = 895.9
Assuming a hexagonal (P2) pattern for the showerhead, and along with the above modeling
approach, the following coefficient values for the showerhead were obtained from the curve-fit
equations:

KL = 266.69 and
Kq = 177.13
Directory Contents Description

This tutorial is divided into two main parts residing in the two main directories: Full_Model and
Reduced_Model. The Full_Model directory contains the two usual subdirectories "Fresh"
containing the grid and fresh DTF files, and "Results" where the results of the simulation are found.
The Reduced_Model directory contains the following subdirectories: Blocker, Showerhead, and
Verification. The Blocker directory contains the usual "Fresh" and "Results" directories (which
hold the fresh DTF file and simulation results, respectively) plus a directory called
Modeling_Issues. Modeling_Issues contains the subdirectories "Convergence" and "Turbulence
Modeling" which present parametric analysis of convergence and turbulence modeling issues.
README.txt files in the aforementioned directories discuss the results. The Showerhead directory
is set up exactly like the Blocker directory with similar results. The Verification directory contains
simulations which verify that the coefficients KL and Kq obtained from the curve fits gave the
expected pressure drops. This was done by removing the blockage (around the hole) from the
Blocker and Showerhead models and modeling the plate using the momentum resistance model
along with the coefficients obtained from the curve fit.
Full Model
The CVD Chamberl shown in figure 19-1 can be modeled as a 2D axisymmetric model as shown in
figure 19-4 . Note that in figure 19-4, the holes have been replaced with a continuous grid. The
above-obtained momentum resistance coefficients can be used to set up the momentum model in
the regions of the blocker-plate and the showerhead, with a full, continuous grid in those regions.
The appropriate boundary conditions are used and the results can be viewed in CFD-VIEW to
determine the actual pressure drop across the blocker and face-plates.

Figure 19-4. 2D Axisymmetric Model
Tutorial
• Read the reduced grid model into the GUI and set up the physical model
• Specify model input parameters for flow and turbulence
• Define volume and boundary conditions for gas mixture
The following data can be used for the set-up:
Table 19-1. Fluid properties for momentum-resistance modeling
Property Value
Density of gas-mixture: r 1.15 kg/m3
Viscosity of sample: n 1.0E-5 m2/s


(for full
model only)
Spray
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)
Bio-Chemistry (BiChem) Binding Kinetics
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 20 Microfluidic Flow in a
Tesla-type Valve
Abstract
The flow characteristics of a Tesla-type valve are investigated using CFD-ACE+. A Tesla-type
valve is one of the no-moving-parts (NMP) type valves used in micropumps for microelectrome-
chanical system (MEMS) devices. Its principle of operation is based on the rectification of the fluid
flow. For the same pressure drop, the flow in the forward direction through the valve is greater than
the flow in the reverse direction, thus if an oscillating flow field can be set up, there should be net
mass flow in the forward direction. The flow characteristics of a given Tesla-type valve are investi-
gated in this tutorial by solving for the forward and reverse flow fields at steady state for a given
pressure drop. This tutorial makes use of the BC integral output feature and the parametric run fea-
ture and has instructions for post-processing the results of these features. An example of using
CFD-ACE+ to extract lumped parameters is also given.
• Scale the geometry.
• Activate and use the “Fixed Pressure” inlet boundary condition subtype.
• Activate and control the “BC Integral Output” feature.
• Activate and control the parametric run feature.
• Post-processing parametric run results.
• Post-processing the “BC Integral Output” results.
• Extracting Lumped Parameters.
3. You are using CFD-GUI V6.2+ and CFD-ACE(U) V6.2+

3/26/02
Tutorial 20: Microfluidic Flow in a Tesla-type Valve
Problem Description
The geometry of the given Tesla valve is shown in figure 20-1.
480
170 45°
FORWARD FLOW 120
RE
V
ER
SE
Channel Depth = 120
FL
All dimension in microns
O
W
Drawing not to scale 480
Figure 20-1. Tesla-type Valve Geometry
The goal of this simulation is to determine the flow characteristics (volumetric flow rate) in both
the forward and reverse directions for a 30,000 N/m2 (~0.3 atm) pressure drop. The working fluid is
water and the inflow boundary condition should be considered as fully developed laminar flow.
We will be making use of the parametric run feature to run multiple cases (forward and reverse
flow) with one solver execution.
We will also be making use of the BC Integral Output feature to provide the desired output (volu-
metric flow rate) for each case in a straightforward manner.


• Flow Gas Phase Reaction • 3D
Heat Transfer Surface Reaction 2D Planar
Turbulence 2D Axisym
Mixing Arbitrary Interface BC
User Scalar Thin Wall BC Transient
Radiation Cyclic BC
Spray • Parametric Run
Free Surface (VOF) Fan Model • BC Integral Output
Two-Phase Momentum Resistance
Cavitation Rotating System
Grid Deformation
Electric
Magnetic
Electroplating
Bio-Chemistry
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 21 Electrostatic Actuation of
a Torsion Micromirror
Abstract
The actuation characteristics of a torsion micromirror are investigated using CFD-ACE+. A torsion
micromirror is a component used in optical switching based on microelectromechanical system
(MEMS) devices. The given example is activated by electrostatic forces which can be used to
control the angle of the micromirror. This tutorial shows the steps necessary to simulate the full
deflection of the micromirror using the Deformation, Stress, and Electric modules of the CFD-
ACE(U) solver. This tutorial makes use of the boundary element method (BEM) electrostatics
solver in the Electric Module and the contact analysis feature of the Stress Module. An example of
using CFD-ACE+ to extract micromirror angle versus applied electrostatic voltage is also given.
• Setting up an Electrostatic simulation using the Boundary Element Method.
• Setting up a Stress simulation using the contact model.
3. You are using CFD-GUI V6.2+ and CFD-ACE(U) V6.2+

3/26/02
Tutorial 21: Electrostatic Actuation of a Torsion Micromirror
Problem Description
The geometry of the given Micromirror is shown in figure 21-1.
Figure 21-1. Torsion Micromirror Geometry
The goal of this simulation is to determine the deformation characteristics for the Torsion
Micromirror when a voltage difference of 50v is applied between the mirror and contact pad #1
Is 50v enough to pull the mirror into contact with the pad?
Are the stresses acceptable when the mirror is in contact with the pad?
It would also be desirable to determine the “pull-in” characteristics of the mirror by running several
simulations with different voltage differences to determine the angular deflection of the mirror vs.
applied voltage.


Flow Gas Phase Reaction • 3D
Heat Transfer Surface Reaction 2D Planar
Turbulence 2D Axisym
Mixing Arbitrary Interface BC
User Scalar Thin Wall BC Transient
Radiation Cyclic BC
Spray • Electrostatics - BEM
Free Surface (VOF) Fan Model • Stress Contact
Two-Phase Momentum Resistance
Cavitation Rotating System
• Grid Deformation
• Stress Parallel Processing
• Electric
Magnetic
Electroplating
Bio-Chemistry
Kinetics
Semi Device


Tutorial 22 Cavitation in a Sharp-
Edged Orifice

• In this tutorial we will learn to do the following:
• Read the grid model into the GUI and set up the physical model.
• Activate Cavitation module needed for modeling of cavitation problems in flow in a sharp-
edged orifice.
• Specify the steady state solution process.
• Specify model input parameters expected by the solver for cavitation.
• Set volume and boundary conditions.
• Set initial conditions, solver parameters and run the solution.
• Post-process the solution.
5. You have just started the CFD-GUI application.
Introduction
The capability for multi-dimension simulation of cavitating flows is of critical importance for effi-
cient design and performance of many engineering devices. Some examples are turbopumps of
rocket propulsion systems, industrial turbomachinery, hydrofoils, marine propellers, fuel injectors,
hydrostatic bearings and mechanical heart valves. In most cases, cavitation is an undesirable phe-
nomenon, causing significant degradation in the performance and life of the equipment. Multi-
dimensional simulations can enable systematic analysis of ways to eliminate, reduce, or shift the
cavitation regions.

3/26/02
Tutorial 22: Cavitation in a Sharp-Edged Orifice
Numerical simulation of cavitating flows poses unique challenges both in modeling the physics and
in developing a robust numerical methodology. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is
complicated by the large density changes associated with phase change. For example, the ratio of
liquid to vapor densities for water at room temperature is over 40,000. Furthermore, the location,
the extent and the type of cavitation are strongly dependent on pressure field, which is strongly
influenced by geometric details and the motion of liquid, and vapor phases. Therefore, in a practical
modeling approach, a priori prescription (or assumption) of the location or type of cavitation should
not be required. Likewise, the phase change correlation should not have minimum essential empiri-
cism, so that various flow conditions can be simulated without adjusting any constants or functions.
The following example will illustrate the important steps in determining the parameters in cavita-
tional modeling. This tutorial is self contained but is best studied in conjunction with chapter 7,
"Cavitation Module" in the CFD-ACE(U) Modules manual.
Problem Description
The cavitation characteristics of a flow in a sharp-edged orifice are investigated using CFD-ACE+.
Modeling of such types of flows is of direct relevance to the design of diesel fuel injectors, etc.
Nurick (1976) performed a series of experiments to determine the cavitation characteristics of cir-
cular and rectangular orifices for various geometric and flow parameters. The circular orifice con-
figuration used by Nurick for the flow visualization study was chosen for the present analysis. 2D
axisymmetric section of the sharp-edged orifice is shown in figure 22-1. Its geometric parameters
are D/d= 2.88 and L/d= 5, where D, d, and L, denote the inlet diameter, orifice diameter, and orifice
length, respectively. A 2-D block structured grid, consisting of 20 x 20 cells in the first block and
20 x 120 cells in the second one, is employed to discretized the geometry with adequate grid clus-
tered around the sharp-edged corner.
D/2
d/2
Figure 22-1. Orifice Geometry

Figure 22-2. Orifice Geometry with Grid
The specific boundary conditions are: the total pressure Po at the inlet, static pressure Pb at the exit,
no-slip condition for velocity at the walls, and symmetry conditions for the all the variables at the
center line. The standard K-e model of Launder and Spalding (1974) was employed to compute the
apparent increase in viscosity due to turbulence. The specified thermodynamic and thermo-physical
properties of water and water-vapor correspond to 300K. These include vapor pressure Pv of 3540
Pa, liquid density, rl, of 1000 kg/m3, vapor density, rv, of 0.02558 kg/m3, and a surface tension of
0.0717 N/m.
The experiment is undertaken under a fixed back pressure, Pb of 0.95 x 105 Pa, and the upstream
total pressure, Po, is varied to generate flow in the orifice.
For the flow conditions, the non-dimensional parameters characterizing the flow, i.e. cavitation
number, is defined as follows:
Po – Pv
s = -----------------
- 22-1
Po – Pb
Discharge coefficient is defined as follows:
m· actual m· actual
C d = ----------------
- = -----------------------------------------
- 22-2
m· ideal A o 2r l ( P o – P b )
where m· actual and m· ideal are the actual and ideal mass flow rates through the orifice. In cavitating
regime, Nurick established the correlation:
Cd = Cc s 22-3

where Cc the contraction coefficient has been taken as equal to 0.62.
The approach is to calculate the discharge coefficient Cd for various values of upstream pressure
and validate this with Nurick's correlation.

Spray Gravity
• Cavitation (Cav) Rotating System
Electric (Electr)
Magnetic (Magnet)

Tutorial 23 2D ICP-CCP
This tutorial shows how to do the following:

Problem Description
The goal of this Tutorial is to set up simulations
of simplest inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The geometry is axisymmetric cylinder with a spiral
coil on top. The coil can be modeled as two separate rings. The coil is covered by a metallic case
containing an atmospheric air inside the case. For simplicity, the air can be modeled as solid with

4/25/02
Tutorial 23: 2D ICP-CCP
air properties. The thickness of a dielectric window separating the low pressure plasma chamber
from the coil can be neglected.

Spray
Kinetics
Semi Device

CFD-GEOMTM
Tutorials
Version 2002

Phone: (256) 726-4800 l Fax: (256)726-4806
Software Support: software@cfdrc.com / (256) 726-4900
© 1997- 2002 by CFD Research Corporation


Copyright 1989-2002
Released March 2002
CFDRC Confidential
Table of Contents
Tutorial 1 Inclined Ramp Geometry Creation
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Tutorial 2 Inclined Ramp Structured Grid Generation
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Tutorial 3 Circles and Pipes
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Tutorial 4 Pipe Junctions Part 1 - Geometry Creation
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
Tutorial 5 Pipe Junctions Part 2 - Structured Grid Generation
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
CFD-GEOM Tutorial Manual iii

Table of Contents
Tutorial 6 2-D Axisymmetric Rocket Nozzle
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
Tutorial 7 Grid Generation for Compliant Orifice FSI Problem
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Tutorial 8 Unstructured Grid with “Near Wall” Problems
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-2
Tutorial 9 Generic Missile Body - Parametric Studies
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-1
Tutorial 10 Generic Semiconductor Reactor
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1
Tutorial 11 Generic Combustor Model: IGES to

3-D Unstructured Grid
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11-2
Tutorial 12 Unstructured Grid on Simple 2D Plate
Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-1
Tasks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12-2
iv CFD-GEOM Tutorial Manual

Table of Contents
Tutorial 13 Grid Generation for a Bio-Sensor : Part 1, Geometry
Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-1
Tasks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13-1
Tutorial 14 Grid Generation for a Bio-Sensor: Part 2, Unstructured Tetra-

hedral Grid
Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14-1
Tasks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14-2
Tutorial 15 Unstructured Grid Generation for a Bio-Sensor Model: Part 3,

Prism Gridding
Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-1
Tasks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15-2
Tutorial 16 Grid Generation for a Bio-Sensor Model: Part 4, Structured

Gridding
Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-1
Tasks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16-2
Tutorial 17 Unstructured Tetrahedral Grid for Cylinder with Transverse

Hole
Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-1
Tasks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17-2
CFD-GEOM Tutorial Manual v

Table of Contents
Tutorial 18 Tesla Valve
Objective: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18-1
Tasks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18-1
Geometry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18-2
Tutorial 19 GEOM Tutorial: Simple 2-Stroke Engine
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19-1
Tutorial 20 Hybrid Grid
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20-1
vi CFD-GEOM Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 1 Inclined Ramp Geometry
Creation
Objectives
In this tutorial we learn to do the following:
• Create points.
• Select points by various methods.
• Create lines.
• Extrude geometry.
• Split curves.
• Save a CFD-GEOM session.
GR-97-8 CFD-GEOM Tutorials 1-1

3/27/02
Tutorial 1: Inclined Ramp Geometry Creation
Geometry
Top
A B C D
X
Z
Base Points
X Y Z
A 0 0 0 Isometric
B 50 0 0
C 70 10 0 H G F E
D 100 10 0
E 100 10 50 L,I K,J K,L J,I
F 70 10 50
G 30 0 50
H 0 0 50
Y Y
X F,C E,D Z
H,A G B
Front Right
1-2 CFD-GEOM Tutorials GR-97-8

Tutorial 2 Inclined Ramp Structured
Grid Generation
Objectives
In this tutorial we will use the geometry we created in tutorial 1 to do the following:
• Create grid edges.
• Create grid faces.
• Create 3-D blocks.
• Assign boundary condition types.
• Output structured grids and boundary conditions for use by CFD-ACE.
Geometry
The geometry used for this tutorial is the same as the geometry created in tutorial 1.

3/27/02
Tutorial 2: Inclined Ramp Structured Grid Generation

Tutorial 3 Circles and Pipes
Objectives
• Create circles and pipes.
• Use the revolve and rotate geometry tools.
• Create blocks by translation and rotation.
• Orient blocks.
• Create composite blocks.

3/27/02
Tutorial 3: Circles and Pipes
Geometry
C B
y y
A(0,0,0) z
x
r=50 r=150
D E
H H
F(-100, -100,0) G(100, -100, 0) r=50
100
I I

Tutorial 4 Pipe Junctions Part 1 -
Geometry Creation
Objectives
• Create ruled and extruded surfaces.
• Perform surface-surface intersections.
• Use the point filter mechanism.
• Split curves at a parametric point.
Geometry
The geometry for this tutorial is a simple T-pipe junction (see figure 4-1). In this tutorial we will
create the geometry as shown on the next page. In the next tutorial we will create a grid for this
geometry in three domains: A Cartesian domain along the centerline of the large pipe surrounded
by an O-topology domain to complete the large pipe, and a Cartesian or H-topology domain for the
small pipe.

3/27/02
Tutorial 4: Pipe Junctions Part 1 - Geometry Creation
Z
Top
Point A
Small Pipe
Large Pipe
Curve a
Y
urve a Z
Side End
Isometric
Figure 4-1. Geometry for Tutorial



Tutorial 5 Pipe Junctions Part 2 -
Structured Grid
Generation
Objectives
• Create a structured grid for a pipe junction.
• Create faces on NURBS surfaces.
• Project faces to surfaces.
• Use mirror entity feature to mirror symmetric models.
Geometry
The geometry for this tutorial is the same as the geometry used for tutorial 4.

3/27/02
Tutorial 5: Pipe Junctions Part 2 - Structured Grid Generation

Tutorial 6 2-D Axisymmetric Rocket
Nozzle
Objectives
This tutorial addresses grid quality issues. The existing grid contains some common grid quality
problems such as spacing discontinuities due to poor volume ratios, grid skewness, and not using
the stretching function. You must learn to recognize these problems and correct them.

Geometry
Converging Diverging
Nozzle Nozzle
Cylinder
Inlet Outlet
Line of Symmetry
Flow Direction

3/27/02
Tutorial 6: 2-D Axisymmetric Rocket Nozzle

Tutorial 7 Grid Generation for
Compliant Orifice FSI
Problem
This is a 2D hybrid structured/unstructured grid system.

• Create basic geometry (points/lines/arcs)
• Create and use parameters to control geometry.
• Modify basic geometry for gridding purposes.
• Create 2D structured grid entities (edges/faces/blocks)
• Create 2D unstructured grid entities (loops / 2D unstructured domains).
• Generate 2D unstructured grid.
• Modify the grid system to improve grid quality.
• Setup boundary conditions.
• Setup volume conditions.
• Save grid system to a DTF file.
Problem Description
We are going to generate a grid system to study the flow of engine oil through a compliant orifice.
Effects of thermal stress and fluid-structural coupling will be included. The goal is to determine the
pressure delta across the orifice, maximum flow velocity, and orifice tip deflection. The geometry
is 2D-axisymmetric and is given along with flow and structural boundary conditions in Figure 1.
T99-G-01 CFD-GEOM Tutorials 7-1

3/27/02
Tutorial 7: Grid Generation for Compliant Orifice FSI Problem
GEOMETRY DIMENSIONS
R=0.005m PTFE Rubber

0.01m
+
0.005m 0.005m
radius
0.01m
0.015m delta=(.0025-rad)
0.03m
FLOW BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
PTFE Rubber
Inlet
Outlet
Axis of Symmetry
STRESS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
PTFE Rubber:
Stress free @ 300K
Applied
Fluid
Force
Applied Fluid Force
Axis of Symmetry
7-2 CFD-GEOM Tutorials T99-G-01



Tutorial 8 Unstructured Grid with
“Near Wall” Problems
Objectives
• Create circles.
• Add corner point sources to a domain.
• Add sources to a surfaces.
• Generate a triangular mesh.

3/27/02
Tutorial 8: Unstructured Grid with “Near Wall” Problems
Geometry
r=50
r=r1
A (0, 0, 0)
r=r2

Tutorial 9 Generic Missile Body -
Parametric Studies
Objectives
• Create ellipses.
• Create faces by extrusion.
• Create blocks by revolution.
• Use the Editor to modify parameters
Geometry
B B C (100, 0, 0)

3/27/02
Tutorial 9: Generic Missile Body - Parametric Studies

Tutorial 10 Generic Semiconductor
Reactor
Objectives
• Revolve faces to create blocks.
• Revolve geometry.
• Split a curve at a point.
• Split an edge.
• Extrude a face to create a block.
• Substitute the underlying geometry for an edge.
Geometry
The geometry to be created in this tutorial is shown in figure 10-1 on page 10-2. This geometry is a
generic semiconductor reactor. It has one large inlet on the top, a small outlet port and a side port.
Four blocks or domains are used in this geometry. The central portion under the large inlet is a sin-
gle block with a C topology and a polar singularity. A second C topology block surrounds this
block. The side port and outlet pipe are filled with the final two blocks of H topology.

3/27/02
Tutorial 10: Generic Semiconductor Reactor
Domain 4
Domain 2
Domain 1
Domain 3
Wafer sits on this surface

Outlet
Side Port
Inlet
Figure 10-1. Geometry for Generic Semiconductor Reactor

Tutorial 11 Generic Combustor
Model: IGES to
3-D Unstructured Grid
Objectives
• Read an IGES file.
• Determine surface sets for an unstructured domain.
• Find internal surface sets for the unstructured domain.
• Define the unstructured domain and unstructured surface grid for an internal surface set.
• Find an external surface set for the unstructured domain.
• Define the unstructured domain.
• Create an unstructured surface grid for the combustor model.
• Find problem areas.
This tutorial is designed to simulate the “real-world” working process capabilities of CFD-GEOM.
We read an IGES file generated from a CAD package, trim all surfaces, create an unstructured
domain, and grid a combustor model.

3/27/02
Tutorial 11: Generic Combustor Model: IGES to 3-D Unstructured Grid
Geometry
Figure 11-1. Combustor Geometry

Tutorial 12 Unstructured Grid on
Simple 2D Plate
Objective:
The objective of this tutorial is to understand the steps and methodology for creating unstructured
grids. We’ll create a simple 2-D plate (no thickness) and generate a grid for it. We’ll first do this
using two methods, one of which will be the ‘long’ way and the other using short-cuts that CFD-
GEOM provides especially for 2D unstructured grids.
Tasks:
In this tutorial we will to do the following:
• Create geometry of plate (points, lines, surface)
• Create basic unstructured grid entities
• Perform “Trimming” operation on surface
• Create Surface Set and Unstructured Domain entities
• Generate a surface triangulation (surface grid; surface mesh)
• Learn short-cuts available in CFD-GEOM for 2D problems

3/27/02
Tutorial 12: Unstructured Grid on Simple 2D Plate
Geometry
D C
A: (0, 0, 0)
B: (10, 0, 0)
C: (10, 20, 0)
A B
D: (0, 20, 0)

Tutorial 13 Grid Generation for a Bio-
Sensor : Part 1, Geometry
Objective:
The objective of this tutorial is to create structured and unstructured grids for a generic bio-sensor
model with the ultimate aim of running a binding-kinetics simulation for it. The grid-generation
proceeds from the geometry creation stage which is covered in this tutorial.
Tasks:
In this tutorial we will do the following:
• Create basic geometry of a sensogram model (points, lines, surface)
• Make modifications appropriate for unstructured and structured grids and save them.
Geometry
(0 1 0)
(0 0 0) 1 mm
r = 0.4 mm 11.4 mm
1.2 mm
T00-G-02-1 CFD-GEOM Tutorials 13-1

revised 3/27/02
Tutorial 13: Grid Generation for a Bio-Sensor : Part 1, Geometry
13-2 CFD-GEOM Tutorials T00-G-02-1

Sensor: Part 2, Unstructured
Tetrahedral Grid
Objective:
The objective of this tutorial is to create an unstructured grid for a generic bio-sensor model with
the aim of running a binding-kinetics simulation for it. This is part two of a three-part tutorial and
covers unstructured grid generation.
Tasks:
In this tutorial we will:
• Generate loops and surfaces on geometry from previous tutorial
• Trim the surfaces with loops to obtain trimmed-surfaces
• Create a 3D trimmed surface model by extruding a set of 2D trimmed-surfaces
• Create a 3D Surface-Set and Unstructured Domain
• Generate a surface and a volume grid

3/27/02
Tutorial 14: Grid Generation for a Bio-Sensor: Part 2, Unstructured Tetrahedral Grid
Geometry
y
mm
11.4
x
z
0.5 mm
4.5
m m

Tutorial 15 Unstructured Grid Generation
for a Bio-Sensor Model: Part 3,
Prism Gridding
Objective:
the aim of running a binding-kinetics simulation for it. This is part three of a three-part tutorial and
Note: You cannot do this tutorial unless you have done tutorial 13. This tutorial requires that you
read in a file that was saved during the process of doing that tutorial.
Tasks:
• Read in the geometry from the GGD file, and generate loops and surfaces
• Trim the surfaces with loops to obtain trimmed-surfaces
• Create a 2D SS, and UD and create a surface triangulation mesh
• Extrude a surface triangulation to create a 3D prismatic mesh

3/27/02
Tutorial 15: Unstructured Grid Generation for a Bio-Sensor Model: Part 3, Prism Gridding
Geometry
y
mm
11.4
x
z
0.5 mm
4.5
mm

Sensor Model: Part 4,
Structured Gridding
Objective:
the aim of running a binding-kinetics simulation for it. This is part three of a three-part tutorial and
Note: You cannot do this tutorial unless you have done tutorial 13. This tutorial requires that you
read in a file that was saved during the process of doing that tutorial.
Tasks:
• Read in geometry from GGD file saved in tutorial 13
• Create 2D structured grid entities such as ‘edges’ and ‘faces’
• Create a 3D mesh from 2D structured grid entities by extrusion
• Link edges and refine grid

Tutorial 16: Grid Generation for a Bio-Sensor Model: Part 4, Structured Gridding
Geometry
y
mm
11.4
x
z
0.5 mm
4.5
mm

Tutorial 17 Unstructured Tetrahedral Grid
for Cylinder with Transverse
Hole
Objective:
grids for 3D geometric models. We’ll create a simple cylinder with a transverse hole and generate a
grid for it. This will illustrate the general method for 3D models.
Tasks:
• Create geometry of cylinder and hole (points, lines, curves, surfaces)
• Create basic unstructured grid entities
• Perform “Trimming” operation on surfaces
• Create Surface Set and Unstructured Domain entities
• Generate a surface triangulation (surface grid; surface mesh)
• Generate tetrahedral volume grid
• Use grid-viewer to view volume grid

3/27/02
Tutorial 17: Unstructured Tetrahedral Grid for Cylinder with Transverse Hole
Geometry
Hole (No grid inside)
Cylinder
Schematic of Cylinder-with-Hole geometry

Objective:
grids for 3D geometric models.
Tasks:
• Create 2D and 3D geometry using extrusion
• Setup edge link groups
• Modify grid spacing for grid quality
• Set up boundary conditions
• Save GGD and DTF files

3/27/02
Tutorial 18: Tesla Valve
Geometry

Tutorial 19 GEOM Tutorial: Simple
2-Stroke Engine
Objectives
• Create points
• Use the points to make a combustion chamber, piston, and crankcase.
• Use grid generation for modeling with arbitrary interfaces.
• Use grid generation for modeling with deforming grid.

3/27/02
Tutorial 19: GEOM Tutorial: Simple 2-Stroke Engine

Tutorial 20 Hybrid Grid
Objectives
• Create points.
• Select points by various methods.
• Create lines.
• Extrude geometry.
• Split curves.

3/27/02
Tutorial 20: Hybrid Grid

CFD-VIEWTM
Tutorials
Version 6.6

Phone: (256) 726-4800 l Fax: (256)726-4806
CFD-ACE™, CFD-ACE(U)™, CFD-ACE+™, CFD-VIEW™, CFD-GEOM™, and CFD-FAS-

TRAN™ are registered trademarks of CFD Research Corporation.

Copyright 1989-2001
Released July 2001
CFDRC Confidential
Table of Contents
Tutorial 1 2-D Combustor
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Tutorial 2 3-D Electronics Box
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Tutorial 3 3D Engine Valve
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
CFD-VIEW Tutorials iii

Table of Contents
iv CFD-VIEW Tutorials
Tutorial 1 2-D Combustor
Objectives
In this tutorial we will learn about the following:
• Reading data sets
• Object boxes
• K-plane object
• Surface attributes
• Colormaps
• Vector attributes and manipulation
• Streamline object
• Domain replication
In the following lessons these definitions apply:
• Click - quickly depress one of the mouse buttons
• Double click - depress one of the mouse buttons twice in rapid succession
• Drag - depress and hold left mouse button as you move the mouse across the mouse pad
• Ctl-drag - simultaneously hold down the control button and the left mouse button as you drag
the mouse
• Select - place the cursor over an object and click the left mouse button one time
• Type-in field - area in a dialog box where you enter information from the keyboard (type in)
• Toggle - toggle switches are either on or off; their condition changes as you repeatedly click on
the switch (radio buttons or push buttons).
GR-97-13 CFD-VIEW Tutorials 1-1

3/27/02
Tutorial 1: 2-D Combustor
Configuration
The configuration for this tutorial is a 2D combustor with plenum as shown in figure 1-1. Grids
have been applied to the walls of the combustor and the conjugate heat transfer into the walls has
been modeled in the solution files. A swirler fuel inlet has been modeled by a spray of C10H19
along the center line. The air split among the primary and cooling holes is accurately modeled by
modeling the plenum rather than specifying a mass flow rate through each of the holes.
A 2-D model of a combustor doesn’t necessarily model the primary and cooling holes correctly
because each hole can be considered a “sheet” rather than a row of discrete holes; but for demon-
stration purposes and for incremental studies, a 2-D model is adequate.
Air Inlet
Plenum
Cooling Holes Exit

Primary Holes
Fuel Injection
C
L
Figure 1-1. Diagram of Combustor
1-2 CFD-VIEW Tutorials GR-97-13

Tutorial 2 3-D Electronics Box
Objectives
This tutorial covers the following topics:
• Reading wall files
• Walls objects
• More about computational planes
• Turbo mode
• Cutting planes
• Multiple legends and legend tracking
• Iso-surfaces / iso variables
• Point and line probes
• Saving and opening a model
the mouse

3/27/02
Tutorial 2: 3-D Electronics Box
Configuration
The configuration for this tutorial is a 3D electronics box. The box contains two fans and four elec-
tronics boards. A single constant pressure inlet and two constant pressure outlets let air into and out
of the box. At each of the inlets and outlets, a momentum resistance has been applied to simulate a
porous blockage.
Top Removed For Clarity

Fans
Inlet
Outlets
Electronic Boards
Figure 2-1. Diagram of Electronics Box

Tutorial 3 3D Engine Valve
Objectives
This tutorial cover the following topics:
• Use of the calculator
• Animation
• Unstructured surfaces
• Use of bounds
• Saving an image to a file
the mouse
the switch (radio buttons or push buttons)

3/27/02
Tutorial 3: 3D Engine Valve
Configuration
The configuration for this tutorial is a 3D engine valve. Gas enters into a circular duct and then
exits over the top of the valve. This tutorial uses a hybrid grid consisting of tetrahedral and hexahe-
dral cells.
Inlet
Outlet
Valve

Objectives
In this tutorial we will learn about the following:
• Reading data sets
• Object boxes
• I-plane object
• Surface attributes
• Colormaps
• Vector attributes and manipulation
• Streamline object
• Domain replication
the mouse
T02-V-01 CFD-VIEW Tutorials 4-1

9/18/02
Configuration
A Tesla Type Valve is one of the no-moving parts (NMP) type valves used in micropumps for
Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) devices. It’s principle of operation is based on the rec-
tification of the fluid flow. For the same pressure drop, the flow in the forward direction through the
valve is greater than the flow in the reverse direction, thus if an oscillating flow field can be set up,
there should be net mass flow in the forward direction. A typical Tesla valve device is shown
below.
Figure 4-1. Tesla Valve
4-2 CFD-VIEW Tutorials T02-V-01

Simulation Manager
Tutorials

Phone: (256) 726-4800 l Fax: (256)726-4806
CFD-ACE™, CFD-ACE(U)™, CFD-ACE+™, CFD-VIEW™, CFD-GEOM™, and CFD-FAS-

Copyright 1989-2002
Released March 2002
CFDRC Confidential
Table of Contents
Tutorial 1 Parametric Study of Flow Over a Backward Facing Step
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Tutorial 2 Parametric Study of Conduction Between Concentric

Thick-Walled Cylinders
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Tutorial 3 Parametric Study of Oil Flow Through a Compliant Orifice
Tutorial 4 Design Optimization of a Bent Pipe
Problem Description: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
Tutorial 5 Using SimManager Optimization Template

to Maximize Lift/Drag Ratio of a 2D Airfoil by
Varying Angle-of-Attack
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
Simulation Manager Tutorials Manual iii

Table of Contents
Tutorial 6 Parametric Studies Using

Simulation Manager
Tutorial 7 Optimization Studies Using Simulation Manager
Tutorial 8 Parametric Studies Using Scripting Templates

in CFD-GEOM and Simulation Manager
Tutorial 9 Geometric Optimization of a Bent Pipe Using Simulation

Manager
iv Simulation Manager Tutorials Manual

Tutorial 1 Parametric Study of
Flow Over a Backward
Facing Step
Problem Description
In this Tutorial we present an automated parametric study of laminar flow over a backward facing
step. Based on a table of input values, Simulation Manager calls CFD-GEOM to update model
geometry and grid, changes boundary conditions, then runs the CFD-ACE+ solver for each case.
In this Tutorial, we vary the dimensions of the step, h and s, and the value of x-direction velocity on
the inlet boundary (see Figure 1-1). There are three steps in performing this parametric study:
1. Create original geometry and grid in CFD-GEOM
2. Define the model in CFD-ACEU
3. Run the parametric study in Simulation Manager
These steps are described in detail in this tutorial.
Figure 1-1. Problem Geometry
T01-SM-01 CFD-Simulation Manager Tutorials 1-1

3/27/02
Tutorial 1: Parametric Study of Flow Over a Backward Facing Step
1-2 CFD-Simulation Manager Tutorials T01-SM-01

Tutorial 2 Parametric Study of Conduction
Between Concentric
Thick-Walled Cylinders
Problem Description
In this Tutorial we present an automated parametric study of heat conduction between concentric
cylinders. Based on a table of input values, Simulation Manager calls CFD-GEOM to update model
geometry and grid, changes boundary conditions, then runs the CFD-ACE+ solver for each case.
In this Tutorial, we vary the values of two radii and the temperature on the inner wall of the geom-
etry (see Figure 2-1). There are three steps to performing this parametric study:
• Step A: Create original geometry and grid in CFD-GEOM
• Step B: Define the model in CFD-ACEU
• Step C: Run the parametric study in Simulation Manager
The geometry for this tutorial is created parametrically using a similar procedure to that introduced
in Simulation Manager Tutorial 1. Please refer to CFD-ACEU Tutorial 3 for detailed instructions
on setting up the DTF file for this model.

3/27/02
Tutorial 2: Parametric Study of Conduction Between Concentric Thick-Walled Cylinders

Tutorial 3 Parametric Study of Oil
Flow Through a
Compliant Orifice
Problem Description
In this Tutorial we present an automated parametric study of oil flow through a compliant orifice.
Based on a table of input values, Simulation Manager calls CFD-GEOM to update model geometry
and grid, then runs the CFD-ACE+ solver for each case.
In this Tutorial, we vary the radius “R” of the compliant orifice (see figure 3-1). The geometry for
this tutorial can be created parametrically using a similar procedure to that introduced in Simula-
tion Manager Tutorial 1. Instructions for creating this model are given in CFD-GEOM Tutorial 7.
Instructions for setting up the DTF file are provided in CFD-ACEU Tutorial 5. This tutorial
assumes that the geometry journal file has already been created and that the DTF file for the model
has been set up.

3/27/02
Tutorial 3: Parametric Study of Oil Flow Through a Compliant Orifice

Tutorial 4 Design Optimization of a
Bent Pipe
Problem Description:
In this Tutorial we optimize the geometry of a bent pipe. Consider a section of pipe that must pro-
vide a 90-degree change of direction for a fluid flowing through it (see figure 4-1). Determine the
bend radius “R” that provides the minimal (optimal) pressure drop through the pipe.
In order to optimize the pipe geometry, we need to coordinate three software tools: CFD-GEOM,
CFD-ACEU, and an optimization algorithm. Geometry and grid are created in CFD-GEOM, the
flow analysis is performed by CFD-ACEU, then the optimizer uses the CFD-ACEU results to
determine a new geometric design. The three tools must be repeatedly called in this sequence to
determine the optimal design. Simulation Manager’s Optimization Template integrates the three
software tools and provides you with a graphical user interface for using them.
Figure 4-1. Bent pipe geometry.

3/27/02
Tutorial 4: Design Optimization of a Bent Pipe

Tutorial 5 Using SimManager Optimization
Template to Maximize Lift/Drag
Ratio of a 2D Airfoil by Varying
Angle-of-Attack
Abstract
The optimization template feature of SimManager is used to find the maximum lift/drag ratio of a
NACA 0012 airfoil by varying the angle-of-attack The goal of this modeling effort is to find the
angle-of-attack (design variable) of the airfoil at which the maximum value of the lift/drag ratio
(cost function) occurs for a given altitude and free-stream Mach number. Discussion of model setup
in CFD-GUI is given, including the use of the parametric input feature for setting angle-of-attack
and user defined output subroutine for determining lift/drag ratio from the solution results. The
SimManager optimization template is setup to read the cost function (lift/drag ratio) from the out-
put file of the user defined output subroutine and vary the CFD-ACE(U) parameter which controls
angle-of-attack. SimManager controls the simulation process by running solver jobs and automati-
cally varying the angle-of-attack of the airfoil for each run until a local maximum value of the lift/
drag ratio is reached. SimManager plots the lift/drag ratio versus angle of attack, and the lift/drag
ratio versus optimizer iteration as output.
1. Activate and use the "Parametric Input" feature in CFD-GUI.
2. Calculate and write the value of an engineering quantity like L/D ratio to a file using the user
subroutine output feature.
3. Set the Design Variable and Cost Function parameters in the SimManager Optimization Tem-
plate.
4. Use SimManager to run the optimization and post-process the results.
Assumptions (requirements) for working on this tutorial:

3/27/02
Tutorial 5: Using SimManager Optimization Template to Maximize Lift/Drag Ratio of a 2D
Airfoil by Varying Angle-of-Attack
2. The user shared library (lift-airfoil.DLL, .SO or .SL file) corresponding to UOUT (lift-airfoil.f)
subroutine for calculating and writing the value of the L/D ratio to a file is in the directory
where the tutorial problem resides.
Problem Description
The grid system for external flow over the NACA 0012 airfoil is shown in figure 5-1.
Airfoil Chord Length = 1 m

Freestream Mach Number = 0.799
Altitude = 7000 m
The goal of this modeling effort is to us the SimManager optimization template to find the angle of
attack for which the maximum value of the lift/drag ratio occurs for the NACA 0012 airfoil. The
angle-of-attack, ALPHA, is a parametric input to the solver. The angle-of-attack is set in the simu-
lation by varying the x-direction velocity, U, and the y-direction velocity V. The values of U and V
are calculated as

U = Uinf * cos (ALPHA), and

V = Uinf * sin (ALPHA)
where Uinf is the freestream velocity.
The value of the L/D ratio for each ALPHA is calculated by a user-defined output user subroutine
"lift-airfoil.f", and written out to a file named "lift.txt". The optimization template in SimManager
varies ALPHA values and finds the ALPHA for which the maximum value of the L/D ratio occurs.
Calculation of Simulation Conditions

Before submitting the airfoil problem to SimManager for optimization, it is necessary to set up the
simulation in CFD-GUI.
Also, since the physical conditions of the flow past the airfoil refer to conditions prevailing at an
altitude of 7000 m in the atmosphere, we first need to calculate what the conditions are at that alti-
tude. This is done using standard relations and details can be found in the CFD-ACE(U) tutorial
"Transonic Flow Over NACA 0012 Airfoil".
• Given: h = 7000 m, Mach = 0.799, angle of attack = 0 degrees

• Find: Free stream temperature, pressure, viscosity, velocity, and turbulence quantities
• T = 242.66 K
• P = 41023 Pa
• m = 1.557x10-5 kg/m/s
• U = cos(ALPHA)*249.4 m/s
• V = sin(ALPHA)*249.4 m/s
• K = 3.11 m2/s2
• D=1.65x105 J/kg/s
CFD-GUI
• Modules - Flow, Turbulence
• Major Features - User Subroutines
• Other Features - 2D Planar, Parametric Input
SimManager
• Template - Optimization

• Major Features - Cost Function from a File, Design Variable from a CFD-ACE parameter.

Tutorial 6 Parametric Studies Using
Simulation Manager
Scripting templates for Simulation Manager typically consist of two major sections:
1. Initialization section, which includes setting up a custom GUI, initialization of plotter and opti-
mizer (if used by the application).
2. Execution section, which consists of two parts:
• Part 1 invokes a CFD-GEOM script (if applicable) and sets up either a parametric or
optimization run.
• Part 2, which includes instructions for modifying boundary/volume conditions and
launching the CFD-ACE+ solver.
In this tutorial, we investigate a script that runs a parametric study of a miniature “tesla” valve. The
script contains instructions for creating a custom GUI, adjusting boundary conditions, repeatedly
calling the CFD-ACE+ solver, and plotting simulation results. The Initialization section of the
tesla_valve.py, found in Tutorials/SimManager directory, is shown below with added line numbers:
1. Pressure = [10000, 20000, 30000, 40000, 50000]
2. SWindow.AddNewSection ("Solver Cases")
3. SWindow.AddNewTable (["Pressures"])
4. for j in range (0,5):
5. SWindow.AddNewTableRow ('Case %d' % (j+1))
6. SWindow.AddFieldToModify (globals (), "Pressure", 0, 100000, j)
7. SWindow.StartModifyingParameters (globals(), "Tesla", "tesla2.gif")
8. SPlotter.AddNewPlotter ("Tesla Valve")
9. SPlotter.SetTitlesToAxes (0, "Pressure", "Mass Flow")

10. SPlotter.AddNewGraph (0, “Tesla Simulation”, “FWD Inlet”)
11. SPlotter.AddNewGraph (0, “Tesla Simulation”, “REV Inlet”)
T01-SMS-01 CFD-Simulation Manager Scripting Tutorials 6-1

3/27/02
Tutorial 6: Parametric Studies Using Simulation Manager
Line 1 initializes a Python list containing the parameter values (boundary pressures) of interest. A
Python list is equivalent to the array data type in other programming languages. Note that lists are
ordered starting from 0; for example, Pressure[0] = 10000 and Pressure[4] = 50000. An element of
the list can be accessed by specifying the required index of the position in the list, for example Pres-
sure [position]. In order to add elements to the list, the 'append' construct can be used. This method
inserts element to the end of the list. For example, if we call Pressure.append (60000) then it would
result in Pressure [5] = 60000. For more information about lists, please see Python manual (accessi-
ble on http:// www.python.org).
Lines 2-7 of this fragment create the custom GUI. This interface will appear each time this script is
started, and allows the user to modify the contents of the list “Pressure”. The result of running these
lines in Simulation Manager is shown in figure 6-1
Figure 6-1. GUI for the problem
6-2 CFD-Simulation Manager Scripting Tutorials T01-SMS-01

Lines 8-11 initialize the plotter. The function SPlotter.AddNewPlotter creates a new (empty) plotter
with the specified title (see figure 6-2). In line 9, SPlotter.SetTitlesToAxes sets titles to the X and Y
axes of the plotter. The first parameter for this function, 0, indicates the plotter number to which we
want to add the titles. Each additional plotter will have a unique integer according to the order in
which it was added. SPlotter.AddNewGraph creates a new line graph in the plotter and adds a leg-
end to the plotter.
Figure 6-2. Line Plotter
Part 1 of the Execution section for this script consists of two lines:
1. for i in range (0, 5):
2. Run ('tesla_valve', Pressure[i])
This is a typical execution section for running parametric studies. Using the Python for loop con-
struct, we call the function 'Run' (defined below) with the necessary parameters. Note that the state-
ment on line 1means that all lines within the loop segment will be executed five times with 'i'
having the following values: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
The function 'Run' sets necessary values to the DTF file and launches the solver. This function rep-
resents Part 2 of the Execution section of the script:
1. def Run(ofile, value):

2. for y in range(0,2):
3. fdp = rdp = 0
4. if(y == 0):
5. rdp = -value
6. ext = 'fwd'
7. dat_file = "tesla_valve-fwd-%d_FWD_INLET.dat"%(value)
8. else:
9. fdp = -value
10. ext = 'rev'
11. dat_file = "tesla_valve-rev-%d_REV_INLET.dat"%(value)
12. nfile = "%s-%s-%d"%(ofile, ext, value)
13. SimManager.CopyAllAceFiles (ofile, nfile)
14. SDTF.SetBCValue("%s.DTF"%nfile,"Fwd_Inlet","P",fdp)
15. SDTF.SetBCValue("%s.DTF"%nfile,"Rev_Inlet","P",rdp)
16. SimManager.RunSolver (nfile)
17. SPlotter.PlotDataFile (dat_file, value, "Mass Flow", 0, y)
For this particular case we need to run the solver twice for each case, i.e. one for reverse and one for
forward flow. For the first run, we need to set "Fwd_Inlet" pressure to be 0 and "Rev_Inlet" to be
negative value of the parameter, which was passed to the function "Run". It is vice versa for the
second run.
Lines 2-12 of this fragment set up proper filenames and values to handle these two runs. In partic-
ular, lines 7 and 11 specify the name of the .dat file that will contain performance data after CFD-
ACEU run is completed. Line 13 copies all necessary files (.fmt, .DTF) to files with the new filena-
mes. Lines 14 and 15 set pressure values to the boundaries named "Fwd_Inlet" and "Rev_Inlet" in
the DTF file. Line 16 launches the CFD-ACEU solver. By default, the CFD-ACEU located in the
$CFDRCDIR/bin directory will be launched, however an optional second parameter to this func-
tion allows specification of path and name of a particular solver. Line 17 reads data from the .dat
file and adds a point to the graph. Final results of the parametric study are shown in figure 6-3.

Figure 6-3. Final results of the simulation


Tutorial 7 Optimization Studies Using
Simulation Manager
As it was mentioned in Tutorial 5, scripting templates for Simulation Manager typically consist of
the two major sections: Initialization and Executing.
This tutorial shows how to setup the script to run optimization studies. In order to do that, we are
going to use the same case as was described in tutorial 1 for parametric studies.
Initialization section of this script is similar to the one presented in Tutorial 5:
1. Pressure = 10000
2. #Setting GUI
3. SWindow.AddNewSection ("Starting Value")
4. SWindow.AddParameterToModify (globals (), "Pressure", 10, 50000)
5. SWindow.StartModifyingParameters (globals(), "Tesla","tesla2.gif")
6. # Setting Plotters
7. SPlotter.AddNewPlotter ("Tesla Valve")
8. SPlotter.SetTitlesToAxes (0, "Pressure", "Mass Flow")
9. SPlotter.AddNewGraph (0, "Tesla Simulation, FWD Inlet")
10. SPlotter.AddNewGraph (0, "Tesla Simulation, REV Inlet")
11. SPlotter.AddNewPlotter ("Optimiser")
12. SPlotter.SetTitlesToAxes (1, "Pressure", "Cost Function")
13. SPlotter.AddNewGraph (1, "Tesla - Optimization Data")
For this case we build GUI for entering only one value of pressure, which will be initial point to
start optimization (see figure 7-1). In addition to that, we are creating two plotters in the script, i.e.
one for optimization parameter and one for Mass Flow. For this case we try to find the optimum
pressure, which gives us the maximum relative difference, i.e. net over average, between mass
flows for forward and reverse cases.
T01-SMS-02 CFD-Simulation Manager Tutorials 7-1

3/27/02
Tutorial 7: Optimization Studies Using Simulation Manager
Figure 7-1. Customizable GUI for the optimization problem
Creating Cost Function and setting up an optimizer are the two elements, which make the first part
of the Executing section. For this case Cost Function is defined as follows:
1. def CostFunction (p):
2. cost = Run('tesla_valve',p)
3. return -cost
Optimizer calls Cost Function in order to get next value for the optimization. Cost Function (in this
case it is called CostFunction) takes parameter, which we are trying to optimize (in this case pres-
sure) as an input and returns value, which we would like to be optimum. For this case we would
like to get optimum value of the maximum relative difference (net over average) between mass
flows for forward and reverse cases.
When we are setting up optimizer, we need to set this function as a cost function for the optimizer.
Function SOptimizer.RegisterCostFunction (CostFunction) does that:
1. SOptimizer.RegisterCostFunction (CostFunction)
2. SOptimizer.SetRange (10, 50000)
3. SOptimizer.Brent_setDelta (10000)
4. SOptimizer.Brent_setPrecision1D (0.002)
7-2 CFD-Simulation Manager Tutorials T01-SMS-02

5. d = SOptimizer.Brent_run (Pressure)
As it was mentioned, line 1 of this fragment sets cost function for the optimizer. Line 2 specifies
range for the optimization value. Line 3 sets delta or the first bracket, i.e. the first value change of
the optimization parameter. On the next line function SOptimizer.SetPrecision1D sets calculating
precision. Precision specifies when Optimizer should stop its calculation and considers the value to
be optimum. Optimization run will be stopped when (value change / value) <= 2*precision). Last
line of this fragment starts optimization and runs until the optimum value will be found or error will
be produced. In case of halting the executing of the optimizer (power went off, etc.), intermediate
results are not lost and can be used for restarting. These results are stored in the file
name_of_the_script_restart.sim, which for this case is optimization_restart.sim.
Second part of the Executing section of this script is very familiar to the one from tutorial 1
18. def Run(ofile, value):
19. y_value = []
20. for y in range(0,2):
21. fdp = rdp = 0
22. if(y == 0):
23. rdp = -value
24. ext = 'fwd'
25. dat_file = "tesla_valve-fwd-%d_FWD_INLET.dat"%(value)
26. else:
27. fdp = -value
28. ext = 'rev'
29. dat_file = "tesla_valve-rev-%d_REV_INLET.dat"%(value)
30. nfile = "%s-%s-%d"%(ofile, ext, value)
32. SDTF.SetBCValue("%s.DTF"%nfile,"Fwd_Inlet","P",fdp)
33. SDTF.SetBCValue("%s.DTF"%nfile,"Rev_Inlet","P",rdp)
35. val = SPlotter.PlotDataFile (dat_file, value, "Mass Flow", 0, y)
36. if val == 0:
37. raise "Error running flow solver"
38. y_value.append (val)
39. cost = (y_value[0] - y_value[1]) / ((y_value[0] + y_value[1])/2)
40. SPlotter.PlotData (1, 0, value, cost)
41. return cost
The only differences between function 'Run' in optimization.py and tesla_valve.py are plotting data
to two plotters (lines 18 and 23) and calculating value, which we are trying to make maximum (line
22).

Results of the simulation are shown in the figure 7-2.
Figure 7-2. Final results of the simulation

Tutorial 8 Parametric Studies Using Scripting
Templates in CFD-GEOM and
Simulation Manager
This tutorial shows how to use CFD-GEOM scripting templates from SimManager.
As a first step for doing parametric studies using geometry templates, we recommend to go to
CFD-GEOM and prepare geometry / grid generation scripting template for your model. For more
information on how to do that, please refer to CFD-GEOM scripting manual and tutorials.
For this tutorial we are going to assume that geometry / grid generation script was already created
(parametric_studies_geom.py) and we can use it.
Lets look at Initialization section of the script parametric_studies.py:
1. val = [0.001, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03]
2. grid_coef = [1, 1.5, 2, 2.5]
3. ofile = 'grid3.DTF'
4. Number_Cases = 4
5. Length = []
6. SWindow.AddNewSection ("Number of Cases")

7. SWindow.AddParameterToModify (globals (), "Number_Cases", 1, 10)
8. SWindow.StartModifyingParameters (globals(), "2D Structured Case")
9. SWindow.AddNewSection ("Solver Cases")
10. SWindow.AddNewTable (["Length"])

11. for j in range (0,Number_Cases):
12. Length.append (1000*(j+1))
13. SWindow.AddNewTableRow ('Case %d' % (j+1))
14. SWindow.AddFieldToModify (globals (), "Length", 100, 10000, j)
15. SWindow.StartModifyingParameters (globals(), "2D Structured Case")

3/27/02
Tutorial 8: Parametric Studies Using Scripting Templates in CFD-GEOM and Simulation
Lines 1-5 of this script fragment initialize variables, which are used in the script. In particular, Line
5 creates a list "Length" with no elements in it. The reason for doing it is that we can add elements
to "Length" at a later time.
Lines 6-15 of this code prepare GUI for user's interaction. Unlike our previous examples, in this
case we create popup windows twice (see figure 8-1and figure 8-2). The reason for doing it is lack
of a prior knowledge of number of cases, which we need to run. The user enters this information in
the first popup window. After that the script generates second popup window based on entered
number of cases.
Figure 8-1. First input window

Figure 8-2. Second input window
Now lets look at the Executing section of this tutorial:

1. for k in range(0,Number_Cases):
2. for i in range(0,4):
3. nfile = 'grid3_%d_%d.DTF'%(k,i)
5. tutorial3_geom.CreateModel (nfile, Length[k],
grid_coef[i])
6. SDTF.SetBCValue(nfile,"Inlet_1","U",val[i])
7. SDTF.SetBCValue(nfile,"Inlet_2","U",val[i])
Lines 1 and 2 of this fragment specify loop statements. First loop is set to run Number_Cases times,
the variable entered by the user. Second loop is set to run four times. Line 3 sets new name for the
DTF file according to the value of the parameter. On line 4 we copy all template CFD-ACEU input
files (.DTF and .FMT) to the file with a new filename. Line 5 executes function CreateModel from
the script file tutorial3_geom.py. Function CreateModel () calls CFD-GEOM, generates geometry
and grid for the model and saves data in the DTF file. Lines 6 and 7 set BC values to BC records
"Inlet_1" and "Inlet_2". The last line of this script launches a flow solver for this model.
Results of the execution of this script are DTF files, which can be visualized using CFD-VIEW.


Tutorial 9 Geometric Optimization of a
Bent Pipe Using Simulation
Manager
Problem Description
Please refer to figure 9-1. Given a two-dimensional pipe with a fixed velocity inlet, find the opti-
mum bend radius R such that the pressure drop in the pipe is minimum. As the bend radius
changes, ensure that duct walls remain tangent to circle (inner and outer). Allow the right end, the
inlet, to change its angle such that it is always perpendicular to the duct walls. Fix the lower end,
the outlet, in the plane y = -7. The straight sections of the pipe must have fixed lengths of 5 and 7,
measured from the ends of the arcs.
Figure 9-1. Pipe geometry

3/27/02
Tutorial 9: Geometric Optimization of a Bent Pipe Using Simulation Manager

CFD-MicromeshTM
Tutorials
Version 2.0

Phone: (205) 726-4800 l Fax: (205)726-4806
Software Support: software@cfdrc.com l Software Sales: sales@cfdrc.com
www.cfdrc.com
CFD-ACE™, CFD-ACE+™, CFD-VIEW™, CFD-GEOM™, CFD-Viscart™,

CFD-Micromesh™ and CFD-FASTRAN™ are registered trademarks of CFD Research Corpora-
tion.

Copyright 1989-2001
Released July 2001
CFDRC Confidential
Table of Contents
Tutorial 1 Linear Comb Resonator
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Tutorial 3 Importing GDSII Layout and SIPPs Process Description
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
CFD-Micromesh Tutorials i
Table of Contents
ii CFD-Micromesh Tutorials
Tutorial 1 Linear Comb Resonator
Objectives
In this tutorial learn to do the following:
• Import a CIF file
• View the elements in several layers
• Set model options and resolutions
• Generate a 3D solid model
• Build a 3D computational mesh
• View a 3D computational mesh in CFD-VIEW
• Rename parts of a layout
• Run an electrostatic and stress simulation in CFD-GUI
In the following lesson these definitions apply:

• Left Mouse Button - selects an object
• Middle Mouse Button - zooms in and out the view
• Right Mouse Button - shifts (pan) the view.
These functions are briefly described in the context-sensitive help line located in the lower-left cor-
ner of the main window.
T99-MM-01 CFD-Micromesh Tutorials 1-1

3/27/02
Tutorial 1: Linear Comb Resonator
1-2 CFD-Micromesh Tutorials T99-MM-01

Objectives
In this tutorial you learn to:
• Build a 3D model and computational mesh from an imported bitmap image (GIF file)
• Perform a full 3D simulation of fluid flow in the device, both steady and transient.
Problem Description
Tesla valve is one of the no-moving-parts (NMP) valves used in micropumps in MEMS. Its princi-
ple of operation is based on the rectification of the fluid flow, i.e. for the same pressure drop, the
flow in the forward direction through the valve is greater than the flow in the reverse direction.

3/27/02
Geometry
Figure 2-1. Tesla Valve Geometry

Tutorial 3 Importing GDSII Layout
and SIPPs Process
Description
Objectives
• Import a GDSII file
• View the elements in several layers
• Set model options and resolutions
• Generate a 3D solid model
• View a cross-section of a model with and without non-vertical side walls

• Left Mouse Button - selects an object
• Middle Mouse Button - zooms in and out the view
• Right Mouse Button - shifts (pan) the view.
These functions are briefly described in the context-sensitive help line located in the lower-left cor-
ner of the main window.

3/27/02
Tutorial 3: Importing GDSII Layout and SIPPs Process Description

CFD-MaxwellTM
Tutorials

Phone: (256) 726-4800 l Fax: (256)726-4806
CFD-ACE™, CFD-ACE+™, CFD-VIEW™, CFD-GEOM™, CFD-Maxwell™, CFD-Mi-

cromesh,™ and CFD-FASTRAN™ are registered trademarks of CFD Research Corporation.

Copyright 1989-2001
Released October 2001
Revisions
A October 30, 2001
B November 15, 2001
CFDRC Confidential
Table of Contents
Tutorial 1 Single Stripline 3D Model Creation and FVTD EM Simulation
Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Tutorial 2 Single Curved Stripline 3D Model

Creation and FVTD EM Simulation
Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Tutorial 3 Even and Odd Mode Impedance Calculation

of a Shielded Microstrip Line Pair
Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Problem Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Tutorial 4 Scattering of a Plane EM Wave on a PEC Infinite Cylinder
Problem Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
CFD-Maxwell Tutorials iii

Table of Contents
iv CFD-Maxwell Tutorials
Tutorial 1 Single Stripline
3D Model Creation and
FVTD EM Simulation
In this tutorial we show how to:

• Build a 3D model and computational mesh of the stripline on an insulating substrate;
• Perform a full 3D transient electromagnetic simulation of the structure.
T01-MW-01 CFD-Maxwell Tutorials 1-1

3/27/02
Tutorial 1: Single Stripline 3D Model Creation and FVTD EM Simulation
Geometry
Figure 1-1. Single Metal Stripline on an Insulating Substrate
1-2 CFD-Maxwell Tutorials T01-MW-01

Figure 1-2. Top view of the model, showing additional “buffer zones” to allow applying
appropriate boundary conditions (BCs).


Tutorial 2 Single Curved Stripline 3D
Model Creation and
FVTD EM Simulation
In this tutorial, we show how to:

• Build a 3D model and computational mesh of a single curved stripline on an insulating sub-
strate.
• Perform a full 3D transient electromagnetic simulation of the structure.

3/27/02
Tutorial 2: Single Curved Stripline 3D Model Creation and FVTD EM Simulation
Geometry
Figure 2-1. Single curved metal stripline on an insulating substrate

Figure 2-2. Side view of the model with "buffer zones" for applying proper boundary conditions


Tutorial 3 Even And Odd Mode
Impedance Calculation Of A
Shielded Microstrip Line Pair

• build a 3D model and computational mesh of the stripline pair on an insulating substrate;
• perform a full 3D transient electromagnetic simulation of the structure.
LB = Left mouse button, MB = Middle mouse button, RB = Right mouse button

3/27/02
Tutorial 3: Even And Odd Mode Impedance Calculation Of A Shielded Microstrip Line Pair
Geometry
Figure 3-1. Shielded metal microstrip line pair on dielectric substrate
Figure 3-2. Top view of the model, showing additional “buffer zones”

Problem Description
The example discussed in this tutorial is shielded coupled microstrip line problem as shown above.
Result from comparable FDTD simulations for this specific case have been published by Becker,
Harm and Mittra in: “Time-Domain Electromagnetic Analysis of Interconnects in a Computer Chip
Package”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Technique, Vol. 40, No. 12, Dec. 1992.
The results given in this tutorial mach these previously published numbers with discrepancies on
the order of 1% to 2%.


Tutorial 4 Scattering of a Plane EM Wave
on a PEC Infinite Cylinder

• Build a 2.5D model in CFD-GEOM
• Set up the FDTD electromagnetic simulation
• Visualize and compare results with the analytical solution
LB = Left mouse button, MB = Middle mouse button, RB = Right mouse button

3/27/02
Tutorial 4: Scattering of a Plane EM Wave on a PEC Infinite Cylinder
Problem Description
A uniform plane TEz polarized electromagnetic wave is normally incident on perfectly electrically
conducting (PEC) cylinder. The radius of the cylinder is assumed to be equal to one meter, the sur-
rounding medium is vacuum. An analytical solution can be obtained for this problem and will be
used to verify the results.

Geometry
Ei
s=¥
Hi x
R
z
R=1m
f = 100 Mhz
l/d = 1.499
Figure 4-1. Geometry and Dimensions of the Analyzed Problem


CFD-FASTRANTM
Tutorial Manual
Version 2002

Phone: (256) 726-4800 l Fax: (256)726-4806
Software Support: software@cfdrc.com l Software Sales: sales@cfdrc.com
www.cfdrc.com
© 2002 by CFD Research Corporation


Copyright 1989-2002
Released March 2002
CFDRC Confidential
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background ..................................................................v
CFD-FASTRAN Features .......................................................v
CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
Tutorial 1 Inviscid Flow Past a 2-D Cylinder
Tutorial 2 Simulation of Turbulent Flow Past a NACA-0012 Airfoil

(Multi-domain Structured Grids)
Tutorial 3 Simulation of Turbulent Flow Past a Cylinder Using Chimera Grids
Tutorial 4 Unsteady Simulation of a Tank Dropping from a Wing
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Tutorial 5 Unsteady Simulation of Missile Staging
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual iii

3/27/02
Table of Contents
Tutorial 6 Turbulent Mixing of Propane and Air
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Tutorial 7 Supersonic Flow Over a Blunt Body with Chemical Reaction
Tutorial 8 Unsteady Simulation of a Pitching Airfoil
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
Tutorial 9 Simulation of Missile Aerodynamics using Parallel Computing
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Tutorial 10 Supersonic Flow Over a Ramp in a Channel with Unstructured Grid
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Tutorial 11 Simulation of Turbulent Flow Past a NACA-0012 Airfoil

(using Polyhedral solver)
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
iv CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual

Introduction
Background CFD-FASTRAN version 2002.0.0 is a compressible flow solver,

suited for simulating external, as well as, internal flows. This tool rep-
resents the state-of-the-are in both structured and unstructured CFD
methodologies. The modeling flexibility includes multi-domain grids,
overset structured grids, and hybrid combinations of both. CFD-FAS-
TRAN uses fully automated Chimera (overset) techniques that maxi-
mize the flexibility and efficiency of model setup and analysis of
complex CFD problems. The software also provides advanced fea-
tures including 6-DOF modeling for simulating the unsteady,
dynamic motion of multi-body configurations.
CFD-FASTRAN
Features
Numerics • Finite volume, density-based
• Roe, Van Leer, flux splitting algorithms
• k-A, k-M, Baldwin-Lomax, Spallart-Allmaras turbulence models
• Higher order differencing schemes (up to third order) including
Min-Mod, Osher-Chakravarthy, MUSCL, and Van Leer limiters
• Multi-stage, Explicit Runge-Kutta, Point implicit and Fully-
implicit time integration schemes
• Generalized finite rate chemistry with thermal non-equilibrium.
Grid Systems • Multi-block structured grids with blockages

• Multi-block unstructured (tetrahedra/triangles) grids
CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual v

3/27/02
Introduction CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual Organization
• Chimera (overset) grids

• Hybrid structured/unstructured grids
Moving Body • Highly efficient and fully automated hole cutting and interpola-
Technologies tion for Chimera meshes
• 6-DOF modeling with the following features:
• Aerodynamic, gravitational, thrust force modeling
• Auto-pilot simulation
• Time/distance-dependent motion constraints
• Time/distance-dependent ejector forces
• Provision for user-customizing for modeling rocket forces, etc.
• Support for constraints and model dependencies
• Comprehensive output including forces, moments, angular
rates, accelerations, and body orientations
• Prescribed modeling with the following features:
• Arbitrary motion prescription for displacement, velocity, and
acceleration using 5th order polynomial, sine-cosine polyno-
mial, to time dependent data from a file
• Motion may ne prescribed in inertial or any body-fixed coordi-
nate system
• Support for model dependencies
CFD-FASTRAN This tutorial manual is intended to help the user set up a CFD-FAS-
Tutorial Manual TRAN model, using a grid for any given geometry, and submitting
the analysis code to perform desired flow simulations. The tutorials
Organization included in the manual are arranged in the order of increasing com-
plexity, and demonstrate various features of CFD-FASTRAN version
4.0.0.
• Tutorial 1 introduces the user to a fundamental model setup

which involves simulating the flow around a 2-D cylinder using a
single domain, structured grid.
• Tutorial 2 outlines the model setup simulating turbulent flow
around a NACA 0012 airfoil geometry. This tutorial involves a
slightly higher level of complexity, due to a multi-domain struc-
tured grid.
vi CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual

CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual Organization Introduction
• Tutorial 3 introduces the Chimera methodology employed in

CFD-FASTRAN for performing flow simulations with overset
grids. This tutorial illustrates the model setup for laminar flow
past a cylinder using a 3D, structured, overset mesh.
• Tutorial 4 details the model setup for performing an unsteady
simulation involving moving bodies. A 2-D example of a fuel
tank separating from a wing is employed in this tutorial. This
problem setup brings forth most of the advanced features of
CFD-FASTRAN such as Chimera, 6-DOF modeling, and mov-
ing grids simulation.
• Tutorial 5 presents additional 6DOF capabilities of CFD-FAS-
TRAN besides those covered in Tutorial 5. Setting up model
involving time dependent temperature and pressure boundary
condition, thrust generating surface and incorporating the thrust
force in motion model are explained.
• Tutorial 6 shows model setting up for problems involving chemi-
cal mixing without reaction. A simple problem involving mixing
of air and propane has been used for this tutorial.
• Tutorial 7 shows setting up a problem with chemical reactions.
Inviscid hypersonic flow over a blunt is considered.
• Tutorial 8 shows prescribed motion model capability. A 2-D
example of an sinusoidally oscillating airfoil is considered. The
motion of the airfoil is prescribed by a sine/cosine function.
• Tutorial 9 shows setting up a parallel job. Part-1 of tutorial 6 is
set up to run with the parallel version of CFD-FASTRAN.
• Tutorial 10 shows setting up a model for the polyhedral solver.
Flow over a ramp considered in tutorial 3 is setup to be run with
the polydehral solver.
• Tutorial 11 shows setting up a case involving structured grids
with the polyderal solver. NACA0012 multi-domain grid consid-
ered in tutorial 2 is set up for the polyderal solver.
Note The grid files that are required for building the CFD-FASTRAN
model in each of these tutorials are included in the software distribu-
tion.
CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual vii

Introduction CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual Organization
viii CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual

Tutorial 1 Inviscid Flow Past a 2-D
Cylinder
Objectives
This tutorial covers the following subjects:
• Setting a model name and title for the problem.
• Reading a single domain, Plot3D grid, and building a CFD-FASTRAN model.
• Setting fluid properties such as molecular weight.
• Setting initial values for the flow field.
• Setting boundary conditions appropriate for the inviscid flow problem.
• Setting solution iterations and cycles.
• Choosing a suitable time-integration scheme and setting CFL numbers.
Prerequisites for working this tutorial include the following:
1. You have generated the grid using CFD-GEOM or any other grid-generator.
2. The grid file resides in the working directory and is in whole, multi-domain, Plot3D format.
Problem Description
The problem to be simulated is the inviscid, subsonic flow of air past a cylinder. The diameter of
the cylinder is 1 m. A line sketch of the computational domain employed is shown in figure 1-1.
The numerical model employs only a semicylinder due to the symmetry of the flow pattern around
the cylinder. The flow has a free-stream Mach number, M ¥ , of 0.177.
GR-97-35 CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual 1-1

3/27/02
Tutorial 1: Inviscid Flow Past a 2-D Cylinder
Figure 1-1. Computational Domain for Simulation of Flow Past a Cylinder
1-2 CFD-FASTRAN Tutorial Manual GR-97-35

Tutorial 2 Simulation of Turbulent Flow Past
a NACA-0012 Airfoil
(Multi-domain Structured Grids)
Objectives
• Reading a multi-domain, Plot3D grid and building a CFD-FASTRAN model.
• Setting fluid properties.
• Setting initial values for the flowfield.
• Setting boundary conditions appropriate for a turbulent flow problem.
Prerequisites for working this tutorial:
2. The grid file resides in the working directory and is in whole, multi-domain, PLOT3D format.
Problem Description
The problem to be simulated is the turbulent flow past a NACA-0012 airfoil. A line sketch of the
computational domain is shown in figure 2-1. The flow has a free-stream Mach number, M ¥ , of
0.55 at an angle of attack, = , of 8.34°. The Reynolds number, Re, of the flow, based on the chord
length of the airfoil, is 9x106. For this case, the flowfield develops a supersonic bubble near the

3/27/02
Tutorial 2: Simulation of Turbulent Flow Past a NACA-0012 Airfoil (Multi-domain Structured Grids)
leading edge of the airfoil upper surface. Furthermore, the flow is slightly separated at the foot of
the shock that terminates the supersonic region. For this problem, the k – A turbulence model is
employed.
Zone #1 Zone #2
Figure 2-1. Simulation of Flow Past a NACA-0012 Airfoil

Tutorial 3 Simulation of Turbulent
Flow Past a Cylinder
Using Chimera Grids
Objectives
• Reading a multi-domain, Plot3D grid and building a CFD-FASTRAN model.
• Setting up a Chimera problem with overset grids.
• Setting boundary conditions appropriate for the Chimera method and the flow problem.
2. The grid file resides in the working directory and is in whole, multi-domain Plot3D format.
Problem Description
The problem to be simulated is a turbulent, subsonic flow of air past a cylinder. The diameter of the
cylinder is 1 m. A line sketch of the computational domain is shown figure 3-1. The flow has a free
stream Mach number, M ¥ , of 0.5. The free stream temperature and pressure are 300 K and 1x105
Pa, respectively. The computational domain is modeled with Chimera technology using an O-mesh

3/27/02
Tutorial 3: Simulation of Turbulent Flow Past a Cylinder Using Chimera Grids
around the cylinder which is overset on a Cartesian background mesh.
Grid #1
Grid #2
Figure 3-1. Computational Domain for Simulation of Flow Past a Cylinder with Chimera Grids

Tutorial 4 Unsteady Simulation of a
Tank Dropping from a
Wing
Objectives
This tutorial covers the following subjects in detail:.
• Setting a multi-domain, overset, Plot3D grid and building a CFD-FASTRAN model.
• Setting up fluid properties.
• Setting initial values from the flow field to perform a steady-state simulation.
• Setting initial values for the flow field to perform an unsteady simulation.
• Setting appropriate boundary conditions.
• Setting up a chimera problem with overset grids.
• Setting up a 6-DOF motion model to simulate moving bodies.
• Setting up a moving grid simulation by associating the 6-DOF models with the grids.
• Choosing a suitable time integration scheme and setting CFL numbers.
2. You have either just started the application or you have cleared your previous work with the
File/New option.

3/27/02
Tutorial 4: Unsteady Simulation of a Tank Dropping from a Wing
Problem Description
Figure 4-1. Overset grid for a 2D, Wing-tank Configuration.
Figure 4-2. The 6DOF model for the tank-drop motion.
In this tutorial, the jettisoning of a fuel tank from a wing is modeled as shown in figure 4-1 and
figure 4-2. The empty fuel tank is a very light, aerodynamically unstable body. It is jettisoned by

the combination of an ejector force and hook attachment at the aft end of the fuel tank. This system
ensures that the tank tumbles cleanly away from the wing. In this tutorial, a steady state simulation
will be obtained, followed by the unsteady fuel tank drop simulation. The computational grid repre-
sents a 2-D model of the tank-wing configuration. A line sketch of the computational domain is
shown in figure 4-1. The unsteady simulation involves a moving body and demonstrates the use of
chimera and 6-DOF modeling features in CFD-FASTRAN. The flow has a free stream Mach num-
ber of 0.5. The freestream temperature and pressure are 1.013e05 Pa and 288.16 K.


Tutorial 5 Unsteady Simulation of
Missile Staging
Objectives
This tutorial covers the following subjects:.
• Setting up fluid properties such as molecular weight.
• Setting up a 6-DOF motion model to simulate moving bodies.
• Setting up a moving grid simulation by associating the 6-DOF models with the grids.
• Setting up time dependent pressure and temperature boundary conditions.
• Setting up thrust model.
• Requesting output to be post-processed with CFD-VIEW.
File/New option.
GR-97-2 CFD-GUI Tutorials 5-1

3/27/02
Tutorial 5: Unsteady Simulation of Missile Staging
Problem Description
In this tutorial, a missile staging problem is modeled as shown in figure 5-1 and figure 5-2.
Figure 5-1. Overview of the payload and booster

vehicles grid boundaries
Figure 5-2. The 6DOF motion of the booster.
The simulation includes two separate 6DOF motion models. 6DOF model # 1 governs the motion
of the second stage (payload vehicle), and 6DOF model # 2 governs the motion of the first stage
(booster vehicle). The payload vehicle has a rocket nozzle that is modeled with a time dependent
inlet condition simulating rocket ignition. First a steady-state solution of the combined vehicle fly-
ing at 5 deg. angle of attack is obtained. Then at time t=0, the rocket motor ignites and pressure
builds up between the stages resulting in the separation of the two vehicles. Also the thrust integra-
5-2 CFD-GUI Tutorials GR-97-2

tion option is employed to account for the thrust component at the nozzle chamber.


Tutorial 6 Turbulent Mixing of
Propane and Air
Objectives
• Activating a turbulent mixing properties.
• Setting boundary values appropriate for inlets in turbulent, mixing flows.
• Setting initial and boundary conditions.
• Setting a suitable time-integration scheme and setting CFL numbers.
File/New option.

3/27/02
Tutorial 6: Turbulent Mixing of Propane and Air
Problem Description
The problem to be simulated consists of 2D turbulent mixing of propane into an air stream as
shown above.

Tutorial 7 Supersonic Flow Over a
Blunt Body with Chemical
Reaction
Objectives
• Reading a single domain, Plot3D grid, and building a CFD-FASTRAN model.
• Setting fluid properties such as density and molecular weight.
• Activating and setting mixture properties.
• Setting chemical reactions parameters.
• Setting boundary conditions appropriate for supersonic chemically reacting flow problem.
• Requesting output to be post-processed with CFD-VIEW.
Prerequisites for working this tutorial include the following:
4. The grid file resides in the working directory and is in whole, multi-domain, Plot3D format.
Problem Description
The problem to be simulated is inviscid, supersonic flow of air past a blunt body. A line sketch of
the computational domain employed is shown in figure 7-1. The numerical model employs only
one half of the body due to the symmetry of the flow pattern. The flow has a free-stream Mach

3/27/02
Tutorial 7: Supersonic Flow Over a Blunt Body with Chemical Reaction
number, M ¥ , of 23.5. Due to high free stream Mach number, the flow develops high tempera-
tures which initiates chemical reactions between the various components of air. These reactions
include 1) dissociation of diatomic Oxygen 2) dissociation of diatomic Nitrogen, 3) dissociation of
Nitrous Oxide 4) reaction of diatomic Nitrogen with oxygen and 5) reaction of Nitrous Oxide with
Oxygen.
Figure 7-1. Computational Domain for Simulation of Flow Past a Cylinder.

Tutorial 8 Unsteady Simulation of a
Pitching Airfoil
Objectives
• Setting up fluid properties.
• Setting up a prescribed motion model to simulate moving bodies.
• Setting up a moving grid simulation by associating the prescribed motion models with the
grids.
File/New option.

3/27/02
Tutorial 8: Unsteady Simulation of a Pitching Airfoil
Problem Description
Figure 8-1. Overset grid for a 2D airfoil configuration.
In this tutorial, a pitching airfoil is modeled. The airfoil oscillates in a sinusoidal fashion in the
freestream. Two grid systems are employed namely, the airfoil and the background grid system. A
prescribed motion model is employed to create the airfoil grid motion in the stationary background
grid. The moving airfoil grid and the stationary background grid communicate using chimera meth-
odology.
The solution is carried out in two steps. First a steady state solution is obtained with stationary air-
foil. Next, the moving grid simulation is carried out using the steady state solution as initial condi-
tion.

Tutorial 9 Simulation of Missile
Aerodynamics using
Parallel Computing
Objectives
This tutorial covers the following subjects:.
• Setting up a model for running CFD-FASTRAN solver in parallel mode.
1. You have set-up the steady-state part of Tutorial 5 and have staging.DAT and staging.DTF
available in the current working directory.
2. You have performed all the extra installations steps required for running parallel simulations.
Problem Description
A missile staging problem is modeled as shown in figure 9-1 and figure 9-2. This tutorial is the
same as Tutorial 5. Please refer to Tutorial 5 for the procedure on setting up the problem using
CFD-FASTRAN GUI. In this tutorial, the steady state part of Tutorial 5 is set up for the parallel
version of CFD-FASTRAN solver.

Tutorial 9: Simulation of Missile Aerodynamics using Parallel Computing
Figure 9-1. Overview of the payload and booster vehicles grid boundaries
Figure 9-2. The 6DOF motion of the booster.

Tutorial 10 Supersonic Flow Over a
Ramp in a Channel with
Unstructured Grid
Objectives
• Reading a single-domain, unstructured grid and building a CFD-FASTRAN model.
• Setting initial conditions for the flow field.
• Setting boundary conditions appropriate for an internal, supersonic flow.
2. The grid file resides in the working directory and is in multi-domain FAST format.
Problem Description
The problem to be simulated is a supersonic flow over a ramp in a channel. A line sketch of the
computational domain is shown in figure 10-1. A 3-D grid is employed for the problem; however,
the flow is essentially 2D in nature. The flow is characterized by an oblique shock generated due to

3/27/02
Tutorial 10: Supersonic Flow Over a Ramp in a Channel with Unstructured Grid
the change in the direction of the supersonic flow caused by the wedge. The flow has a free-stream
Mach number, M ¥ , of 2.0. The free stream temperature and pressure are 300 K and 101,300 Pa,
respectively.
surface 8
(Symmetry - Top)
surface 7
(Exit)
surface 2
(Symmetry - Back)
surface 6
surface 1 (Wall)
(Symmetry - Front)
surface 5
surface 3 (Wall)
(Inlet)
surface 4
(Wall)
Figure 10-1. Computational Domain for Simulating Flow over a Ramp in a Channel

Tutorial 11 Simulation of Turbulent Flow Past
a NACA-0012 Airfoil (using
Polyhedral solver)
Objectives
• Setting the target solver to Polyhedral Solver for structured grids.
1. You have set-up Tutorial 2 and have naca.DAT and naca.DTF available in the current
working directory.
Problem Description
The problem to be simulated is the turbulent flow past a NACA-0012 airfoil. A line sketch of the
computational domain is shown in figure 11-1. The flow has a free-stream Mach number, M ¥ , of
0.55 at an angle of attack, = , of 8.34°. The Reynolds number, Re, of the flow, based on the chord
length of the airfoil, is 9x106. For this case, the flowfield develops a supersonic bubble near the

3/27/02
Tutorial 11: Simulation of Turbulent Flow Past a NACA-0012 Airfoil (using Polyhedral solver)
leading edge of the airfoil upper surface. Furthermore, the flow is slightly separated at the foot of
the shock that terminates the supersonic region. For this problem, the k – A turbulence model is
employed.
Zone #1 Zone #2
Figure 11-1. Simulation of Flow Past a NACA-0012 Airfoil

CFD-ViscartTM
Tutorials
Version 2002

Phone: (256) 726-4800 l Fax: (256)726-4806
CFD-ACE™, CFD-ACE+™, CFD-VIEW™, CFD-GEOM™, CFD-Viscart™ and CFD-FAS-


Copyright 1989-2002
Released March 2002
CFDRC Confidential
Table of Contents
Tutorial 1 Cartesian Mesh Generation for Buildings
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Tutorial 2 Viscous Mesh Generation for Buildings
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Tutorial 3 Internal or External Grid in Desired Region
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Tutorial 4 Geometry Repair for Open Ends Nozzle
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Tutorial 5 Surface Split and Join
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
CFD-Viscart Tutorials iii

Tutorial 6 Local Refinement with Surface Sources
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
Tutorial 7 Local Refinement with Box Source
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
Tutorial 8 Generate Multiple Viscous Layer External Grid with a Wheel
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
Tutorial 9 Grid Adaptation on Velocity Gradient
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Tutorial 10 Grid Adaptation on User Defined Region
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Tutorial 11 Grid Quality Detection and Remove
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
Tutorial 12 Save STL Files with Geometry(s) and Unstructured Surfaces
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
iv CFD-Viscart Tutorials
Tutorial 1 Cartesian Mesh
Generation for Buildings
Objectives
In this tutorial you learn to do the following:
• Launch CFD-VisCART.
• Read multiple STL files.
• Save as VGD file.
• Handle different graphics view modes.
• Grid generation bounding box setting.
• Grid generation region specification.
• Generate external Cartesian grids.
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for reading multiple files procedure, specifying grid
generation region, and generating a Cartesian grid (Stair mesh) using CFD-VisCART.
CFD-Viscart Tutorials 1-1

1-2 CFD-Viscart Tutorials
Tutorial 2 Viscous Mesh Generation
for Buildings
Objectives
In this tutorial, you learn to do the following:
• Set bounding box.
• Generate external Viscous grids.
• Grid quality detection.
• Handle grid view mode.
• Save DTF file.
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for generating a viscous grid (Projected mesh) and
also the grid quality detections in CFD-VisCART.

Tutorial 3 Internal or External Grid
in Desired Region
Objectives
• Read STL files.
• Set bounding box.
• Set grid region specifying marker.
• Generate an internal grid.
• Generate an external grid.
• Generate an internal grid in the desired region.
• Generate an external grid in the desired region.
• Save to DTF file.
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for generating internal grids and external grids in
desired region.

Tutorial 4 Geometry Repair for
Open Ends Nozzle
Objectives
• Read single STL file.
• Create new surfaces.
• Save to VGD file
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for creating new surfaces to make the open-ends noz-
zle be closed so that an external Viscous grid can be generated.

Tutorial 5 Surface Split and Join
Objectives
• Read a single STL file.
• Detect critical features.
• Split one single geometry into multiple desired sub-geometries.
• Multiple select or deselect the geometries.
• Blanking or unblanking the geometries.
• Delete the geometry.
• Join multiple geometries into one single geometry.
• View geometry by Visual Rotating Bar.
• Save to new STL file
• Save to VGD file
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for reorganizing the geometry. When generating the
viscous grid, the existing individual geometry will be considered as the individual patch so that you
can set different boundary condition to each of the geometries. If you want to set different BC at
one single geometry, you have to split it before generating the grid. Sometimes you do not want
some specific geometry to be involved in the simulation, you can split, then delete these geome-
tries.

Tutorial 6 Local Refinement with
Surface Sources
Objectives
• Read STL files.
• Set different surface sources.
• Save VGD file.
• Generate an external grid.
• View grid front in CFD-VisCART.
• Save DTF file.
• Launch CFD-VIEW from CFD-VisCART.
• View unstructured surfaces in CFD-VIEW.
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for setting different surface sources to refine the local
grids on the geometry surface.

Tutorial 7 Local Refinement with
Box Source
Objectives
• Read STL files.
• Easy way to define the box source by dragging source box.
• Set box source to only refine the grids at certain location.
• Save VGD file.
• Generate an internal grid.
• View grid by cutting planes.
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for setting box sources to refine the local grids at the

Tutorial 8 Generate Multiple Viscous
Layer External Grid with
a Wheel
Objectives
• Read STL files.
• Generate multiple viscous layer in external grid with power law distribution.
• View viscous layers
• Detect grid quality.
• Save VGD file.
• Generate multiple viscous layer in external grid with hyperbolic tangential distribution.
• Improve multiple viscous layer grid quality.
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for generating multiple viscous layer in viscous
external grid. Grid quality detection, grid generation parameters specification, viewing viscous lay-
ers, and methods to improve grid quality are also described.

Tutorial 9 Grid Adaptation on
Velocity Gradient
Objectives
• Read DTF file.
• Adapt the grid on velocity gradient.
• Check grid quality.
• Save as new DTF file.
• Adapt the grid on velocity gradient again.
• Append the adapted grid to an existing DTF file as additional simulation.
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for adapting the grid on the velocity gradient.

Tutorial 10 Grid Adaptation on User
Defined Region
Objectives
• Read DTF file.
• Define a box source in the desired adaptation region.
• Adapt grid in the region at desired direction.
• Save DTF file.
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for adapting the grid on user defined regions with
box sources.

Tutorial 11 Grid Quality Detection
and Remove
Objectives
• Read VGD file.
• Generate multiple viscous layer.
• Detect grid quality.
• Automatically remove bad cells.
• View neighbor cells of bad cell, surrounding faces of the bad cell in graphics window.
• Remove bad cells by manual tool.
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for generating multiple viscous layer in external grid,
and also the steps for handling grid quality detection and removing functionalities.

Tutorial 12 Save STL Files with
Geometry(s) and
Unstructured Surfaces
Objectives
• Transfer different STL data format with multiple STL files.
• Generate fine unstructured surface mesh.
• Save unstructured surface mesh to STL files as new file names or the same file names.
Problem Description
This tutorial highlights the fundamental steps for handling different formats of STL file transfer
procedures, and also saving unstructured surface mesh to STL files procedures.


(流體分析) .Esi.CFDRC Tutorials

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(流體分析) .Esi.CFDRC Tutorials

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CFDRC Tutorials

CFD Research Corporation

CFD-ACE™, CFD-ACE+™, CFD-VIEW™, CFD-GEOM™, and CFD-FASTRAN™ are regis-

CFD-GEOM contains SISL the SINTEF Spline Library

CFDRC Tutorial iii

CFDRC Tutorials Manual v

CFD-ACE(U) CFD-ACE(U) tutorials are now divided into directories according to

Tutorial Title Directory

vi CFDRC Tutorials Manual

Tutorial Title Directory

CFDRC Tutorials Manual vii

viii CFDRC Tutorials Manual

CFD Research Corporation

CFD-ACE™, CFD-ACE+™, CFD-VIEW™, CFD-GEOM™, and CFD-FASTRAN™ are regis-

CFD-GEOM contains SISL the SINTEF Spline Library

Tutorial 1 Laminar Flow Past a Backward Facing Step

Tutorial 2 Turbulent Flow Past a Backward Facing Step

Tutorial 3 Conduction Between Concentric Thick-walled Cylinders

Tutorial 4 Natural Convection Between Concentric Thick-walled Cylin-

CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials iii

Tutorial 5 Oil Flow through a Compliant Orifice

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

Tutorial 6 Surface Reaction in a 2-D Axisymmetric Reactor

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

Tutorial 7 Turbulent Mixing of Propane and Air

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

Tutorial 7a Propane Combustion by Instantaneous Chemical Reaction

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7a-1

Tutorial 7b Propane Combustion by Finite-Rate Chemical Reaction

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7b-1

Tutorial 8 Transonic Flow Over NACA 0012 Airfoil

Tutorial 9 Multi-step Reaction in a Gas Turbine Combustor

Modules and Features Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

Tutorial 10 Low-Re Flow Past an Infinite Stationary Cylinder

Tutorial 11 Binding Kinetics in a Biosensor

Tutorial 12 Electroosmotic Flow in a Cross Channel Device

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2

Tutorial 13 Sematech Benchmark Case #5

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2

Tutorial 14 Simulating Inkjets with VOF (Volume of Fluid) Free Surface

Tutorial 15 ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) Reactor with Planar Coil in

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1

Modules and Features Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-2

Tutorial 16 PECVD of Silicon Dioxide

Problem Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-2

Tutorial 17 CCP Reactor

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1

Tutorial 18 Sample Stacking by Electrophoresis

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-2

Tutorial 19 Momentum Resistance Modeling

Tutorial 20 Microfluidic Flow in a Tesla-type Valve

Tutorial 21 Electrostatic Actuation of a Torsion Micromirror

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-2

Tutorial 22 Cavitation in a Sharp-Edged Orifice

Problem Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1

CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials vii

viii CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials

T99-A-02 CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials 1-1

Figure 1-1. Backward Facing Step Geometry

1-2 CFD-ACE(U) Tutorials T99-A-02

Modules and Features Used

Modules Major Features Other Features